Ukuqonda Ukungezwani Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bobugebengu buchaza indlela izinhlangano ezilinganisela ngayo ukulondeka komphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Le migwaqo ithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekumeni kwezimoto ukuya ezinqumweni, kusukela ekuqeqesheni kwamaphoyisa kuya ekushintsheni ejele. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqaphela lokhu kuhlobana akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo; kuyindlela ebalulekile yokulungiselela ukuba nesabelo sesizwe. Isimiso somthetho sokwahlulela sisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu ekuphileni kwabantu, futhi amalungelo omphakathi asebenza njengezivikelo ezidingekayo ezilawula amandla anjalo. Uma labalindi behluleka, imiphumela igeleza ngemiphakathi, ukukhomba izinhlangano nokuqhubekisela phambili kwemijikelezo yokungalingani. Ukuqonda indlela lemikhakhankambi esiza ngayo ukuthuthuka nokuhlala emsebenzini owenziwa ngaphansi komthetho olinganayo.

I-United States Constitution, ikakhulukazi phakathi kweMiyalo yesine, yesihlanu, yeSihlanu, yeSihlanu, ye-Eleth, ne-14th Reformations, imisa uhlelo olungokomthetho oluhlanganisa amalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu. Lezi zinqumo ziqinisekisa isivikelo sokuphehlwa okungakhohlakala nokuqubuka, ukuqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile, ukugunyaza ukulingwa okulungile, ukunqanda isijeziso esingavamile, nokuqinisekisa isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Nokho igebe phakathi kwezithembiso zomthetho-mthetho kanye neqiniso kuye kwaba yindaba yokulwa okuqhubekayo, izimpi ezingokomthetho, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucatshatshaza kolwazi olungokwemfundo engoko, izinselele zezimiso, izimpikiswano zamanje, neziwusizo ekufundiseni lezi zihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Samalungelo Abantu Esimisweni Sobulungisa

Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yekhulu lama-20 enziwe kabusha ngokuyisisekelo yaseMelika yokwahlulela kobugebengu, kodwa umzabalazo wokuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho waqala ngaphambili kakhulu. Kusukela ekuvuselweni kabusha kwenkathi kaJim Crow, isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu ngokuvamile sahlolwa ukuze siphoqelele ukubuswa kwesigaba sobuhlanga. AmaMelika amnyama abhekana namazinga okuboshwa anzima kakhulu, izigwebo eziqinile, kanye nokukhishwa enkonzweni yamajaji. Ukuncishiswa kwezinhlelo zokwethula ngemva kweMpi Yombango ngokuphumelelayo kwezinkulungwane zama-Afrika ngesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu, umkhuba owaqhubeka kahle kakhulu kuze kube sekhulu lama-20 leminyaka.

Izenzakalo Eziyinhloko Ezibalulekile

Inkathi yanamuhla yamalungelo omphakathi yaveza umthetho obalulekile owawukhuluma ngokuqondile ngobulungisa bomthetho womthetho womthetho. Umthetho ka-1964 we-Civil Rights Act we-Ovinic Rights wenqabela ukucwasana okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yesizwe ezindaweni zomphakathi zokuhlala nezinhlelo ezixhaswa uhulumeni. Isihloko VI salesi senzo saba ithuluzi elinamandla lezenzo zokubekela inselele yezempatho yobugebengu eminyangweni yamaphoyisa nezinkantolo ezathola izimali ezingokomthetho. I-Voting Rights Act ka-19666 evimbela imingcele eminingi e-Afrika Afrika ekuvotisweni, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kwezincwadi kanye nentela yokukhokha egunyazwa ngokuphoqwa kwemithetho engokomthetho. I-Fair Howater Act ka-1968 yakhuluma ngezenzo zokucwa kwezindlu ezithathelwa izimali emiphakathini ezindaweni zamaphoyisa kanye nezindlela zomthetho ezingekho emthethweni zezenteni.

  • Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1942 - Ukucwasa kwabhebhethekiswa ezindaweni zomphakathi nezinhlelo ezixhaswe uhulumeni, kunikezwa isisekelo esingokomthetho sobupolisa obungavumelani nomthetho
  • Ukuvota amalungelo Asemthethweni ka-65 - Ukususwa kwemingcele yokuvota eye yaphoqelelwa ngezimiso zomthetho wokwahlulela zobugebengu
  • Umthetho weFair House Act ka-1968 - ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuhlala okuklanywe njenge-polishi nobulungisa kuphume
  • Ulawulo lweCrime Crime ne-Seed Streets Act ka-1968 - Umthetho wadalela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezwe ne-octive jours short

Izinqumo ZeNkantolo Eziphakeme Eziphawuleka Kakhulu

INkantolo Ephakeme yafeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nenqubo yobugebengu. UGideon v. Wainwright (1963) wamisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko ngabamangalelwa abamangalelwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, eqaphela ukuthi ukumelelwa okungokomthetho kubalulekile ukuze kubekwe izaba ezilungile. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) wafuna amaphoyisa ukuba azise ukusolwa kwamalungelo awo ukuze ahlale athule futhi abe nommeli phakathi nokuphenywa. uTerry v. Ohio (1968) wavumela amaphoyisa ukuba amise imigoqo esekelwe ekusolweni okunengqondo kodwa avule umnyango ukuze amise inqubo esabalele izinselele zamalungelo omphakathi kamuva. Mapup. v.1961) wasebenzisa ukukhokhwaswa kwenkantolo, wavimbela ubufakazi obungekho emthethweni ekuqulweni kwecala.

Lezi zinqumo zamelela ukunqoba okukhulu kwamalungelo omphakathi, kodwa ukufezeka kwazo akuhambisani. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokululeka, libhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezivela ezimisweni zomphakathi ezikhuselwe ngokungemthetho. Amahhovisi amaningi avikela umphakathi athwala amacala adlula kude kakhulu izindinganiso zesizwe, aphoqelela abameli ukuba bachithe imizuzu embalwa kuphela ecaleni ngalinye. Leligebe phakathi kwesiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo namaqiniso asebenzayo lihlala liyindaba eyinhloko ekunqamuleni amalungelo abantu nobulungisa bobugebengu.

Izinselele Zesimiso Sokwahlulela Kwesigebengu Sanamuhla

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka emizamo yenguquko, umehluko omkhulu uyaqhubeka kuso sonke isimiso sobulungisa bomthetho. Lezi zici zihlukanisa zonke izigaba zenqubo, kusukela ekuthintaneni kwasekuqaleni namaphoyisa ngokuqondisa ngemva kokuqulwa. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kubalulekile kubafundisi abafuna ukusiza abafundi ukuba bacabange ngokuhluzekile ngezimiso zobulungisa.

Inkululeko Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zisebenzisa ukuqonda okukhulu emsebenzini wazo wansuku zonke, futhi ukuqondisisa kungaveza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ubani omiswayo, ophenywayo, noma oboshwayo. Ukufakwa kwezinhlanga kuseyindlela egciniwe ezindaweni eziningi. Ulwazi oluvela ku- i-American Civil Liberties Union [ lubonisa ukuthi abashayeli abamnyama bayeka emazingeni angenakulinganiswa nakancane emazweni amaningi futhi bavame ukuphenywa phakathi nokuma kwezimoto ngisho noma kungatholakalangatholakali kakhulu ekuncipheni okungahambi. Lokhu kunciphiswa kwentekile komphakathi futhi kwenza ukuthembana kobugebengu kungasebenzi kahle ekuxazululeni ubugebengu, njengoba izakhamuzi zingafuni ukubambisana nomthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa kuye kwaba yinto ekhathaza kakhulu emalungelo abantu eminyakeni yamuva. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ama-Black America abulawa amaphoyisa ngokuphindwe kabili inani labamhlophe baseMelika. Nakuba ukuhlaselana kwamaphoyisa kuphela ngokuthula, izenzakalo eziphakeme zamandla adlulele ziye zabangela ukuvukela ezweni lonke nokubizwa kabusha kwemithetho egciniwe. Amakhamera ezisebenzini, amabhodi abaphathi bezakhamuzi, nezinguquko zokusebenzisa imithetho efuna inguquko ekhona.

