ISigele sase-United States simi njengenye yezindikimba zemithetho ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, sisebenzisa ithonya elikhulu phezu kokubusa, isimiso, nesiqondiso sesizwe. Njengelinye lamagumbi amabili ahlanganisa i-Congress, iSigele sifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeniseni umthetho kahulumeni, siqinise izikhulu zikahulumeni eziyinhloko, sifaka izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, futhi sisebenza njengesehlo esibucayi emandleni alawulayo. Ukuqonda amandla omthetho weSigebengu nemithwalo yemfanelo kubalulekile kuyisakhamuzi ngasinye esifuna ukuzihlanganisa nenqubo yentando yentando yeningi futhi siqonde indlela izinqumo ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwaso kwansuku zonke ezenziwa ngayo eWashington, D.C.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo SeSigele

Ukwakhiwa kwaleSigele kanye namandla kusungulwe yi-Athigin One ye-Constitution ye-U.S. esebenza kusukela ngo-March 4, 1789. Isifunda ngasinye samazwe angu-50 simelelwa amanxusa amabili asebenza ngeminyaka eyisithupha enyaka, ahlanganisa amalungu ayikhulu alinganayo. Lomfanekiso olinganayo, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu bombuso, wawuwukuhlehliswa okubalulekile phakathi noMthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, ulinganisa izithakazelo zemibuso emincane nemikhulu esimisweni sombuso.

ISiphakamiso 1, Ingxenye 3 yoMthetho-sisekelo imisa izimfanelo ezintathu kuma-Senator: i-senator ngayinye kumelwe ukuba ineminyaka engama-30 okungenani, kumelwe ukuba yayiyisakhamuzi sase-United States iminyaka engu-9 edlule, futhi isakhamuzi (ngesikhathi sokukhetha) sikahulumeni afuna ukuwamelela. Lezimfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bavuthwe, banokuhlangenwe nakho, futhi bahlobene ngempela nezigaba abazimele.

Igama le-senate liyiminyaka eyisithupha futhi amagama ashaqiswayo ukuze cishe isihlalo sesithathu sibekwe ekukhetheni njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Ukushaqisa kwamagama kuhlelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izihlalo zombili ezivela kumbuso onikeziwe azincintisani nakancane kukhetho olufanayo ngaphandle uma isikhala sesigcwalisiwe. Lomklamo ubangela ukuqhubekeka nokuqina kwenhlangano, uvimbela izinguquko ezinkulu emaqenjini ezigebengwini ezingaphazamisa umsebenzi wemithetho eqhubekayo.

Igunya Lemithetho LeSigele

ISigele nendlu zinegunya ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso Odwa soMthetho-sisekelo ukuba zenze futhi ziwunqobe umthetho kahulumeni. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho idinga womabili amakamu ukuvumela ukuhlelwa komthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba uthunyelwe kuMongameli ukuze awusayine. Lesi simiso se-badamal siqinisekisa ukucabangisisa futhi sivimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho ngokuxhamazela.

Nokho, amandla eSigele esishaya umthetho ahambisana nemingcele ethile yomthetho-mthetho. I-Origionation Claus yoMthetho-sisekelo inikeza ukuthi "zonke izikweleti zokuphakamisa inzuzo zizakuvela eNdlu yabameleli". Ngenxa yalokho, iSigele asinawo amandla okuqala ukukhokha izintela ezikhuphula intela. Leli lungiselelo libonisa inkolelo yabasunguli yenkolelo yokuthi igumbi elinesibopho esiqondiswe ngokuqondile kubantu kufanele lilawule intela.

ISigele sihlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo neNdlu yabameleli wokwenza imithetho kahulumeni. Abameli bangangenisa izikweletu, baziphikisa, bazilungise, futhi bavote eqenjini labo. Ukuze babe umthetho, umthetho kumelwe uvunyelwe yiyo yomibili indlu neSigele futhi usayinwe nguMongameli. Lenqubo iqinisekisa izingqimba eziningi zokubukeza nenkulumo - mpikiswano ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube umthetho.

Amandla Eseluleko Nemvume: Ukumiswa Komongameli

Enye yemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu yeSigele isiqinisekiso sokumiswa komongameli. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza umongameli "uzakumisa, futhi futhi ngokuvumelana neseluleko neSigele, uzakumisa amanxusa, ezinye izikhonzi zomphakathi namaKhonisi, abaHluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nabo bonke abanye abaphathi be-United States... (Ingxenye 2, 2). Lombuso unikeza ithonya eliqinile egabeni leSigelethi lokwakha igatsha lezwe lejaji nelesikhulu.

