Isingeniso: Igumbi Lomthetho Lobunjiniyela

Amakomiti asemthethweni avame ukuchazwa njengegumbi lenjini lokusebenza kwenqubo yomthetho . Ngaphandle kwe-compater, amaqembu akhethekile equnjini elikhulu lemithetho alungisa izindleko ezibalulekile zokulungisa, zokulungisa, nokutusa izikweleti. Nakuba amagumbi agcwele kakhulu enikezwa ukunakekela okukhulu komphakathi, kusemagunjini amaningi ekomiti lapho umsebenzi omkhulu womthetho ukhona. Ngaphandle kwamakomiti, ipalamende lesizwe noma isishaya-mthetho sezwe liyokhungathekiswa ngomthamo ophelele wemithetho ehlongoziwe futhi lingakwazi ukusingatha ukucusumbula okunelisa inqubo yomsindo. Ukuqonda indlela amakomiti asebenza ngayo, okhonza kuyo, nezingcindezi ezibhekene zibaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho yenziwa kanjani ngempela.

Isimiso sekomiti asiyona into esungulwe namuhla. I-British House of Commons yaqala ukusebenzisa amakomiti akhethiwe ekhulwini le-16, futhi i-Congress yase-U.S. yamisa amakomiti ayo okuqala amile ekuqaleni kwawo kuma-1800. Namuhla, amakomiti akhona cishe kunoma yisiphi isishaya-mthetho sentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, nakuba izakhiwo zawo namandla ehluka kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubukeka okunwetshwa, okunganqamukiyo emakomitini emithetho (_izinhlobo, imisebenzi, izinqubo, izinqubo, ithonya, nokubaluleka, nezinselele ezibhekana nazo embusweni yamanje.

Iyini Amakomiti Ashaya Imithetho?

Phakathi nendawo, ikomiti yemithetho iwuhlelo olungaphansi lwamalungu asemaqulwini amakhulu emithetho, asebenza ngokuhlola umthetho, ukuqondisa, nokubika ngokutusa. AmaKomiti avumela isishayamthetho ukuba sihlukanise umsebenzi phakathi kwamalungu aso, enze ukuba kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile izindawo ezithile ezinjengezolimo, isivikelo, impilo, noma izimali. Amalungu ekomiti aqala ubuchwepheshe obuphawulekayo endaweni yawo eyabelwe, obuholela ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi olungaphezulu kunaleyo ebekungenzeka ukuba zonke iziphakamiso zixaxwa yilelogumbi lonke.

AmaKomiti angaba ahlala njalo noma angesikhashana. Ukuba amalungu awo ngokuvamile kwabelwa ngokwesilinganiso phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, kubonakalisa wonke umkhakha wesishaya-mthetho. Isihlalo sekomiti yeqembu("kaningi) sinamandla abalulekile ekuhleleni uhlelo, ukuhlela ukuzwa, nokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo. Ilungu elincane eliphethe (noma isihlalo somthunzi) lisebenza njengezwi eliphambili ekuphikiseni.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwesimiso Sekomiti

Isimiso sekomiti yanamuhla sashintsha ngendlela engokwemvelo njengoba izishaya-mthetho zanda futhi umsebenzi wakhula. EKhomishaneni lase-U.S., amakomiti okuqala amile amiswa ngo-1802, kodwa isimiso sakhula ngempela ngemva kweMpi Yombango ukuze silawule uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwesizwe esithuthukile. ISivumelwano somthetho seReorgantation Act ka-1946 sahlela isakhiwo samakomiti eKhomusela-mthetho, sanciphisa inani lamakomiti nokucacisa imingcele yawo. Izinguquko ezifanayo zenzeka kwezinye izinhlelo ze-democralion (esibonelo), izinguquko zeUK House of Commosts zaqinisa amakomiti akhetha ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa kukahulumeni.