Izimiso Zenkantolo Zihlukile

Ukungalingani kwezimiso zokwahlulela kuthinta abamangalelwa ngazo zonke izigaba. Izenzo zokuvalelwa kwamacala zibonisa ngokucacile lenkinga. Abalweli abangakwazi ukuthenga ibheyili lapho belindele ukuqulwa kwecala, ngokuvamile amasonto noma izinyanga. Lokhu kuboshwa kwenza kube nzima ukuqinisa isivikelo esiphumelelayo, kwandisa amathuba okulahlekelwa umsebenzi nezindawo zokuhlala, futhi kubangela ukucindezela ukwamukela izikhalo zokukhokhwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banecala. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa basengozini enkulu yokulahlwa futhi bathole izigwebo ezinde kuneza ezithi zibekwe ngendlela efanayo abamangalelwa abakhululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa icala.

Kuphawulwe kakhulu ukwahlukana kwemithetho esekelwe ngokohlanga nasesimweni sezenhlalo. Umehluko phakathi kwe-crack cocaine ne-cocaine eyimpuphu, owehliswayo ngo-Curres kodwa ongazange awuqede ngo-2010, abamangalelwa abaNsundu abathinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa ababengase bamangalelwe ngecala lecrack. Nakuba iziqondiso zikahulumeni zokugweba ziye zalungiswa, ukuhlukana kuyaqhubeka kuwo womabili amazinga ombuso nombuso. Ukufinyelela ekumeleni okusemthethweni kuyahlukana futhi kwehlukahluka phakathi kwemigqa yemigqa yezomnotho, nabamangalelwa abacebile abakwazi ukuqasha abameli abazimele kuyilapho abamangalelwa abasemthethweni bencintiwe ezimisweni zomphakathi ezincikene.

  • Ukuboshwa enkantolo [ - Abantu abacishe babe ngu-500 000 basemajele endawo belindele ukuqulwa kwamacala nganoma yiluphi usuku
  • Plea kuthengiselana[ - Izinkolelo ezingaphezu kuka-95% zibangelwa ukunxusa kwecala, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kokucindezela kwemisho emide engenzeka
  • Ukukhetha kwe-JURT [[FLT:] ubandlululo lobuhlanga ngokukhetha amajaji kuyaqhubeka naphezu kokwenqabela okungokomthetho
  • Icala [ - Abamangalelwa bobudoda abamnyama bathola imigwebo ecishe ibe ngu-20% kunabamangalelwa besilisa abamhlophe ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo

Ukuthuthwa Kwabantu Njengenkinga Yamalungelo Omphakathi

I-United States ithumela inani labantu abaningi kunanoma iliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni, kokubili ngamanani aphelele nangamuntu ngamunye. Kusukela kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-1,9 emajele kahulumeni nakuhulumeni kanye nabanye abangu - 700 000 emajele endawo, izinga lokuboshwa kwaseMelika liphakeme ngokuphindwe kahlanu kuya kweyishumi kunedemokrasi elinganayo. Lesi sibalo sokuboshwa sinamagalelo ajulile adlulela ngalé kwezindonga zasejele.

