Isisekelo Samalungelo Esimisweni Sokwahlulela Ngesigebengu

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye nesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu kwakha isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Lezisivikelo akuyona imingcele engekho enengqondo; ziyimingcele engokomthetho ephoqelelwe eklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye (___ongenazikhundla) wamukela ukuphathwa kahle ngaphansi komthetho. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda ubukhulu balamalungelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ubulungisa busebenza kanjani nokuthi bungaphelelaphi.

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, ikakhulukazi ngeBill of Rights, umisa uhlelo olulawula ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa, ukuqulwa kwenkantolo, nesijeziso. Leziziphetho ziye zavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme nezinguquko zemithetho ezingokomthetho. Ukuqaphela indlela amalungelo asebenza ngayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine isimiso sinecala futhi sisekele izinguquko lapho isivikelo singasetshenziswa ngokungafanele.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Nemiphumela Yazo Yobulungisa Besigebengu

I - Bill of Rights inezinguquko eziningana ezibumba ukwahlulela kobugebengu ngokuqondile.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokungawutholi Umlomo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka, sifuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze sithole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kuyimfuneko abaphathi bamabutho ukuze babonise kumahluleli ongathathi hlangothi ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona ngaphambi kokuba bungene empahleni yomuntu noma entweni yakhe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela okuhlukile okungalé kwezimo ezingekho, ukuphenya, nokuhlola isenzakalo sokubopha imvume, kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo sisasele: uhulumeni awunakukwazi ukuvala imoto, noma imishini yamanani ngaphandle kwesizathu. Umthetho owenziwe [[FLT:] u-ek [FLT] u-v:1] futhi unwebe ububanzi besho ukuthi [FLT] ku-'up. [FLT] [f]

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza izingqimba eziningi zesivikelo. Siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile yomthetho, okusho uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba anciphe othile wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Sivimbela futhi ingozi ephindwe kabili / ukuzama ukuthatha icala elifanayo, futhi sivikela ekuzinyatheleni isibopho sokuzifaka umlomo. Lokhu kuvikela kokugcina kuphakamisa “ilungelo elidumile lokuthula.” [Miranda v. Arizonal , iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe azise ukusolwa ngalelilungelo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo, kanye nesokudla kummeli. Ukuhluleka ukudlulisela lezi zixwayiso. Ukuvuma okulandelayo kunganikeza noma iziphi izixwayiso ezihambisana nokuvuma.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Angokomthetho

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo nomphakathi phambi kwabahluleli abangakhethi, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko esingokomthetho. Ilungelo lokweluleka lanwetshwa kakhulu [[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwright, okudingeka ukuba kunikezwe izimemezelo zokunikeza abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abanecala elingenalusizo olusemthethweni. Kamuva lelilungelo landiswa kwabathwali benobugqila besikhathi sasejele. I-andendment futhi iqinisekisa abamangalelwa ukuba baphoqelele ofakazi ukuba banikezele futhi bathole isaziso ngokumelene nabo. Lokhu kuhloselwe ukuveza izinga lokudlala abamangalelwa emacaleni abantu ngabanye kanye namandla agcwele esimo.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwaba yimbangela eyinhloko yokuphikisana ngesijeziso sokufa, izimo zasejele, nesigwebo sezingane ezephula umthetho. Furman v. Georgia[, iNkantolo ePhakeme yalahla imithetho yokujezisa ukufa esetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni nangemibono yobuhlanga. Kamuva amacala anjenge RORB v. awenqabela ukubulala izihlubuki ezazingaphansi kwesikhathi sobugebengu bazo. Inkantolo futhi ivimbela imithetho egwetshwayo ngokungenangqondo ukulahlwa kwecala, nakuba izinkantolo zinikeza isigwebo esikhulu.

Isivikelo Esengeziwe Esingaphezu Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Umthetho wemithetho kanye neminye imimiselo yomthetho-sisekelo engeziwe i-Bill of Rights. Ilungelo lokuthatha i-habeas corpus, elitholakala eSiphakathweni I soMthetho-sisekelo, livumela abantu ukuba babeke inselele ukuboshwa okungekho emthethweni enkantolo kahulumeni. Lo mdwebo wasendulo uqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongaboshwa ngaphandle kokulunga okungokomthetho. Imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi, njengo-42 U.S.C. 76 1983, ivumela abantu ukuba bamangalele izikhulu zikahulumeni ngokwephula amalungelo omthetho. ISivumelo samaLungelo soMnyango woMalungano ingahlola futhi izindlela zokuziphatha okubi eminyango yamaphoyisa futhi izikhulu eziwaphula abanye amalungelo abo ngamabomu.