Ezimisweni zephalamende njengalezo zaseCanada, e-Australia naseNdiya, amakomiti avame ukusebenza kokubili ngemisebenzi yomthetho nokwengamela, elingisa isiko laseWestminster. Nokho, izinga lokuzimela kwamakomiti liyahlukahluka: kwezinye izimiso, amakomiti anamandla okulungisa izikweleti futhi aphoqelele ubufakazi; kwezinye, asebenza ngokuyinhloko njengeziqu ezihlolayo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe.

Izinhlobo Zamakomiti Ashaya Imithetho

Amaqumrhu agunyaza umthetho asebenzisa izigaba eziningana ezihlukene zamakomiti, ngalinye elinenjongo ekhethekile nesilinganiso sokuphila. Ngezansi i-odad ehlelwe ngezibonelo ezingokoqobo kanye nezingxenye ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Amakomiti Amile

Amakomiti amile ayizikhotha ezimiswe ngemithetho ehleliwe. Anezinqumo ezimisiwe zezindawo eziphethe isifunda futhi akhona kusukela kwenye ingqungquthela ukuya kwenye. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iKomiti yeSigele se-U.S. ye-Compate on Genetic Commons Committee e-Public Accom, neKomiti yePhalamende laseYurophu yeMbiko, i-Public Health and Food Safety. Amakomiti akhona asebenza ngenqubo yomthetho, asingatha izimpindayo nabaphathi.

Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti Yendlu YaseU.S. eHlaziyayo inezibopho ezingaphansi ezingu - 12, ngayinye enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuxhasa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezithile.

AmaKomiti Ahlangene

Amakomiti ahlangene ahlanganisa amalungu asemazindlini zombili ezindlu zomthetho we-badamaral. Asetshenziselwa imisebenzi edinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamakamu, njengokuqondisa i- Library of Congress noma iHhovisi Lokulandisa likaHulumeni. Isibonelo esaziwayo yiKomiti Ehlangene eHhovisi ePhakathi e-U.S., enikeza izilinganiso zemali enqunyiweyo yomthetho wentela. Amakomiti amaqembu awabiki izikweleti ngqo phansi kodwa asebenzela imisebenzi yezentela noma ukuphatha.

AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Amakomiti engqungquthela amakomiti esikhashana akhiwe ukuze axazulule ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwemisuka yendlu neSigele yesivumelwano esisodwa. Uma igumbi ngalinye lidlula inguquko ehlukile, amalungu akhethiwe emakomitini azimeleyo − ne-adivote umbhalo oyekelelwe. Umbiko wengqungquthela owenziweyo kumelwe uvunyelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi ngaphandle kokulungiselwa. Amakomiti engqungqungquthela ayinqaba, ngokuvamile aphikisanayo, isigaba senqubo yomthetho, ikakhulukazi umthetho omkhulu ofana nohlelo lwemali noma inguquko yezempilo. Kwezinye izimiso zephalamende, izinhlelo ezifanayo zokubuyisana zikhona ngo- “iphal-pang” ngemuva kwengqungquthelano ye-yodwa.

Amakomiti Akhethekile Noma Akhethiwe

Amakomiti akhethekile (noma akhethiwe) asungulwa ngenjongo ethile futhi ngokuvamile anesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Angase abe nophengululo emvelweni, njengeSigele sase-U.S. Khetha iKomiti ye-ChenC ye-Prime on Inficience noma i-UK Home Affiality Committee. Lamakomiti awanagunya lemithetho lokubika izikweleti kodwa angaphatha ukuqulwa kwamacala, imibiko, futhi anikeze ukutusa. Okuthola kwawo kungathonya impikiswano nomthetho olandelayo.