Ithonya Elingalawuleki Emphakathini Wemibala

Izilinganiso zobuhlanga zokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi zinzima. Abantu abansundu baseMelika baboshelwa emajele asozweni cishe ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunenani labamhlophe baseMelika. Kwezinye izifundazwe, umehluko ungaphezu kweshumi nambili kuya kulelo. Kubantu abaNsundu abaneminyaka engu-20 kuya kwengu-11, oyedwa kwabayishumi nambili uvalelwe noma yiluphi usuku. Lokhu kubhidliza kwemindeni emiphakathini. Izingane eziboshwe abazali ababoshiwe zibhekene nobumpofu obukhulu, ukungahleleki kwezindlu, nezinkinga zokuziphatha. Izinga labantu abadala abaningi ababhekana nokubhekana nemisebenzi yezentengiselwano engokwezomnotho, ukunciphiswa kwethuba lokuthola ithuba lokusebenza kwezentengiselwano, nokunciphiswa kwemithetho yezombangazwe ngefelon.

Impi Yezidakamizwa Nefa Lazo

IMpi Yezidakamizwa, eyaqala ngawo-1970 futhi yaqina ngawo-1970 nawo 1990, yabangela ukukhula okukhulu kokuboshwa. Naphezu kwamazinga afanayo okusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezindaweni ezihlukene, ukuphoqelelwa kwemiphakathi yabaNsundu nabaHispanic ngokungenakuqhathaniswa. Imithetho elinganiselwe nemithetho emithathu yasusa ukugwetshwa kokwahlulela futhi yakhipha izigwebo ezithathe isikhathi eside kakhulu ngenxa yezenzo zobugebengu obungenabudlova. Lemithetho, eyayenziwa ngokusekela kwemidantisana phakathi nenkathi enzima yokuhlasela kwezinhlanga, yadala isisekelo sokubulala abantu abaningi esikhona namuhla naphezu kwemizamo yamuva nje yenguquko.

Izincwadi ze- I-Project yokufaka imingcele ezithi amacala ezidakamizwa asabangela ingxenye enkulu yeziboshwa, nakuba imibuso iye yaqala ukunciphisa izijeziso nokwandisa ezinye izindlela zokungaboshwa. I-Fost Step Act, yadluliswa ngo-201818 ngokusekela i-bipartis, yanciphisa imisho elinganiselwe eyimfuneko, yandisa izinhlelo zokulungisa, futhi yadambisa imiphumela yezinkolelo ezithile zangaphambili. Nakuba lenguquko yombuso yayibalulekile, impela ingenzeka ngesilinganiso sombuso, lapho intuthuko yenguquko ibingalingani.

Imiphumela Ephawulekayo Yokukholelwa

Icala lobugebengu linemiphumela ethatha isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba isigwebo sikhishwe. Imiphumela esemthethweni ihlanganisa imingcele emsebenzini, izindlu, izinzuzo zomphakathi, amalungelo okuvota, nokuqashwa kochwepheshe. Lemiphumela ingadala isigaba sesibili se-athoding kumaMelika. INhlangano ye-American Bar ibone imiphumela engaphezu kwama-44 000 ehambisana nomthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Kubantu ababuya ejele, lemingcele yenza ukubuyiselwa komphakathi kube nzima kakhulu futhi kwandise amathuba okuthola i-redivocition.

Imithetho yokudideka ivimbela amaMelika ayizigidi ezingu-4,6 ekuvoteni, kuhlanganise noyedwa kubantu abadala abamnyama abayishumi nantathu. Lemithetho ithonya ngokungenakuqhathaniswa imiphakathi esebhekene nokubekwa indinganiso kwezombangazwe kakade futhi iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuthatha isigaba sentando yeningi nokulingana komphakathi. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zabuyisela amalungelo okuvota kubantu ngokulingwa noma ngokukhishwa isigwebo, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga ukuqedwa kwazo zonke izigwebo ezihlanganisa ukukhokhwakhwa kwenkokhwa kanye nenkokhelo ngaphambi kokuba amalungelo okuvola abuyiselwe.