Ngaso sonke isikhathi iSigele siye sawalondoloza amandla aso okuhlola nokuvumela noma ukulahla abamiswe umongameli ezikhungweni zobuphathi bamagatsha nabezokwahlulela. Lomthetho - sisekelo usebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile ekwakheni amandla kamongameli, siqinisekisa ukuthi izikhundla zikahulumeni eziyinhloko zigcwaliswa abantu abangamelana nokuhlolwa nokuboniswa kwekhono.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa

Ngokuvamile, i-minee ingeyokuqala ukuqulwa kwecala phambi kwekomiti yeSigele. Ngemva kwalokho, ukumiswa kwelungelo kucatshangelwa iSigele esigcwele. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwezindaba zekomiti, abameli bayangabaza ngezimfanelo zabo, okuhlangenwe nakho, ifilosofi yokwahlulela, nezikhundla ezisezicini eziyinhloko. Lokhu kuqulwa kunikeza ukubonakala futhi kuvumela umphakathi ukuba wazi ngabantu abangase basebenzise amandla kahulumeni aphawulekayo.

Iningi labameleli liyaqinisekiswa; nokho, emacaleni amancane unyaka ngamunye, amakomiti eNkampane ahluleka ngamabomu ukuthatha isinyathelo sokumisa igama eliyivimbelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli ngezinye izikhathi ususa amagama angcolile lapho kubonakala kungaqiniseki. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukulahlwa okusobala kwabameleli esitezini seSigele. Noma kunjalo, usongo lokulahlwa luyithonya elinamandla eliguqula amaprofesɛrɛ.

Uma inqumo icatshangelwa phansi eSigele, ukuqinisekiswa kwayo kudinga ukuvota okulula kweningi, kodwa kuyaphikisana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba kudingeka amavoti angu - 51 kuphela ukuze kuqinisekiswe, abasekeli bangahlanganyela empikiswaneni eyengeziwe ngomshuwalense, okungase kubambezele noma kubangele ukuba inqubo yokuqinisekisa inciphe.

Umlando Wamandla Aqinisekisayo

Ukuhileleka kweSigele ekumisweni kwavela njengesivumelwano phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo. Abanye abameleli basekela ukuba umongameli abe namandla okumisa akhethekile, kuyilapho abanye balwela ukuba leligunya lihlale neSigele. Isimiso salokho, esidinga kokubili ukumiswa komongameli nesiqinisekiso seSigele, sibonisa ukulinganisela phakathi kwalemibono ephikisanayo futhi isebenza njengesinye isibonelo se-checks kanye nezilinganiso ezakhelwe ekwakhelweni kukahulumeni wase-U.S.

Isivumelwano sokunqanda: Indima yeSigele ekubusweni kwemithetho yangaphandle

ISigele sisebenzisa ithonya elikhulu phezu kwesimiso sangaphandle saseMelika ngamandla aso okuvumela izivumelwano. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla okuvuma, ngezivumelwano ezimbili-ntathu, ezenziwa igatsha eliphethe. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zisekelwa kabanzi ngaphambi kokuba i-United States yenze kanjalo.

ISigele siye senqaba cishe izivumelwano ezimbalwa emakhulwini amaningi esiye sawacabangela, nakuba eziningi ziye zafa emakomitini noma zakhishwa umongameli. Usongo lokulahlwa kweSigele ngokuvamile luthonya izingxoxo zesivumelwano, njengoba amongameli kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi bangawasekela yini amavoti adingekayo ukuze bahlatshwe inyumbazane.

Kule nqubo yomthetho, izivumelwano ziphathwa njengezikweletu: zibhekiselwa e-Freign Relations Committee, lapho zingathathwa khona futhi zibikwe. ISigele singabheka isivumelwano phansi ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezifanayo ezisetshenziswa njengomthetho. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba ama-stenator avumayo ukuba isivumelwano sigunyazwe. Lomnyango ophakeme ubonisa ukujula kwezibopho zomhlaba wonke futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izivumelwano zinesisekelo esiqinile se-bipartisan.

Umongameli angase futhi angene ezivumelwaneni eziphetheyo namazwe angaphandle angenakuvunyelwa yiSigele. Izivumelwano zokuphatha ziye zanda kakhulu ekubuseni kwanamuhla, zivumela amongameli ukuba baphathe isimiso sangaphandle ngokuvumelana okukhulu kuyilapho iSigele sinegunya ezivumelwaneni ezingokomthetho.