AmaKomiti Akha Ikhambi

Amakomiti e-ad hoc amabhodi esikhashana akhiwe ukuze axazulule indaba ephuthumayo noma engavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwenhlekelele yemvelo, isishaya-mthetho singakha ikomiti ehlotshisiwe ye-hoc ukuze ihlole impendulo kahulumeni futhi ihlongoze izinguquko. Uma umsebenzi wayo usuphelile, ikomiti ye-hod hoc iyancitshiswa. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba ziphendule ngokushesha lapho kuvela ngaphandle kokushintsha izakhiwo zamakomiti unomphela.

Indima Nemisebenzi YamaKomiti Ashaya Imithetho

Amakomiti enza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile edlulela ngalé kokubukeza nje izikweletu. Le misebenzi ingahlanganiswa ibe izigaba ezine ezibanzi: ukuhlola imithetho, ukwengamela, ukuhlola, nokuthembisana komphakathi.

Ukucwaninga Okungokomthetho Nesichibiyelo

Umsebenzi obonakalayo kakhulu ukuhlola izikweleti. AmaKomiti athola umthetho ohlongozwayo, ahlaziya amalungiselelo awo, futhi ngokuvamile aphathe amacala ukuze aqoqe ubufakazi obungochwepheshe. Ngemva kokulalela, ikomiti ingena “uhlelo lokulungisa” lapho amalungu ehlongoza ukuphothula, izinguquko zengxoxo, futhi ekugcineni amavoti ukuthi angabika yini imvume yokubhalisa ikheji ngokufanele. Lenqubo ivumela ukuhlelwa kwemininingwane ngokulandelana kwe-migqa okungasebenziseki phansi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. Homed Servendiers Services Arect ichitha amasonto amaningi ephawula i-National Defense Ilect, uma kucatshangelwa amakhulu ezinto zokuhlelwa.

Ukuqondisa Izimo Eziqondisayo

AmaKomiti ahlola indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Congress iphatha izinkulungwane zamacala, izicelo zezincwadi, nophenyo, amakomiti avuna igatsha elikhulu. Lo msebenzi wobubonisi ubekwe emithethweni yemithetho futhi uyingxenye eyinhloko yesimiso samasheke nezilinganiso. I-U.S., ngokwesibonelo, iphethe izinkulungwane zamacala omqondisi unyaka ngamunye. I-Hulumeni Accounting Office (GAO]) isekela lemisebenzi ngemikhakha yokuhlola nokuhlola okuzimele kanye nemibiko.

Ukucwaninga Nokuthola Iqiniso

AmaKomiti anamandla okuphoqelela ubufakazi namaphepha abhalwe phansi. Angahlola ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi, ukwehluleka kwezimiso, noma ukuvela kwezimpikiswano. Izibonelo ezidumile zihlanganisa i-Committee Satergate ne House Khetha Committee nge-Attack ka-January 6. Ukuqulwa kwecala lobungamende kungaguqula umbono womphakathi futhi kuholele ezinguqulweni zemithetho noma ngisho nasezigebengwini.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nemfundo

Ukuqulwa kwamacala amakomiti kuvame ukuvulelwa umphakathi futhi kusakazwe. Lokhu kuveza izakhiwo kufeza umsebenzi wokufundisa, kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone abameleli bazo emsebenzini futhi zizwe ubufakazi obungochwepheshe ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Amakomiti amaningi futhi amukela izimpendulo ezibhaliwe zomphakathi, okwenza ukuba kube nengxenye enkulu. Ikhono lokunikeza ubufakazi kuyi-website liye lakhuphuka kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.

Inqubo YeKomiti Yemithetho: Hamba Ngenkani

Nakuba izinqubo zihluka ngokwesishaya-mthetho, uhambo oluvamile lwemali ngekomiti lulandela indlela ekwazi ukuphinde ihlelwe. Ngezansi kuhlehlela emuva kwezigaba eziyinhloko.