Ilungelo lokuthula [ lidlulela ngalé kokuphenywa kwesigwebo. Abantu banganqaba ukuphendula imibuzo yamaphoyisa ngaphandle kokubheka izijeziso zokuzikhetha. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi ukuthula kungasetshenziswa ngokumelene nosolwayo uma bekhohliswa kamuva befakaza ngokungavumelani. Iseluleko esingokomthetho singaluleka ngokuqondisa lezizimo ezicatshangelwe.

Ilungelo kummeli alilinganiselwe. Nakuba umbuso kumelwe unikeze iseluleko kubamangalelwa ababoshelwe ukuboshwa, lelilungelo lifakwa kuphela ngemva kokuba kubekwe amacala angokomthetho noma phakathi nokuphenywa kwemvume. Phakathi namasigaba okuqala njengezingxoxo zofakazi noma izigijimi ezinkulu, abamangalelwa bangase bangabi nelungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokweluleka ngaphandle kokuba sebeboshiwe.

Ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili kuphelele ngenxa yecala elifanayo egunyeni elifanayo. Nokho, izikhulu ezihlukene(federal) nohulumeni bamazwe (amacala) bamangalela isenzo esifanayo uma bephula yomibili imithetho. Lemfundiso yobukhosi ehlangene isho umuntu okhululiwe emalungelweni esizwe angabhekana nokubulalana kukahulumeni ngenxa yokubulala okufanayo.

ekuqulweni kwecala okusheshayo kuvikela ekuboshweni okunganqunyiwe kanye nokukhathazeka ngamacala angaxazululwanga. INkantolo Ephakeme ku- Barker v. Wingo [ yasungula ukuhlola okulinganiselayo okulinganisa ubude besikhathi, izizathu zokulibala, ukufinyeza kommangalelwa, nobandlululo kukuzivikela.

ukuvikelwa ekucwaningeni okungacabangeli kuya kusebenza kakhulu ebufakazini bezibalo. Inkantolo Ephakeme ku Carpeent v. United States yakholelwa ukuthi ukufinyelela ulwazi lwendawo yocingo olungokomlando kudinga isiqinisekiso, ukuqaphela ukuthi abantu balindele imfihlo enengqondo ezinhlanganweni zabo zobuchwepheshe. Lesinqumo saphawula ukukhuliswa okuphawulekayo kweSine seSimemezelo sezente sobuchwepheshe banamuhla.

Indlela Isivikelo Esithonya Ngayo Ukufinyelelwa Kobulungisa Besigebengu

Amalungelo akuyona imibono eyize; anemiphumela yangempela yemiphumela yamacala nobuqotho besimiso.

Ukuvimbela Izinkolelo Ezingalungile

Izinkolelo ezingalungile zivame ukubangelwa ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ukuvuma amanga okuphoqelelwa ngamasu okuphenya okungafanele, ukukhohliswa kwafakazi bokuzibonela ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni okunjengobufakazi bokuthumba obungagunyaziwe, konke kululaza ukwethenjelwa kwezinqumo. I-Innocence Project iye yasebenzisa ubufakazi be-DNA ukuze ikhiphe amakhulu abantu ababekwe icala ngokungafanele, abaningi babo ababenezeluleko ezingasebenzi noma ababengaphansi kokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezikhuthazayo. Ukuqiniswa kwamalungelo afana ne-Mirndasda, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, kanye nemfuneko yokuba abashushicileli beboshe ubufakazi obuhle."nelisa ingozi yokulahlwa kwabantu abangena icala.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulandisa Kwamaphoyisa

Lapho amalungelo ephulwa, izinkantolo zingabucindezela ubufakazi noma zibulahle ngokuphelele amacala. Lomthetho wokuhlukanisa udala isithiyo esinamandla sokuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuncishiswa kobufakazi kungavumela abamangalelwa abanecala ukuba bakhululeke. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza ngaphandle, njengokungavumelani kwezenkolo kwabaphathi abathembele kugunya elikhudlwana elikhubazekile. Amakhamera endikimba, amabhodi abaphathi bezomthetho, kanye nemithetho evumayo eDoJ ingenza ukulandisa. Amalungelo asekelwe ngaphansi kweSigaba 1983 anikeza ikhambizelo zemali zezisebenzi zempi noma ukuboshwa ngokweqile, adala ukuncishwa kwemali ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.

