Isingeniso

Isimiso somthetho saseMelika siwuhlelo olukhulu futhi oluyinkimbinkimbi, oluklanyelwe ukugcina ukuhleleka, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokukhipha ubulungisa. Kunoma ubani ongena kulendawo − noma ewummangalelwa, ummangalelwa, umnini-bhizinisi, noma nje isakhamuzi esinelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi () ukuqonda izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko kubalulekile. Izinkantolo zobugebengu nezinkantolo zomphakathi zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene, izinhloso, nemiphumela. Nakuba zihlanganyela amaphaseji afanayo egcekeni kanye nezisebenzi ezingochwepheshe abafanayo ezingokomthetho, imisebenzi yazo ayinakwehluka. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuqhathaniswa okuqinile, ngokuqondekade kwezinkantolo zobugebengu nokwemibandlu ekhethekile, izinqubo zazo eziwubufakazi, nezisebenza ngokoqobo. Ngesiphelo, uyoba nokuqonda okucacile kwezindlela ezingokomthetho zezindlela ezithile zomthetho futhi ulindele ukuthi yini uma ulindele ukuthi ungazitholile.

Ziyini Izinkantolo Zezigebengu?

Izinkantolo zezigebengu ziyizindawo lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona abantu noma izinhlangano ezimangalelwa ngokwenza izenzo umphakathi ozibone ziyingozi noma zisongela. Igama elithi “ubugebengu” libhekisela ekuziphatheni okunqatshelwe ngomthetho, futhi umgomo oyinhloko womthetho wobugebengu ukujezisa ububi, ukuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, nokuvikela umphakathi. Lapho uhulumeni unquma ukuletha amacala, icala lingena ezinkantolo zobugebengu.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zezinkantolo Zezigebengu

  • Icala le-Defendant vs. Ukuqulwa: Icala lihlala lilethwa umshushisi (emelela uhulumeni) kummangalelwa. Isisulu asiyena umshushisi ecaleni; uhulumeni uthatha isinyathelo somphakathi.
  • I-Briden yobufakazi: Umshushisi kumelwe afakazele icala “ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo,” indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi emthethweni waseMelika. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akekho umuntu onengqondo ongangabaza ngokunengqondo ngecala lommangalelwa elisekelwe ebufakazini.
  • Uhlobo lobugebengu: izinkantolo zecala zisingatha ama-feloni (amacala amakhulu njengokubulala, ukuphanga, i-arson), amaphutha (amacala angasho ukwebiwa okuncane, i-DUI), kanye neziphazamiso (ukuphulwa kwemithetho okuncane njengethikithi lezimoto).
  • Imiphumela esebenzayo: Uma kuqinisekwa, umahluleli angaphoqa ukuboshwa, izinhlawulo, ukugcinwa kwecala, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma inhlanganisela. Emacalani okufa, isigwebo sokufa singacatshangelwa. Ukugwetshwa kusho ummangalelwa kutholakala ukuthi akanacala futhi akanakubekwa icala elifanayo ngaphansi kwesivikelo esiphindiwe kabili.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Amalungelo eseluleko: Abalweli banelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo kummeli; uma bengakwazi ukuthenga, inkantolo kumelwe imise umvikeli womphakathi.

Inqubo Yesigebengu: Ukuyeka Ukuboshwa Kuya Ekusolweni

Iselelesi esivamile esiqhubeka siqala ngokuboshwa noma ngokuthunga. Khona - ke ummangalelwa uyiswa phambi komahluleli ukuze avele lapho kufundelwa khona icala, ibheyili iyamiswa, futhi kungene isikhalo. Phakathi nenkathi yangaphambi kwejaji, ukutholakala, ukuthatha isinyathelo kuyagcinwa (umz., ukuvimbela ubufakazi), futhi isimemezelo sokufaka isicelo singavela ku-((16) ukudluliswa kwecala lokunxusa kwecala elinecala ngesigwebo esilula. Uma kungekho sikhalo sifinyelelwa, icala liyaqhubeka liqulwa. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, abahluleli banquma icala noma ubumsulwa; umahluleli bebopha icala, umahluleli benza isinqumo. Isinqumo, isigwebo silandela, futhi abamangali badlulisela icala noma isigwebo.

Izibonelo Zezigebengu

  • Ubugebengu obunobudlova: ukubulala, ukuhlasela, ukuphanga
  • Ubugebengu bempahla: ukugqekeza, ukugqekeza, ukubulala
  • Amacala ezidakamizwa: ukuba nempahla, ukushushumbisa, ukwenza
  • Ubugebengu belanga elimhlophe: ukukhwabanisa, ukukhwabanisa, ukuhwebelana ngaphakathi
  • Amacala asemgwaqweni: I - DUI, ukushayela ngokunganaki

Ziyini Izinkantolo Zangaphakathi?

Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo zombango zinikeza izigigaba ezizimele imvume yokuhlangana kwabantu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano ezingahileli ukuziphatha kobugebengu. Injongo ayisona isijeziso, kodwa isinqumo: ukuhlanganisa iqembu elilimele, ukuqinisa amalungelo, noma ukufuna izenzo ezithile. Umthetho womphakathi uhlanganisa ubudlelwane obukhulu, kusukela esivumelwaneni esiphukile kuya engozini yemoto kuya esahlukanisweni.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zezinkantolo Zombango

  • I-Platotiff vs. Umvikeli: Ummangaleli uqala icala ngokufaka isikhalo; ummangalelwa uyaphendula. Akukho mshushisi. Zombili izinhlangothi zimelelwa abameli bomuntu siqu, nakuba abanye abamangaleli bengazimelela bona ngokwabo (pro se).
  • I-Briden yobufakazi: I-paltiff kumele ifakazele icala labo “ngokuhlola ubufakazi,” isho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba (amathuba angaphezu kuka-50%) ukuba ummangalelwa afanelwe. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi kakhulu kunangeqanda.
  • Izinhlobo zecala:[ izinkantolo zomphakathi zizwa amacala abangela ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukunyundelwa, ukungalawuleki kwezokwelapha), izingxabano zesivumelwano, izingxabano zempahla, izindaba zomkhaya (icala, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana), nezenzo zesigaba.
  • Imiphumela esebenzisekayo: Izimemezelo zivame ukuthatha uhlobo lwemali elimazayo (inhlawulo, isijeziso, igama lomlomo), imiyalo (iziqondiso zomthetho zokumisa noma ukuphoqelela isenzo), noma ukwenza okuthile (ukuphoqelela umcimbi ukuba ufeze isibopho somthetho). IJail ayiwona umphumela wenkantolo yomphakathi.

Izinhlobo Zecala Langaphakathi Ngokujula

[[FLT:] Ingxabano ivela lapho omunye umuntu ehluleka ukudumisa isivumelwano, njengokuphula isivumelwano sebhizinisi. [ingozi yemoto ebangelwa ukunganaki iwumthetho wesitayela. Impikiswano ihlanganisa isehlukaniso, ukusekela umntwana, nokutholwa kwezingane kuvame ukusingathwa ezinkantolo zomkhaya ezikhethekile. iprojected [[FLT:] i-pane] i-palm, [[FLT] imigqa, ukungezwana kwezendlu], ukuvikelwa kwezingane, nokubekwa kwezingane. [izenzo] ngokuvamile kuphathwa ezinkantolo zomkhaya ezikhethekile. [FLT] [FLT:] imicimbi ehlangene, [FLT] ukuphikisana, ukuphikisana kwezindawo zomphakathi, noma ubunikazi obunye.[5] [FFF] [9]

Inqubo Yokuxosha Izindaba Ezinabantu Bonke

Icala lomphakathi liqala ngokukhipha isikhalo futhi likhonze ummangalelwa. Ummangalelwa ube esefaka impendulo noma isenzo sokuxosha. Isigaba sokuthola silandela, lapho kuthatha khona izinhlangothi zombili zishintshana amabhukwana, ofakazi, futhi ziqoqe ubufakazi. Amacala amaningi ahlala ngaphambi kwecala ngengxoxo, ukudluliswa komthetho, ukuquliswa, noma ukukhishwa kwecala. Uma kungekho kuthenwa, icala liyaqulwa (uma kufunwa) noma uma ijaji. Ijaji linquma ukuthi kufanele libe necala futhi, kwezinye izifundazwe, likhiphe isijeziso. Ngemva kokwahlulela, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lidlulisele icala enkantolo ephakeme.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwesigebengu Nezinkantolo Zasembusweni

Uma uzibheka ngamehlo engqondo, lezi zimiso ezimbili zasenkantolo zingase zibonakale zifana ngoba zihilela amajaji, abameli, nokuqulwa kwecala.