  1. Bhill Referral: Imali isungulwa futhi yabelwe isikhulu segumbi noma umphathi wephalamende ekomitini ephethe igumbi. Ngokwesibonelo, incwadi yemfundo izothunyelwa ekomitini yemfundo.
  2. [[[NTL:0] I-Intial Review and Scheding: isihlalo sekomiti sinquma ukuthi kufanele sithathe izindleko. Izindleko eziningi azitholi mvume yokuqulwa kwecala, zibizwa ngokuthi “i-packet vetot” ngokungenzi lutho. Izihlalo zinokuqonda okukhulu ekuthatheni izikweletu.
  3. Ikomiti ilalela i- iphethe ukuqulwa kokwaziswa okukodwa noma ngaphezulu. OFakazi bangahlanganisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, izifundiswa, abameleli bezimboni, nabameleli. Ukuzwa kungaba ngezokwaziswa (ukubekwa phambili) noma umthetho (obhekiswe ohlawulweni oluthile).
  4. Iphawu: Ngemva kokuzwana, ikomiti ihlangana esiqephini sokunyusa i-color. Amalungu anikeza izinguquko, ukuphikisana, nokuvota. Isihlalo silawula uhlelo lokuhlela kodwa ngokuvamile silandela uhlelo oluhleliwe lokucabangela.
  5. Committee Vote: Ngemva kokubhaliswa, ikomiti ivota ukuthi ingabika noma ingemukelekile, noma ngaphandle kokutusa. Iningi levoti liyadingeka ukuba lithumele incwadi yemali endlini yonke. Ikomiti futhi ifaka umbiko ochaza umbiko wemali kanye nokufushanisa izimpikiswano eziyinhloko.
  6. I-Dislation noma Referral ku-Komiti Engeziwe: Kwezinye izimo, izivumelwano zingabhekiswa kumakomiti amaningi uma enqamule imigqa ye-octal. Okanye, uma ikomiti ihluleka ukwenza, isicelo sokukhulula singaphoqa umthetho phansi (nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane).
  7. Ukucabangela: Lapho kubikwa, ingcabo ingena egumbini eligcwele ukuze kuxoxwe futhi ivoti. Ezimisweni eziningi, imithetho yengxoxo yephansi ilolongwa yiziphakamiso zekomiti (umz., “imithetho” evela kwi Komiti yeMiyalo eMzini wase-U.S.).

Ukuze kunikezwe umthetho ophuthumayo, amakomiti angase asheshise ukuthatha isikhathi, kodwa ngokuvamile ukuhlolisisa kudinga ukucabangisisa okwengeziwe.

Izici Ezishukumisa Izinqumo Zekomiti

Ukuqonda la mathonya kuyisihluthulelo sokuchaza ukuthi kungani ezinye izikweleti ziqhubeka zifa kanti ezinye zifa.

Iqembu Lezombangazwe Liyacindezela

Ukuhlangana kweqembu kuthonya kakhulu amavoti ekomiti. Amalungu eqembu ngokuvamile asekela izinto eziza kuqala zobuholi beqembu, kuyilapho amalungu amancane engase aziphikise. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi amakomiti angakhuthaza ukuphatha i-bipartishani lapho amalungu eqala ubuhlobo obusebenzayo nobuchwepheshe obufanayo. Izinga lokuyala kweqembu liyahlukahluka: eSivumelwaneni sase-U.S., ukwethembeka kweqembu kuphakeme kodwa akuphelele; ezimisweni zephalamende njenge-UK, amavoti athandekile avamile kakhulu.

Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nokuzilibazisa

Amaqembu anesithakazelo afaka imali eningi ekulawuleni amakomiti ngoba izinqumo ezikhona zinganquma ukudalelwa kwemali. Abaxhasi banikeza ukwaziswa, ukulungisa izinhlelo, nokuqoqa izimemezelo. Nakuba ukunxusa kungokomthetho futhi kufundisa, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthola izinto ngokungenakulinganiswa. ICenter for Responsive Politics izama ukukhokha izindleko neminikelo yamakomiti (] Opensets ).