Amandla Okungawafuni: Ukubeka Izikhulu Icala

ISigele sinamandla okuqhuba ukulingwa okuphelayo, okusebenza njengendlela ebucayi yokususa izikhulu zikahulumeni ezenza ukuziphatha okubi okungathi sína. ISigele sinamandla okuqhuba ukuqulwa kwecala, ngokuyinhloko sikhonza njengejaji nokwahlulela. Kusukela ngo-1789 izikhulu zikahulumeni ezingu-20 zeSigele ziye zazama, kuhlanganise nomongameli abathathu. Lombuso ugcizelela indima yeSigele njengomgcini wobuqotho nomthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni.

Indlela Ukucela Okusebenza Ngayo

Isikhulu siyaphoqelelwa uma nje indlu ivota ukuba ivume isihloko sokungagunyazi. Indlu khona - ke ithumela isigwebo - izihloko zokungagunyazi – eSigele, esizenza ilungu lejaji. Indlu yabameleli isebenza njengomshushisi, inikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano zokusivala, kuyilapho iSigele sikhipha isahlulelo ngamabomu futhi sikhipha isahlulelo.

ISigele sikhipha isigwebo lapho iNdlu yabameleli ikhipha isikhulu sikahulumeni, njengoMongameli, uMongameli, noma amajaji. ISigele sisebenza njengejaji, iSishayamthetho esiyinhloko seNkantolo Ephakeme ephethe icala. Inani eliyisithathu lezikhulu ezivotayo eSigqebeni kuyadingeka ukuze kususwe isikhulu esingafundiswa esikhundleni. Lemfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ukususwa esikhundleni kudinga ukuvumelana okukhulu futhi kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla angagunyazwanga.

Uma umuntu osolwayo etholakala enecala, yena noma angasuswa esikhundleni futhi avinjelwe ukuba aphinde abe nesikhundla sikahulumeni. ISigele asinakuphoqa esinye isijeziso, kodwa lowomuntu angase aqulwe futhi ezinkantolo ezivamile. Lokhu kulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukujezisa kuyikhambi lezombangazwe lokuziphatha okubi okungokomthetho kunokuba isijeziso sobugebengu.

I - filibuster Ne - closa: Izinhlelo Zezigele Eziyingqayizivele

Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu zeSigele i-filbuster, icebo le-proceded livumela impikiswano ebanzi futhi lingavimbela ngokuphumelelayo umthetho. I-finbuster ibhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezici ezivelele ze-procedro yeSigele. I-Filibuster ihlanganisa noma ikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwamacebo okuvimbela isilinganiso ngokusivimbela ukuba singene evoti. Ithuba lama-Parenbuster likhona ngoba imithetho yeSigele ibeka imingcele embalwa elungelweni sikaSenator nasemingeni enqubweni yomthetho.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Ye - Filibuster

I-finbuster yayingeyona ingxenye yenqubo yeSigele. Ikhono lokungenela impikiswano engenamkhawulo lavela ngengozi lapho iSigele silungisa incwadi yaso yokubusa ngo-1806 futhi sisusa ikhono lokuvala impikiswano futhi siletha indaba esele evotini, eyaziwa ngokuthi "ukususa umbuzo owandulelayo" ukuthi yini eyaqala njengengamele yaqala njengenye yezinqubo zeSigele eziphikisana kakhulu nezilandelanayo.

Ngo-1917, ngokukhungatheka okukhulu nangokunxuswa nguMongameli Woodrow Wilson, abameli bamukela umthetho (Umthetho Wezigele 22) owavumela iSigele ukuba sifake ihlazo futhi sinciphise impikiswano ngokuvota okubili-ntathu. Lokhu kwaqala ngemva komthetho ogunyaziwe weqembu lama-genetary u-Daibroster wokuhlobisa imikhumbi yabathengi ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I, okwabangela intukuthelo emphakathini.

Ngo-1975, iSigele sanciphisa inani lamavoti adingekayo ukuze amahlule amabili-ntathu ama-senea avotela ama-feath amathathu akhethwe futhi afungwe ngokusemthethweni, noma ama-60 abaphathi be-senator ayikhulu. Lokhu kwenze kwaba lula ukunqoba ama-fiblicbuster, nakuba umnyango wama-60 wamaqembu esizwe usamelela isithiyo esibalulekile somthetho omningi.