Ukulandisa Kwamaphoyisa Nokushintsha Kwezinto

Izenzakalo ezivelele zobudlova bamaphoyisa ziye zabangela ukunaka komphakathi ngokuqhubekayo ekuzilandiseni kwamaphoyisa. [i-NAACP Legal Defense Fund kanye nezinye izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ziye zafaka izimpawu zezindlela zokusebenzisa amandla aphakeme, ukucwasana, nokungabekezeli kobupheku. Imizamo yokuguqula uhulumeni, umbuso, namazinga endawo iye yazama ukusingatha lezi zinkathazo, nakuba intuthuko ihlala iphikisana futhi ingalingani.

Imithetho Yokuqondisa Nokuvuma Kwamazwe

UMnyango Wezobulungisa uhlola izindlela zobupolisa obungavumelani nomthetho futhi ungangena ezinqunyweni ezifuna ushintsho. Phakathi nokuphathwa kwe-Obama, uphengululo lwe-DOJ lwaholela ekulungiseni izivumelwano neminyango yamaphoyisa e-Forguson, Baltimore, Chicago, namanye amadolobha. Le zivumelwano zidinga izinguquko ezivamile ukuze kusetshenziswe imithetho yokusebenza, ukuthuthukisa ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, nokugadalwa kwemvume. I-strump yanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yemvume, kodwa i-Biden yaphinde yaqala ukuphatha leli thuluzi lokwengamela. Ingxenye 14141 ye-RwilGrime Control Control ne-Leactive Actment ka 1994 ivumela lokhu kuphetho, yenza ukuqondisa komthetho womthetho osemthethweni wendawo.

Ukuphatha Umphakathi Nobulungisa Bemvelo

Izindlela zobupolisa zomphakathi zigcizelela ukwakha ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaphoyisa nemiphakathi asebenza kuyo. La masu ahlanganisa ukwabela izikhulu ezindaweni ezithile ukuze zithuthukise ulwazi lwasendaweni nobudlelwane, zivule amathuba okuxhumana ngokwethukela, futhi zihlanganise amalungu omphakathi ekuboneni izinto eziza kuqala zokuphepha komphakathi. Okuhlobene nomthetho womphakathi, umqondo wokwahlulela ngokulandelana kwezimiso ezilungile. Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi abantu bathambekele kakhulu ekuhambisaneni negunya elingokomthetho futhi bambisane nokugcinwa komthetho lapho bebona ukuthi izinqubo zilungile, zikhanya, zikhanya futhi zihloniphekile.

  • Amakhamera eBody-worn - ngaphezu kwengxenye yeminyango emikhulu yamaphoyisa manje isebenzisa amakhamera omzimba, nakuba ukucwaninga ngemiphumela yawo kuxubene
  • Sebenzisa izinguquko-aphomini - Iminyango eminingi iye yamukela ukuqeqeshwa okuncishisiwe kanye nezimiso zokwethula nokusizana
  • Umqondisi we-Civilian - I-endependent amabhodi okubukeza anamandla angaphansi kwe-poena ahlala eyivela kancane kodwa ayisidingo esikhulayo senguquko
  • Inguquko eqinisekisiwe yezokuzivikela [ - Imfundiso engokomthetho evikela izikhulu emacaleni ezakhamuzi iye yancishiswa kwezinye izindawo

Ezinye Izinto Ezingasetshenziswa Ekuthuleni Nokubuyisela Ubulungisa

Ukuqaphela okwandayo umonakalo obangelwa ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi kuye kwavusa isithakazelo ezintweni eziza kuqala ukulandisa, ukuphepha komphakathi, nokuvuselelwa ngaphandle kokuthembela ekuboshweni. Lezi zimo ziwushintsho oluphawulekayo ekuboneni isijeziso esalawula isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu amashumi eminyaka.