Ubufakazi Nokucwaninga Okukhaliphile

Ubufakazi obungakholekayo obuvela kososayensi, izazi zezomnotho, nabanye ochwepheshe bangaguqula imibono yamakomiti. Ngezinye izikhathi amaKomiti ahlela izifundo noma athembele ezinhlanganweni ezingaphakamisi njenge Congregal Bal Batement Office (] CBO []) ukuze kuhlolwe izindleko. EPhalamende laseYurophu, imibiko yamakomiti ivame ukutshelwa ngemiphumela emikhulu.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokusakazwa Kwezindaba

Ama-imeyili anezingcingo, izingcingo, nokubhikisha kungathonya amalungu amakomiti, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphezulu. Izindaba zifaka ukucindezela komphakathi. AmaKomiti athambekele kakhulu ekuthatheni isinyathelo ezikweletini ezibangela ukunakekela okukhulu komphakathi, njengalezo ezihilela ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izintela, noma amalungelo omphakathi.

Abaholi Nesihlalo Sekomiti

Amandla esihlalo ahlela isihlalo anzima. Izihlalo zinquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezihlelelwe ukuzwa, izinqubo zokulungisa ziphathwa kanjani, nokuthi kufanele zisetshenziswe kanjani izimpondo ezingaphansi. Isihlalo esinekhono singaqhubekisela phambili noma sivimbe umthetho ngaphandle kokubheka. Endlini yase-U.S., izihlalo zamakomiti ake aba namandla asebenza ngokuthungathayo, kodwa izinguquko ze-1970 kanye no-1990 zinciphe lokho ngokunika amandla aphezulu abaholi abaholi beqembu.

Ukubaluleka Nomphumela WamaKomiti Ashaya Imithetho

Isimiso sekomiti asisona nje isici esiwusizo sokuqondisa; siyinsika yokubusa kwentando yeningi okuphumelelayo.

Ukwaneliseka Nokusetshenziswa Ngokukhethekile

Ngokuhlukanisa umsebenzi phakathi kweziphakamiso ezikhethekile, amakomiti avumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zilungise amakhulu ezikweletu unyaka ngamunye. Ngaphandle kwamakomiti, izimpikiswano zasesitezi ziyoba ezingenazici ezihlukene nezingasho lutho. Ukubekwa ngokwayo futhi kusiza amalungu ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe obujulile, obuthuthukisa izinga lomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iHouse Ways ne-Frect Committee ihlanganisa amalungu amaningi anezizinda zomthetho wentela.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Izehlulelo zomphakathi ziphoqelela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zivikele izenzo zazo futhi ziphendule imibuzo ngaphansi kwesifungo. Le nkonzo ivimbela ukonakala nokungafezeki. GAO ibika ukuthi ukuqondisa ukuhlanganisa kuye kwaholela ezinkulungwaneni zezigidi zamaRandi elondolozweni nasentuthukweni yohlelo.

Ukumelela Nokukhipha Icala

AmaKomiti anikeza i-comment ukuze acabangisise ngokuningiliziwe lapho imibono embalwa ingazwakala khona. Ikomiti engaphansi ivumela izishayamthetho ezintsha ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo. Inqubo yekomiti yenza ukuba abafaki-mthetho abahlukene, kuhlanganise namaqembu omphakathi, izinyunyana, kanye namabhizinisi asebenzelene.

Ukutadisha Ngecala: Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongafinyeleleki

Ukudlula kwe-Affordal Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010 kwaqokomisa amandla esimiso sekomiti. Imali yaqokonyiswa kakhulu kumakomiti amathathu (Izintambo nezindlela, Amandla nezentengiselwano, Imfundo nemisebenzi) eNdlu, namakomiti amabili (Impilo, Imfundo, Umsebenzi, nePensions) eSigeqeni. Amakhulu ezinguquko acatshangelwa, futhi ukuhlehla kokugcina okuboniswa kwezinyanga zengxoxo yekomiti. Nakuba lenqubo yayinengxabano ne-volution, yavunyelwa ukuba kuhlanganiswe ubuchwepheshe bezimiso ezimisweni eziningi.