Ukukhuthaza Ukwethenjwa Komphakathi Nokubambisana

Imiphakathi ebheka isimiso sobulungisa njengesihle futhi ehlonipha amalungelo ivame kakhulu ukubika ubugebengu, ukuba ofakazi, nokubambisana nophenyo. Uma amaphoyisa evame ukwephula amalungelo (hhostling) ngokuhlola ngokohlanga, ngokuhlola okungenasizathu, noma ngokuphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho-mthetho (ukholol) iyasheshisa. Umphumela “ukugxeka okusemthethweni” kwenza amaphoyisa angabi sebenzi futhi andise ubugebengu. Ukubuyisela ukukhomba kudinga ukunamathela njalo ezindinganisweni zomthetho-sisekelo nasezimisweni zobubonisi obusobala.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo

Naphezu komthetho - sisekelo oqinile, kusenezinselele ezinkulu.

Ukungalingani Kwesimiso

Uhlanga, ingcebo, kanye nokwakheka komhlaba kuthonya kakhulu indlela amalungelo aphoqelelwa ngayo. Abantu abamnyama nabaseSpain bavame ukumiswa, ukuseshwa, ukuboshwa, nokucindezelwa kunabelungu, ngisho nalapho belawula amazinga okucasula. ACLU banezinqubo ezibhaliwe zokuhlanganisa izinhlanga ngemikhakha eminingi, eziholela ekumangalelweni nasekuvumeni imithetho. Ukungalingani kwengcebo nakho kwakha izinhlobonhlobo: abamangalelwa abacebile bangathenga izikhuseli ezingcono kakhulu ekudluliseleni izivikelo zobudodayo, kuyilapho abavikeli bomphakathi ngokuvamile bethwala izigingqi ezibayo ezibavimbelayo ekudluliseleni ngokufanele inkampani ngayinye.

Ukudlulela Ngaphezu kwezindawo Emiphakathini Engahlukani

Ezindaweni eziningi ezithola imali encane, amasu anzima amaphoyisa afana nokumisa i-frisk, no-knock, nokungabikho konock, futhi ukuba khona kwabantu abagada kakhulu kudala ukucindezeleka futhi kululaza amalungelo. Lezizindlela zivame ukuholela ekuboshweni kabanzi ngenxa yamacala amancane, izinkantolo ezinkulu namajele. INkantolo Ephakeme Utah v. Strieff[[FLL:1] yakholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakala phakathi nokumiswa okungekho emthethweni bungaphinde kube yinto engenzeka uma amaphoyisa ethola isiqinisekiso esivelele, akha imbobo egxekayo esho ukuthi u-unictixtiff i-'ignockingstions. i-Legliticstion ayinqagist futhi idinga ukuphenywa kwamaphoyisa ngokuzigoxaxa.

Ukwehluka Emfanekisweni Ongokomthetho

Ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko alisebenzi uma ummeli enikezwa engaphumeleli. Nokho amahhovisi omphakathi avikela kulo lonke izwe ahlala ephansi. INhlangano ye-American Bar ibika ukuthi abavikeli abaningi bomphakathi basingatha amakhulukhulu ezenzakalo ezihlanekezelekayo ngonyaka, kutuswa kakhulu ukuthwesa amacala. Lokhu kucindezela kuholela ekujaheni izicelo, uphenyo olungafanele, nokwehluleka ukubekela inselele amalungelo. INkantolo Ephakeme ibeke isiqobo sokubonisa ukuthi usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko Stickland v. Washington, ifuna abamangalelwayo ukuba babonise kokubili ukuhluleka nokungawenziwa kahle nobandlululo. Lokhu kuvamile ukuveza imiphumela ezinkonzweni zokugumbula. Izindawo ezithile zihlolwa ngezindlela eziphansi.

Ukufundisa Isizukulwane Esilandelayo Ngamalungelo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akuwona nje awezommeli noma abamangalelwa.

Ukufunda Okuhlobene Nezigaba

Ukuvivinya umzimba okunendima kungasiza abafundi ukuba bawafake ngaphakathi amalungelo abo. Ukuveza izenzakalo zomthetho, izimo zokulingwa, kanye nokunxusa kwezingxoxo kuvumela abafundi ukuba babone ukuthi izivikelo zezemvelo zisebenza kanjani esikhathini sangempela. Izinhlelo ezinjenge 'iZicic's[ inikeza isisekelo esikhululekile sokufundisa imiqondo engokomthetho ngemidlalo nangemiboniso. Othisha bangaklama imisebenzi lapho abafundi besebenza njengabameli, abashushisi, abahluleli, nabahlabeleli, baphikisa indlela amalungelo asebenza ngayo emaqileni ahlukene.