  • Purpose:[ izinkantolo zecala ziyajezisa futhi zinqande ukuziphatha okulimaza umphakathi. Izinkantolo zombango zixazulula izimpikiswano zomuntu siqu futhi zinikeze amakhambi kubantu abalimele.
  • Izindawo zobugebengu zifaka uhulumeni (ukumangalela) ummangalelwa. Amacala omphakathi ahilela ummangalelwa omangalela ummangalelwa.
  • Ibheji lobufakazi: Icala lobugebengu lidinga ubufakazi obungenakungatshazwa (cishe 90-99%) ukuqiniseka). Icala lomphakathi lidinga ukucatshangelwa kobufakazi (ngaphezu kuka-50%). Indinganiso yesithathu, “ubufakazi obucacile nobugculisayo,” isetshenziswa kwezinye izindaba zomphakathi njengokukhohlisa noma ukuqedwa kwamalungelo abazali.
  • Ikhonsothi:[ Izinkolelo zobugebengu zingaholela ekuboshweni, ekufeni, noma emahlawuleni ezenzo zobugebengu ayiswa embusweni. Izahlulelo zombango ziphumela ekungcoleni kwemali, emayalezweni, noma kwenye inkululeko elinganayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Reopardy ephindwe kabili: ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela abamangalelwa ukuba bangazanywa kabili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo. Akukho sivikelo esinjalo esikhona ezicaleni zomphakathi; ungamangalelwa kaningi kunesenzakalo esifanayo, nakuba u-res judata (i-pacam preclusion) imingcele yokuphindela.
  • KuJury: Zombili izimiso ziqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lokwahlulela ezimweni ezithile, kodwa izijaji zomphakathi azikho kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokufuna (umz., amacala ahlukene) futhi ngokuvamile adinga abahluleli abangaphansi kweshumi elinesibini. Izigebengu kumelwe zihlangane ukuze kuqinisekiswe emacaleni angathi sína; amajaji omphakathi angabuyisela isinqumo ngesinqumo esinemivundla ezindaweni ezithile.
  • Isivumelwano: [ Enkantolo yobugebengu, uhulumeni ukhokhela ummeli ovikelayo uma ummangalelwa engenayo imali yakhe. Enkantolo yomphakathi, amaqembu kumelwe akhokhele abameli bawo siqu, nakuba usizo olungokomthetho lutholakala kubantu abahlawulwa kancane ezicaleni ezithile.

Izibonelo Ezibonisa Ukungafani

Izenzakalo zezwe langempela zisiza ekucaciseni indlela isenzakalo esifanayo esingaholela ngayo kokubili emicimbini yobugebengu neyomphakathi.

Isibonelo Secala Lobugebengu

Uma ethola icala lobugebengu, angabhekana nesikhathi sokuboshwa, ihlawulo lobugebengu, nokugwetshwa. Indima yesisulu ingufakazi; uhulumeni uphishekela icala lomphakathi.

Isibonelo Secala Lomphakathi

Lesosisulu singafaka icala lokulimala komuntu siqu kumhlaseli enkantolo yomphakathi, sifune ukulimala kwezindleko zokwelapha, ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka, futhi silahlekelwe iholo. Indinganiso yomphakathi (i-preance) yenza kube lula ukuwina imbuyiselo, ngisho noma icala lobugebengu liphela ngokukhulula. Lokhu kuboniswa ngokudume kakhulu icala lika-O.J. Simpson: likhululwe ngokuphandle ngokubulala kodwa litholakele linecala elingafanele lokufa ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi futhi liyalwa ukuba likhokhele amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-3.5.

Ezinye Izimo Ezivamile

  • Umshayeli odakiwe ubulala othile: Isifundazwe sisola ukubulala ngemisipha (ukubulalana). Okwamanje, umkhaya waso umangalela ukufa okungalungile (iphesenti).
  • Ibhizinisi alikwazi ukuletha izimpahla njengoba kuthenjiswe: Umthengi angase amangalelwe ngokuphulwa kwesivumelwano (isivumelwano).
  • Umnikazi we - lond angena endlini ye - metant ngokungemthetho: I - tenant ingase imangalelwe ukuhlaselwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu (i - chivil), futhi umninindawo wayengabhekana namacala obugebengu.

Indima YabaHluleli Namaphupho

Nakuba abahluleli nabahluleli bevela kuzo zombili izimiso, imisebenzi yabo namandla kuyehluka.

Abahluleli

Enkantolo yezigebengu, umahluleli uqinisekisa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ommangalelwa avikelwe, imithetho ethatha izinyawo, iqondisa icala, futhi iphoqelela isigwebo ngemva kwecala (ngeziqondiso zemithetho). Enkantolo yomphakathi, umahluleli uqondisa ukutholwa, uxazulule izimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu, futhi angase anqume icala enkantolo yebhentshi. Abahluleli futhi banenkululeko enkulu kuzo zombili izimo ukuze bakhiphe ubufakazi, bafundise amajaji, futhi banikeze isahlulelo esifingqiwe uma kungekho qiniso.

