Ukubhekana nomthetho kungaba okuhlangenwe nakho okunzima, kodwa ukuqonda amalungelo akuvikelayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuqinisekiseni ukulunga. Inqubo ayiwona nje umqondo ongokomthetho ``itshe eliyindilinga yesimiso sobulungisa, eklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuthatha uhulumeni ngokungenangqondo nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhileleke ecaleni lobugebengu, ukumangalelwa kwesizwe, noma ukuphatha, ukwazi amalungelo akho ngaphansi kwenqubo efanele kungenza umehluko onzima. Le nqubo ebanzi ichaza ukuthi inqubo efanelekile isho ukuthini, ukuthi inqubo ethile engokomthetho iyakuveza kanjani, futhi uthatha izinyathelo ezingokoqobo zokuzivikela. Ngesiphetho, uyoba nomgwaqo ocacile wokuqondisa noma isiphi inqubo engokomthetho eqhubekayo ngokuqiniseka okukhulu nokuqaphela.

Iyini Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo elindelekile isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo esisekelwe eSichibiyelweni soMyalo wesihlanu noweshumi nane we-United States. Siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ongancishwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezilungile nezingokomthetho. Umqondo ubhekisa emuva eMagna Carta ka-1215, eyathembisa ukuthi akekho umuntu okhululekile ozojeziswa ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lesi simiso saqala ukushintshela enqubweni yanamuhla esiyithembayo namuhla.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zenqubo efanele: inqubo engokwemvelo nencane.

  • Inqubo efanele igxila enqubweni yezomthetho yezenzo ezingokomthetho, izinyathelo eziqondile uhulumeni okumelwe azilandele ngaphambi kokuba athathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nomuntu. Kudinga isaziso, ithuba lokuzwiwa, kanye nomenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi.
  • Inqubo efanele ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kohulumeni, ngisho noma kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yawaqaphela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, umshado, kanye nokuzibusa komzimba njengengxenye yenqubo efanelekile.

Kabili, lamagatsha amabili akha isihlangu esinamandla sokumelana nokungabi nabulungisa, aqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sisebenza ngokungakhethi futhi sihlonipha isithunzi somuntu.

Izingxenye eziphambili zenqubo elindelekile

Inqubo elindelekile ayiwona umthetho owodwa kodwa iqoqo lezimfuneko ezibalulekile. Ukuqonda lezi zici eziyinhloko kukusiza ukuba uqaphele lapho amalungelo akho ehlonishwa, noma ephulwa.

Yazi

Unelungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, izinkulumo, noma izenzo ezithathwa ngawe. Qaphela kumelwe ucace, uqonde, futhi unikezwe ngendlela efike ngesikhathi. Endabeni yobugebengu, lokhu kusho ukutshelwa icala eliqondile omangalelwe ngalo. Esutweni yomphakathi, kusho ukuthola izimemezelo nokukhononda okuveza icala ngawe. Ngaphandle kophawu oluqondile, awunakulungiselela ukuziphendulela, futhi noma isiphi isenzakalo esilandelayo singaba yize.

Ithuba Lokuzwiwa

Ukwazi nje ngecala akwanele; kumelwe futhi ube nethuba elibalulekile lokuveza uhlangothi lwakho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, ukuveza ubufakazi, nofakazi abaphikisayo. Ithuba lokuzwiwa kumelwe livele ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe isinqumo sokugcina. Ukulibala noma ukuphika lethuba kungaphula inqubo efanele.

Icala Elingakhethi

Ijaji, amajaji, noma isikhulu sokuphatha sinquma icala lakho kumelwe lingathathi hlangothi futhi lingacaci. Umenzi wesinqumo onesithakazelo somuntu siqu emphumeleni, oye wahlulela icala kusengaphambili, noma obonakala ekhetha ululaza ubulungisa babenzi becala. Unelungelo lokucela umahluleli ohlukile noma ukubekela inselele umahluleli obonisa ubandlululo.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Uma ungakwazi ukuthenga, inkantolo kumelwe imise umlweli womphakathi. Emacaleni omphakathi, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko aliphelele, kodwa ungase uqashe ummeli ukuba akumelele. Ukuqeqeshelwa ukuqondisa umthetho kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amalungelo akho avikelwe futhi uqonda ubunkimbinkimbi bomthetho.