Izinhlelo zokuphendulela kanye nezinkantolo ezixazulula izinkinga

Izinhlelo zokulahla abantu ezimisweni zomthetho zomthetho zibuyisela abantu ekwelashweni, emfundweni, noma ekusetshenzisweni komphakathi. Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zezempilo, nezinkantolo zezengqondo, nomakad ’ ebona banikeza ukuqondisa okukhethekile nezinkonzo ezihloselwe ukusingatha izinkinga eziyisisekelo kunokumane nje ujezise ukuziphatha kobugebengu. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa ezihlelwe kahle zinganciphisa ukuncishiswa kwemithetho yezezomthetho, zinciphise imali ekhokhwanywayo, futhi ziveze imiphumela engcono kwabathatha inxaxheba kanye nemiphakathi. Isihluthulelo siqinisekisa ukuthi lezinhlelo zitholakala ngobuqotho futhi azidali izindlela ezintsha zokuhileleka kwezimiso ezingabonakali kodwa ezisacindezelayo.

Imikhuba Yokwahlulela Okulandelayo

Ubulungisa obubuyiselwe buhlanganisa izisulu, izaphula-mthetho, namalungu omphakathi ukuze kulungiswe ubuhlobo obulimazayo. Le mikhuba, esekelwe emasikweni ezakhamuzi, igcizelela ukulandisa ngokuthembisana ngokuqondile kunokujeziswa. Ekwahluleleni kobugebengu, izinqubo zokubuyisela zingahlanganisa izingxoxo zezisulu, ukuququlwa komphakathi, nokuhlelwa kwezici ezizungezenayo. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ubulungisa bokulungisa bunganciphisa ukunciphisana, ukwaneliseka kwandisa, futhi bunikeze okunye okubalulekile ezinkantolo zenkantolo. Izifunda eziningi zesikole nezimiso zobulungisa zentsha ziye zamukela imikhuba yokubuyisela izisulu njengezindlela zokususa, ukuxosha, nokulungisa inkantolo.

Izimemezelo Zokufundisa Ngamalungelo Abantu Nobulungisa Bobugebengu

Othisha banethuba eliyingqayizivele lokusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bobugebengu. Ukufundisa okuphumelelayo kulendawo kudinga ukunaka kokucophelela, ukuphathwa kwe-pedagog, nendawo yasekilasini. Abafundi baletha okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene kanye nombono kulezindaba, futhi ukuhlobana kwabo siqu nesimiso sobulungisa kungacebisa izingxoxo zasekilasini kuyilapho kudinga futhi ukuzwelana nabafundisi.

Ukwakha Ulwazi Oluyisisekelo

Abafundi badinga ukuqonda okuqinile komthetho nomlando ngaphambi kokuba bangenele izimpikiswano ezinengqondo zamanje. Isisekelo sesisekelo kufanele sihlanganise umbhalo kanye nencazelo yezinguquko ezihlobene nomthetho-sisekelo, amacala avelele eNkantolo Ephakeme asekelwe emaphuzwini ayiqiniso nangokomthetho, kanye nokuziphendukela okungokomlando kwezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi njengoba zilandisa ngobulungisa bobugebengu. Ukuhlolwa kwemizamo ethile yenguquko kungasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi izimiso ezicatshangelwayo zidlala kanjani ezindabeni zezwe langempela.

  • [ hlola imithombo eyinhloko[ izinqumo zeNkantolo, umthetho, kanye nokulandisa komuntu siqu kunikeza ukuthembisana okuqondile ngezincwadi zomthetho nomlando
  • Sebenzisa imniningo nezibalo - Ukwaziswa okungaguquguquki kusiza izingxoxo ezisekelwe ekuziqondeni
  • faka imibono eminingi[ - Amaphoyisa, abashushisi, abameli, abahluleli, kanye namalungu omphakathi athintekile konke kunezindawo ezibalulekile zokuhlola