IJuries

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, iSichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuthatha amajaji emacala amakhulu. Uma amajaji ehluleka ukufinyelela isinqumo, angakhipha icala elingafanele, futhi ukuquliswa kwecala kungalungisa icala. Ezicabeni zombango, iSichibiyelo seSemberi silondoloza ilungelo lokuba abahluleli abanelungelo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezikhona lapho isambayo singaphezu kukaR18. Nokho, izenzakalo eziningi zomphakathi zingahileli jajikijozo (kakhulukazi lezo ezisemthethweni (umz., imiyalo, izahlukaniso). Imithetho yombango ngokuvamile iba namalungu ambalwa (ngokuvamile ayisithupha) futhi kungase kungadingenzeki ukuba ahlangane enkantolo yomthetho kahulumeni; izigebelo kumelwe zihlangane ngaphandle kokuba izinhlangano zombangazo zomthetho. Isinqumo somahluleli futhi zilungise imibandela zomphakathi ngaphansi kwemithetho ethile.

Ukuwa Kwesigebengu Nomthetho Wangaphakathi

Isenzo esisodwa singabangela kokubili ukungemthetho kanye nokulimaza umphakathi. Lokhu kubalulekile: ngisho noma elinye icala liphela ngokulahlwa, elinye lingaqhubeka. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani ethengisa imikhiqizo ekhubazekile ngamabomu ingabhekana nophenyo lobugebengu lokuphambana nokuthatha indiva kweqembu ngenxa yamanxeba abangelwa yileyomikhiqizo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungqubuzana kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu nasemabhizinisini lapho ihlola ukuchayeka kwabo okungokomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imiqondo engokomthetho idlula imingcele. Isimiso esifanayo sokuzinqoba ukumangalelwa ngecala lobugebengu singanqoba futhi isimangalo somphakathi. Nokho, imithwalo ehlukene yobufakazi isho ukuthi ummangalelwa angawina enkantolo yobugebengu (ngoba ummangalelwa akanakufakazela icala ngokungenakungabaza okunengqondo) kodwa alahlekelwe enkantolo yomphakathi (ngoba ummangalelwa odinga ukuphonsa isikali esingaphezulu kuka-50%) kuphela.

Iyiphi Inkantolo Eyolilalela Icala Lakho?

Uma uhilelekile empikiswaneni engokomthetho, isimo senkinga sinquma ukuthi inkantolo ihlelwe kanjani. Ingabe umthetho noma umthetho uphulwe? Lokho kukhomba enkantolo egabeni lobugebengu. Ingabe kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye ngemali, impahla, noma ukulimala komuntu siqu ngaphandle komthetho womthetho womthetho? Lokho kuyinkantolo yomphakathi. Kwezinye izimo, amacala aqala kwenye futhi icala elihlobene nalo liqala kwenye. Naphezu kwenye indlela, kubalulekile ukufuna iseluleko esingokomthetho. Ummeli okhethekile ovikela ubugebengu noma ulwembusa umthetho we-procedalture angakuqondisa ngemithetho esobala, izindinganiso ezisobala, namathuba okuvelayo. Ukuzimela icala kuyingozi enkantolo ngenxa yenye, kodwa ikakhulukazi enkantolo lapho inkululeko ibekwe khona.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, vakashela i-Curnell Information yasemthethweni ikhasi elimayelana nomthetho wobugebengu kanye U.S. ingosi yewebhusayithi ezinhloboni zamacala[. Lemicebo inikeza izincazelo ezigunyaziwe zezinqubo zenkantolo nezincazelo ezingokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukumisa isimiso somthetho kudinga ukuqondwa okucacile kwamagatsha aso amabili ayinhloko: izinkantolo zobugebengu nezinkantolo zomphakathi. Izinkantolo zobugebengu zimisa imithetho yomphakathi, zijezise izaphula-mthetho, futhi zivikele umphakathi usebenzisa umthwalo ophakeme wobufakazi; izinkantolo zomphakathi zixazulula izimpikiswano zomuntu siqu futhi zikhokhele izisulu ngaphansi kwendinganiso elula kakhulu. Umehluko uthinta yonke into kusukela emaqembuni ahilelekile ebhekene nemiphumela engenzeka, kuhlanganise nokuboshwa kanye nokukhokhwa kwemali. Ukuqaphela indlela esebenzayo esimweni sakho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene necala lobugebengu noma ucabangela icala, inkambo engcono kakhulu iwukubona ummeli ofanelekayo ongachaza imithetho ethile yenkantolo eyolalela icala lakho futhi ikusize ukuba ufinyelele umphumela omuhle kakhulu.