Amalungelo Akho Phakathi Nokuqhubeka Okungokomthetho

Ngaphandle kwenqubo eyisisekelo, amalungelo amaningana akhethekile akuvikela ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuqulwa kwamacala angokomthetho.

Ukufanelekela Ukuthula

IsiHluzi sesihlanu sikuvikela ekuphoqelelweni ukuba ufakaze wena ngokwakho. Akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo evela kubaphoqeleli bomthetho noma abashushisi, futhi ukuthula kwakho akunakusetshenziswa njengobufakazi becala. Uma uboshiwe, kufanele usho ngokucacile ukuthi usebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokuthula futhi ucele ummeli ngaphambi kwanoma ikuphi ukuphenywa.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo Nokusobala

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile, lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba uvale isigwebo isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkumbulo zofakazi zihlala zisha. Icala kumelwe futhi libe umphakathi, okusiza ukuba kugcinwe ukubonakala nokulandisa esimisweni sobulungisa.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi

Unelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi ngokumelene nawe nokudlula kubo. Lokhu kuvumela ummeli wakho ukuba aphikise ukwethenjelwa nokunemba kobufakazi obunikezwayo. Kwezinye izimo, ubufakazi benzwabethi bungakhishwa ngoba ungakwazi ukubhekana nomphathi wokuqala oqaphile.

Ilungelo Lokufuna OFakazi Abayiqembu

Njengoba nje umshushisi engase abize ofakazi, unelungelo lofakazi abangaphansi kwenkantolo ukuba bafakazele ngawe, inkantolo ingabaphoqelela ukuba baye, futhi ukwenqaba ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekumangaleleni okwedelelayo.

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele Ezicathulweni Zomphakathi

Inqubo elindelekile iyasebenza futhi nasekwenzeni inqubo yomphakathi, njengokumangalelwa, ukuxoshwa, noma ukuqedwa kwamalungelo abazali. Uvame ukuba nelungelo lokuqaphela, ukuzwa, nomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Kwezinye izimo, njengobugocigoci be-Social Security, inqubo efanelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi unganikeza ubufakazi futhi uthole isinqumo esicatshangelwe kahle.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Uma ulahlekelwa ekuqulweni kwecala, unelungelo lokudlulisa isinqumo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azilona icala lesibili; zibukeza amaphutha angokomthetho enziwe phakathi nonyaka wokuqala. Kumelwe ubhale isaziso sokudlulisa icala phakathi nosuku oluqinile, ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu - 30, futhi unikeze izimpikiswano ngokuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo sokuqulwa kwecala kufanele sixazululwe.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Engokomthetho

Inqubo engokomthetho iyahluka kuye ngokuthi udaba lwakho luyisigebengu noma lungolwabantu, kodwa kunezinyathelo eziningi ezifanayo.

Ukuboshwa Nokubhalisa

Uma uboshiwe, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kukutshele ngamacala namalungelo akho eMiranda (kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula neseluleko). Uzobhalwa phansi (iphototophaphidi, ibhalwe ngesandla, bese ubekwa esitokisini esiphethe. Kuleliqophelo, ungafaki ukwaziswa kokuzithandela; cela ummeli ngokushesha.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nebhantshi

Phakathi nenkathi emfushane (ngokuvamile amahora angu- 48), uzolethwa phambi komahluleli ukuze uvele. Umahluleli uyokwazisa ngamacala, akutshele ngamalungelo akho, futhi akunike ibheyili noma izimo zokukhulula. UBail akasona isijeziso; kuhloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuyela ekuzweni kwesikhathi esizayo. Unelungelo lokubekela ibheyili ephakeme ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se-Eighth.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili Noma Impicabadala Ephakeme

Kumacala ahlasimulisayo, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi ubugebengu benzekile nokuthi wabenza. Lokhu kungenzeka ngecala lokuqala phambi komahluleli noma ngecala elikhulu labahluleli. Unelungelo lokuba khona kanye nokuwela ofakazi be-examine ezindlebeni zokuqala.

Icala

Ekumangalelweni, uzocelwa ukuba ungene ekuncengeni: unecala, ungabi necala, noma ungabi namncintiswano (unoli imastapere). Awufanele uthethele icala ungazange ukhulume nommeli kuqala. Uma ungamangaleli ngecala, inkantolo iyakuhlela ukuqulwa kwecala futhi icabangele izimo zangaphambi kokuba kugwetshwe amajaji.