Izinselele Ezibhekene NamaKomiti Emithetho

Naphezu kwamandla awo, amakomiti awanawo amaphutha.

Ukwanda Kohambo Lwasemkhunjini Nokuhamba Ngemoto

Kuyi - Congress yase-U.S., inani lezimali eziye zakhishwa ekomitini liye lehla, futhi ngokuvamile ukubuyiselwa kunikezwa ukuveza amaphuzu ezombangazwe kuphela kunokuthuthukisa umthetho. I-Griplock ingaphumela ekuvinjelweni kukahulumeni nasekuthatheni isinyathelo esithatha isikhathi ezindabeni ezibalulekile njengezesisekelo noma inguquko yokufuduka.

Isikhathi Esiningi Nemisebenzi Enzima

Amalungu amakomiti abhekene nemisebenzi emikhulu, futhi amaningi asebenza kumakomiti amaningi. Ukucindezela kokuba khona emakhonsathini akhokhela izikhwama kanye nezenzakalo zomkhankaso kunciphisa isikhathi somsebenzi womthetho. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthatheni izikhawu zokwenyusa izikweletu futhi kuhlole izikweletu eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengokuchitha amaphakethe agcwele izinkulungwane zamakhasi.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Amakomiti athembele kuzisebenzi zokucwaninga, ukuhlela, nokuhlela. Amakomiti amancane ngokuvamile antula imithombo eyanele yokuhlola ngokucophelela. Kuma-pactiomac, izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe ziyivelakancane kakhulu, okuholela ekungaqondini okunzima. I-Congregational Research Service (]] inikeza i-CRS ehlaziyayo, kodwa ngisho nalokho kusekela kuyancipha.

Ukungathembi Komphakathi Nokungaqondi

Ukungabaza okukhulayo ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni kungasinciphisa isikhundla samakomiti. Uma isithakazelo esinamandla silawula ukuzwa noma lapho izihlalo zamakomiti zisebenzisa kabi amandla azo, ukuthembana komphakathi kuyaphela. Ukwanda kwemithombo yezindaba ehlukanisayo nakho kuye kwaholela ekumangaleleni amakomiti asetshenziselwa “ukubonisa ukuzwa” kunokuthola amaqiniso aqotho.

Izikhangiso Zenguquko

Izazi eziningi nodokotela baye bahlongoza izinguquko ukuze baqinise amakomiti. I-Ideas ihlanganisa ukulinganisela inani lezabelo zamakomiti ilungu ngalinye, inikeza amakomiti inkululeko eyengeziwe kubaholi beqembu, ifuna ukuba kubekwe izikweleti zesikhashana ngaphambi kokubhapathiza, kanye nokuxhasa okwengeziwe kwezisebenzi zekomiti. Ezinye izishaya-mthetho, njengePhalamende laseYurophu, kakade seziye zathatha imithetho ethuthukisa ukubonakala kwekomiti nokuhlaziya.

Isiphetho: AmaKomiti Njengombuso Wentando Yeningi Ozimele

Amakomiti agunyaza umthetho angaphezulu kakhulu kwemithetho esemthethweni, kodwa ayimithetho esemthethweni. Awawona amakomiti alawulayo. Ngokubekwa komthetho okhethekile, ukuqapha, nokubopha umphakathi, amakomiti anikeza ukujula nokuqina kwentando yeningi efunwa yi-demokratistiki. Kodwa ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomeke ekufuneni kwezombangazwe, ukuklanywa, nokuthenjwa komphakathi. Njengabantu, ukuqonda indlela amakomiti asebenza ngayo kusihlomisela ukuba sihileleke ngokwengeziwe enqubeni yomthetho we-croginjnjn-(iincoty), ngokuya nokunikeza iziphetho, noma ngokubeka abameleli bethu ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo wekomiti.