Indlela Ukuhlobisa Okusebenza Ngayo Namuhla

Ngokuvamile, ukunyusa i - marambre kudinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu (ngokuvamile okungu-60 kwabangu-100) futhi, ezimweni ezinjalo, ukwenza kanjalo akuqedi ukucabangela kodwa kumane kubeke isilinganiso sesikhathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nangemva kokuba i - rable iqaliwe, impikiswano iyaqhubeka inkathi elinganiselwe ngaphambi kokuba ivoti yokugcina ivele.

Kuchungechunge lwezandulela ezasungulwa ngo-2013 nango-2017 nguDemocrates noRepublicans, ngokulandelana, iSigele sachaza kabusha uMthetho XXII kangangokuba ukuhlokoma kudinga inani elivamile kuphela lokucela igalelo. Lezinguquko, ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi "icebo lenuzi," zasusa i-palibbuster yemimestry nezinhlelo zokwahlulela, kuhlanganise nabahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme, okwenza kube lula ngamongameli ukugcwalisa izikhundla eziyinhloko.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-finbuster, eyake yabekelwe izimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu, kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo eminyakeni yamuva nje ngaphandle kokwanda kwezindawo ezibandayo eWashington. Kuye kwaba namavoti angaphezu kuka-500 okuqeda i-nfiblister kusukela ngo-1917; angaphezu kwengxenye kuye kwaba khona eminyakeni engu-12 nje edlule. Lokhu kuveza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuthi i-Parenbuster ivikela amalungelo amancane noma i-panest.

Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya Okusemhlanganweni

Ngaphandle kwemibuso yayo yokumisa nokuqinisekisa, iSigele sinegunya eliphawulekayo lokuqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe igatsha nezindawo zikahulumeni. ISishaya - mthetho siye senza uphenyo lwezehlakalo egatsheni eliphethe ihhovisi, futhi kwezinye izindawo emphakathini waseMelika (kusukela ngo - 1792). Isidingo sokuphenya ngengqungquthela siseyisici esibalulekile sokuvimbela uhulumeni nokufundisa umphakathi.

ISigele, njengendlu, siqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe igatsha nohulumeni. Izinkampani zingacela ukwaziswa, zifake amacala futhi zihlole izindaba zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni nesidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokushaya umthetho.

Amakomiti eSigele afeza indima ebalulekile kulomsebenzi wobubonisi. ISigele sisebenzisa amakomiti ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokubukezwa kwezikweletu nokungamele igatsha eliphethe. Ngomthetho wekomiti, iziqu zingabuza izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe, ukuhlola izimiso zezinhlangano, futhi zihlole ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kwenziwe ububi. Lokhu kuphenya kungaholela ezinguqulweni zemithetho, izinguquko emikhubeni yezinhlangano, noma ngisho nasemaqulungwini ezigebengwini.

Isimiso sobuholi beSigele

Isimiso sobuholi seSigele sihluke kakhulu kwesendlu yabameleli. UMongameli ongumsizi we-United States uzoba nguMongameli weSigele futhi unegunya lokuqondisa isimiso se-senate, noma isiphi isinqumo sakhe sokuphula isibopho. Lendima yomthetho inikeza uMongameli ongummeli i-Empenie ukuhlobana okuqondile nenqubo yomthetho, nakuba kusenziwa, uMongameli ongumsekeli akavamile ukwengamela ibhizinisi leSigele sesimiso.

UMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaza iSigele ukuba sikhethe umongameli i-pirpore (ngesiLatini i-"presidentir isikhathi esithile"), ongamele igumbi lapho umongameli engekho futhi ngokwesiko, umphathi weqembu elikhulu onomlando omude kakhulu wenkonzo eqhubekayo. Njengesekela likamongameli, umongameli upropixere akaphathi iSigele ngokwesiko, kodwa uphathiswa umthwalo wemfanelo wokwangamela isigaba esikhulu esiphethe iSigele, ngokuvamile ngesivinini sehora elilodwa.

UMholi weSigele uMajority, nakuba engashiwonga eMthethweni, uye waba yisikhundla esinamandla kakhulu kuleligumbi. UMholi weMajority ulawula uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho zeSigele, unquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti eziza phansi ukuze kuxoxiswe, futhi uxoxa neqembu elincane ezindabeni ezingokwesiko. UMholi weMineath usebenza njengomkhulumeli omkhulu wokuphikiswa futhi usebenzela ukuthuthukisa izintambo zeqembu labo zomthetho.