Ukutholakala Nezinyathelo Zangaphambi Kokuhlolwa Kwezinkundla

Ukuthola ukuthi iziphi izigigaba zombili kufakazela ukuthi inkantolo inecala. Ukuquliswa kwecala kufanele kuphendule noma yibuphi ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi awunacala ngaphansi komthetho kaBrady. Ummeli wakho angafaka amafasidi ukuze acindezele ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, alahle amacala noma abeke imingcele kulokho abahluleli abakuzwayo.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma kungekho sivumelwano esifinyelelwe, icala liqhubekela phambili ecaleni. Unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala (ngaphandle kokuba ulilahle) futhi ube khona kulo lonke. Umshushisi kumelwe afakazele isici ngasinye sobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo ezicabeni zobugebengu; ezicabeni zomphakathi, indinganiso ngokuvamile ibhekiswa phambili kobufakazi. Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izinkulumo zokuvula, ubufakazi, nobufakazi, nezimpikiswano zokugcina, zilandelwa yiziqondiso zejaji nempikiswano.

Ukulahlwa Nokugwetshwa

Uma uthola ukuthi awunacala, uma unecala, inkantolo izohlela ukugwetshwa, igwetshwa, igwetshwe, igwetshwe, igwetshwe, impontshelwe, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma ezinye izijeziso. Unelungelo lokukhuluma ngokugweba (ukubulala) nangokunikeza ubufakazi obunikeza ubufakazi.

Ukukhanga

Ngemva kokugweba, ungadlulisa icala. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa amaphutha angokomthetho, usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko, ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi, noma ubufakazi obunganele. Inkantolo yezahlulelo izohlola irekhodi futhi inqume ukuthi izolisekela, ibuye iphendule, noma ilungise icala ngecala elisha.

Imithetho Okufanele Wazi

Ukumisa isimiso somthetho kudinga ukujwayelana namagama ayinhloko. Ngezansi kunamabinzana abalulekile avame ukuvela emacaleni angokomthetho.

  • [ I-defantint – Umuntu omangalelwe ngobugebengu noma ukumangalelwa enkantolo yomphakathi.
  • Plaintiff – Iqembu eliletha icala lomphakathi.
  • Umnqumi – ummeli kahulumeni oletha amacala obugebengu.
  • Ummeli we-defente [[FL:1] – Ummeli omelela ummangalelwa.
  • [ Icebo[ - Noma yikuphi ukwaziswa okunikezwayo ukuze kufakazelwe noma kuphikiswe iqiniso, kuhlanganise namaphepha, izinto, nobufakazi.
  • Uvavanyo – izinkulumo zeSivunulo ezenziwa ofakazi enkantolo.
  • Isiqu sobufakazi - Isibopho sokuqinisekisa icala. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, lokhu “kungaphezu kokungabaza okunengqondo”; ezicabeni zomphakathi,“ kucatshangelwa ubufakazi.”
  • indlebe yezwi - Indatshana engaphandle kwenkantolo enikezwa ukufakazela iqiniso lendaba eqinisekisiwe. Ivame ukungakholeki ngaphandle kokuba isebenza.
  • Subpoena - Inkantolo ifuna ukuba umuntu avele noma akhiqize amabhukwana.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Incazelo [ – Ukushintshana kobufakazi nokwaziswa phakathi kwamaqembu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Icala -A icala elincishiswe ngenxa yephutha lezentengiselwano, ukuziphatha okubi komsizi wejaji, noma enye indaba engathi sína.
  • Appal[ – Isicelo enkantolo ephakeme sokubukeza isinqumo senkantolo ephansi.

Indlela Yokuvikela Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kubalulekile, kodwa ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuwavikela yikho okwenza umehluko.

I - Attorney Esheshe Yaziwa

Ungalibazi ukufuna iseluleko somthetho. Ummeli angakucebisa ngamalungelo akho, akumelele enkantolo, futhi akhulume nokuphikiswa. Ngisho noma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli wangasese, unelungelo lokuxhumana nomvikeli womphakathi emacaleni obugebengu. Ezinkantolo zomphakathi, cabangela ukuxhumana nezinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho noma inhlangano yezikhulu ezikhomba umthetho.