Ukuxoxa okubucayi

Izingxoxo zekilasi ngamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bobugebengu zidinga ukuqashelwa ngokucophelela. Abafundi bangagcina imibono eqinile esekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, isizinda somkhaya, noma ukuchayeka kwemithombo yezindaba. Ukusungula indawo yekilasi lapho imibono ehlukahlukene ingavezwa khona ngenhlonipho kubalulekile. Izingxoxo ezihlelwayo ezisebenzisa imithetho eqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwi azwakalayo angezwakali zingaba nenzuzo kakhulu kunempikiswano esobala. Othisha kufanele bakulungele ukuxoxa ngolwazi olubuhlungu, njengoba abanye abafundi bengase babe nokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kokuhlangana namaphoyisa, ukudilishwa kwamalungu omkhaya, noma ukuhlaselwa.

Ukuhlanganisa izimpikiswano zendawo nezindlela zesizwe kusiza ukuba izinto ezingabonakali zibonakale. Abafundi bangahlola amazinga okuboshwa kukahulumeni, izimiso zomnyango wamaphoyisa, noma izindawo zokuvalelwa kwentsha eziseduze. Izikhulumi ezimenyiwe ezinolwazi olufanele zingangenisa izimo ezingokoqobo ekilasini. Izinhlangano ezinikeza izikhulumi zihlanganise amahhovisi omphakathi okuvikela umphakathi, iminyango yamaphoyisa enezinhlelo zokubopha amalungelo omphakathi, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, kanye nezinkonzo zokusekela abaholi.

Imithombo Nezindlela Zokufundisa

Izinhlangano eziningana zinikeza iziteshi zemfundo eziphezulu zokufundisa ngamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bobugebengu. Ikhonsati yamalungelo esizwe inikeza amasu nemithombo yezifundo ezigxile ekubopheni komphakathi wentsha. ISikhungo soMthetho wobuPostrenty Uhlelo lokufundisa lokubekezelelana nobugebengu] lunikeza izinto ezithinta inqubo yobulungisa. [[[FLT:]] Umthetho - sisekelo wezwe [[FLT]] unikeza imithombo yemfundo mayelana namalungelo omthetho engokomthetho emicimbi yobugebengu.

Izindlela zokufunda ezisekelwe kumsebenzi zingahlanganisa abafundi ngokujule ngalezihloko. Abafundi bangahlola indaba yomthetho womthetho wendawo futhi bathuthukise ukutusa kwezimiso, baqhube izigigaba zomlomo namalungu omphakathi aye asebenza noma athinteka ngesimiso sobulungisa, noma benze izintshumayelo eziningi zokuhlola amalungelo ezakhamuzi enkantolo yomthetho. Ukuqulwa kwecala le-mock nokuvikelwa kwezenkantolo kungasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ziphuhliswa kanjani nokuthi isivikelo somthetho sisebenza kanjani ekusebenziseni.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bobugebengu kusenye yezindawo ezilandela umthetho waseMelika nesimiso. Intuthuko efinyelelwe ngenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi, izinqumo zenkantolo eziphawula imingcele, nezinguquko zemithetho iye yaba ngokoqobo kodwa ayiphelele. Ukuthunjwa okukhulu, ukuhlukaniswa kobuhlanga kuzo zonke izigaba zesimiso sobulungisa, nezinselele eziqhubekayo kumaphoyisa zokulandisa kubonisa ukuthi isithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho asizange sifezeke ngokugcwele.

Izinhlangano zemfundo zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde lendawo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokunikeza umongo ongokomlando, ukuthuthukisa ukucubungula okugxekayo kwemikhuba yamanje, nokuhlola amathuba okuguqula, othisha balungiselela abafundi hhayi nje kuphela impumelelo yezemfundo kodwa nokuhlanganyela komphakathi kolwazi. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bobugebengu buzoqhubeka buguqulwa ngomthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, izinguquko zezimiso, kanye nezenzo zezakhamuzi. Umphakathi ofundile ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi le mfundiso iqhubekela ekulungiseni ngokulunga okukhulu nokulingana kwabo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabaluphi uhlanga, inzuzo, noma isizinda.