Ukuhlola Izinqumo Zephawu

Ukufunda amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme kunikeza abafundi izibonelo ezicacile zamalungelo asebenzayo. Ukuhlola Minda v. Arizona kwembula ukubuya kwecala likaErneto Miranda, indoda eyaphoqeleka ukuba ivume izono zayo ngaphandle kwezixwayiso, okuholela ekulawuleni okusha. Ukuhlola [[FLT:] Gideon v. Wainright kubonisa amandla esicelo esibhalwe ngesandla sejele laseFlorida sokuguqula sonke isimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu. Ukuhlola [[FLT] kuveza indlela amaphoyisa aphoqeqeshiwe ngayo ukwenza umthetho owe ngokomthetho. [[FLT]

Izinkulumo Zezivakashi Ezivela Esimisweni Sobulungisa

Abavikeli bomphakathi, abashushisi, amajaji, namaphoyisa ukuba bakhulume namakilasi banikeza ukuqonda ngendlela amalungelo alinganiswa ngayo ekusebenzeni. Abaphathi bangachaza ukulinganiselwa kweSichibiyelo sesine nokubaluleka kwemithetho. Abavikeli bomphakathi bangachaza izinselele zokumelela amakhasimende angenamthetho nesibopho sokusekela ngentshiseko amalungelo abo. Abamangalelwa ababengasolwanga bangahlanganyela ekulandiseni ngendlela engokoqobo okuzwakala ngayo lapho isimiso sihluleka.

Indlela Ephambili: Ukuqinisa Amalungelo Ngekhono Lokubusa Nokushintsha Inguquko

Amalungelo awakona ukuzibulala. Adinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuphoqelela nokuvuselela ukuze kuxazululwe izinsongo ezintsha. Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu sibunjwe umthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, nokucindezela komphakathi. Ukuqonda isivikelo esesikhona kakade kunika izakhamuzi amandla okufuna kangcono uma lezo zinsinzo zinganele.

Izinhlangano zamuva zokuguqula izakhiwo zamaphoyisa, ukuguqula ibheyili, nokugweba zonke izinguquko zisuka ekuqapheleni ukuthi amalungelo akhona awasetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile. Izimiso zekhamera yomzimba, imishini yokuqondisa, nemingcele yokuvikela imfuno efanelekayo zifuna ukuvala izikhawu phakathi komthetho ezincwadini nokusebenza. Impikiswano yokuthumba abantu abaningi iqokomisa indlela iSimemezelo seSichibiyelo seNguquko seNguquko seNdebuko esingonya nengajwayelekile esingasenamthetho, ikakhulukazi imingcele engekho emthethweni. INkanto ephakeme e i-Miller v. Alabama ikholelwa ukuthi ukuphila okunemingcele ngaphandle kwezingane kuphula ngayo iSishayamthetho iSiphakamiso Sezi seSigqi, siqaphela ukuthi izingane zingehluka kakhulu ngayo emithethweni engabantu abadala.

Othisha nabafundi banendima abangayifeza kulo msebenzi oqhubekayo. Ngokufunda ngamalungelo, ukufundisa abanye, nokuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi, basiza ekwakheni umphakathi lapho ubulungisa bulingana khona ngempela kubo bonke. Ikilasi liba indawo yokuhlola inqubo efanelekile, yokulunga, nesithunzi somuntu, lapho izimiso zenqubo yokwahlulela ngokufanele zihlolwa khona, zingatshazwa, futhi ekugcineni zisekelwe.

Isiphetho

Isivikelo esibekwe eMthethweni futhi esichazwa izinkantolo sakha umgogodla wobulungisa baseMelika. Kusuka elungelweni lokuthula ekulungeni ukuya ekunikezeni iseluleko esiphumelelayo, ekuvikelweni ekufuneni okungenangqondo ukuze kuvikelwe isijeziso esinonya, lamalungelo aqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso usebenzisa amandla awo okubambisana ngokuzinqanda nokuziphendulela. Ukuqonda lezisivikelo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yokuziqeqeshela imfundo. − kuyimfuneko yokuba isakhamuzi esikhuthele nesemqoka. Ngokufundisa umlando, isakhiwo, nokusetshenziswa kwala zimiso, abafundisi bahlomise ulwazi ukuze bahambe ngesimiso, inselele ukungalungisi, futhi banikele ekusebenziseni ikusasa elingcono kakhulu.