Bhala Yonke Into

Gcina umbhalo oningiliziwe wezokuxhumana, izinsuku zenkantolo, amaphepha, nobufakazi obuhlobene necala lakho. Bhala phansi amagama esikhulu ngasinye, ummeli, noma isikhulu ngasinye okhuluma naso. Gcina ama-imeyili, izincwadi, nama-risidi. Le mibhalo ingaba inzuzo uma kudingeka uphikise ukuphulwa kwe-procedtural noma u-face isikhalo.

Hlala Unolwazi Futhi Ubuze Imibuzo

Unganciki kwabanye kuphela ukuba bakutshele. Funda ngecala lakho, qonda injongo yenkantolo ngayinye, futhi ucele ummeli wakho ukuba achaze noma iziphi izisho zomthetho noma izinyathelo ongaziqondi. Izindlu eziningi zenkantolo zinikeza izikhungo zosizo noma izinto zokwaziswa.

Hlakanipha Ngamazwi

Izingxoxo zomphakathi, imithombo yezindaba, noma ngisho nezinkulumo ezenziwa kubangane zingasetshenziswa ngokumelene nawe.

Sebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Ngokuthanda

Uma unomuzwa wokuthi amalungelo akho ephulwa, akhulume. Izimpikiswano kufanele ziphakanyiswe enkantolo, futhi ungathumela amafasidi ukuze ucindezele ubufakazi noma ucele umahluleli ohlukile. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ungafaka icala lamalungelo ezakhamuzi enqubweni efanelekile ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 1983.

Zilungiselele Ukubukeka Kwenkantolo Ngakunye

Fika ngesikhathi, gqoka ngendlela efanele, futhi uhloniphe inkantolo.

Lapho Inqubo Efanele Ingase Iphulwe

Ukuphulwa kwenqubo okulindelekile kungavela noma kuliphi izinga lokuqulwa kwecala.

  • [[UMTL:0] Iphepha lezaziso ezanele - Ngokwesibonelo, uma ungatshelwanga ngokuzwakala noma uma isambatho singacacile.
  • [ Isiqu seseluleko [ - Ukuphoqelelwa ukuba uqhubeke ngaphandle kommeli uma unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo.
  • [ Umenzi wesinqumo osunyuliwe - Uma umahluleli noma umsizi wejaji enempi yesithakazelo noma eye waveza ukucatshangelwa kusengaphambili.
  • [ Isibambezelo esingenangqondo[ - Ukubamba icala iminyaka eminingi ngemva kokuba amacala ebekwe ngaphandle kwesizathu esihle.
  • [ Ukucindezelwa kobufakazi bokuqamba [ – Ukushushisa kwehluleka ukuveza ubufakazi obungafakazela ubumsulwa bakho.
  • Izivumo ezivunyiwe – Usebenzisa izinsongo noma izithembiso zokuthola isitatimende.

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho enqubo afanele aphuliwe, unezinto ongazikhetha. Ungaphakamisa udaba enkantolo ngokuhamba, ngokudlulisa isinqumo sokugcina, noma kwezinye izimo, ufaka icala elihlukene ngengozi. Ukubuza ummeli kudinga ukuhlaziya isimo sakho futhi unqume ukuthi iyiphi inkambo engcono kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Inqubo efanelekile akuyona inqubo engokomthetho engekho ngokomthetho, kodwa iyisivikelo esiqinile esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile, ukuthi ubonakala kanjani, futhi uhlonipha amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Noma ubhekene namacala obugebengu, ukumangalela komphakathi, noma ukuphatha, ukuqonda lamalungelo, kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo enqubweni engokomthetho futhi ugcine isimiso sinombuzo olungiselelwe: ukuqasha iseluleko esisemthethweni, ukuhlala ufundile, ubhala yonke into, futhi ungalokothi uyithathe kalula ukubaluleka kokukhuluma lapho amalungelo akho esengozini. Okunye ukufunda, imithombo enjenge [[FLT:] [FL] [F:] [0] [i] [iindlela] inqubo ye-Legiclegicture Information Institute [[FL:1], [FF] i-UT], i-BarnontenseActal Association] yezensective projectivession.[5]