AmaKomiti ESigele: Amahhashi Emithetho Asebenzayo

Umsebenzi omningi weSigele uyenzeka emakomitini, lapho umthetho uhlolwa ngokucophelela, ulungiswa, futhi kuphikiswana ngaphambi kokuba ufike eSikhungweni Sezigelekeqe. Ukumiswa kwamalungu ekomiti kwenziwa ngokomthetho yiSigele sonke, kodwa amalungu akhethwayo empeleni amiswa amaqembu ezombangazwe. Ikomiti ngayinye yeSigele kanye nekomiti engaphansi kwe-galelo iholwa usihlalo, ngokuvamile ilungu leqembu elikhulu.

Amakomiti esigele anegunya ezicini ezithile zezimiso, njengemifelandawonye, izinkonzo zezezimali, izimali, izikhulu zejaji, nezikhululo. Lamakomiti aqula icala lokuqoqa ukwaziswa, ukuphatha izinhlangano eziphethe, nokumisa umthetho ngaphambi kokuba awuthumele eSigele esigcwele. Izabelo zamakomiti zifunwa kakhulu, njengoba zinikeza abasizi abanolwazi ngezimiso ezithile nethonya emthethweni othinta izinhlangano zabo.

Isimiso sekomiti sivumela iSigele ukuba sisingathe umsebenzi waso oyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphumelelayo. Kunokuba wonke umkhandlu wenkampani abe uchwepheshe kumagazini ngamunye, ikomiti yenza ukuba umthetho ohlolwayo uhlolwe futhi uhlolwe ngokucophelela. Ukuqulwa kwamakomiti kunikeza amathuba okufaka komphakathi, ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, nokubonakala enqubeni yomthetho.

Indima Yesigele Embusweni Wempi

I-Constitution inikeza iKhongolosi okuwukuphela kwamandla okumemezela impi. UMkhandlu uye wamemezela impi ngezikhathi ezingu - 11, kuhlanganise nokumemezela kwawo kokuqala impi neGreat Britain ngo - 1812. UMkhandlu wagunyaza ukumemezela kwawo kokugcina okungokomthetho kwempi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Nakuba iSigele sihlanganyela leligunya neNdlu, sifeza indima ebalulekile ekukhipheni imingcele ezindabeni zempi nokuthula.

Kusukela ngalesosikhathi iye yavumelana ekunqumeni okugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwamabutho ezempi futhi iyaqhubeka ihlela isimiso sezempi saseU.S. ngokuveza nokuqondisa. lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa izindlela ezishintshayo ekubopheni impi kwaseMelika, njengoba amongameli bethembela ngokuqhubekayo ezivumelweni zokusetshenziswa kwamabutho empi kunokuba bamise izimemezelo ezingokomthetho zempi.

Isivumelwano sesivumelwano seSigele sihlanganisa futhi amandla ahlanganisa imibuso yempi, njengoba izivumelwano eziningi zomhlaba wonke zihilela izibopho zempi, ukulawulwa kwezikhali, nezibopho zokuvikela. Ngokunikeza kwayo igunya nokuqondisa, iSigele silondoloza ithonya eliqhubekayo empini, ekusebenziseni izikhali, nasekuziphatheni kwempi.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Indima yomthetho-mthetho weSigele

ISigele neNdlu kunikeza ukuhlola nokulinganisela emagatsheni kahulumeni aphethe nawahluleli.

Imibuso yeSigele ehlukahlukene isebenza ndawonye ukuze ibangele amaphuzu amaningi okulandisa. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala, ithonya leSigele elikhonza ezikhundleni zikahulumeni eziyinhloko. Ngokuhlanganisa izivumelwano, ihlela isimiso sangaphandle. Ngokuhlola, ibeka izikhulu icala lokuziphatha okubi. Ngomthetho nangabengamele, imisa izenzo zezikhulu futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenza ngaphakathi komthetho.

Lendima ebanzi yenza iSigele sibe yinhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Ngokungafani nendlu yabameleli, eyayiklanyelwe ukusabela ngokwengeziwe emzwelweni othandwayo, iSigele sasihloselwe ukuba sibe umzimba owehlisa imingcele, unikeze iziphakamiso eziqinile nezicatshangelwe ngokucophelela zezimiso. Amagama amade aneminyaka eyisithupha nokhetho olusha olunyakazayo avikela izingcindezi zezombangazwe ngandlela-thile, ezibavumela ukuba bathathe imibono emide kakhulu ngezindaba zesizwe.

Amandla Esiyalo Sesigele

ISigele sinegunya lokuyala amalungu aso siqu, ukulondoloza ubuqotho bomphakathi nezindinganiso zokuziphatha. Isigaba I, se-5 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza ukuthi indlu ngayinye yeSishaya-mthetho inga "yivikela amalungu ayo ngenxa yokuziphatha okungahleleki, futhi, ngokuvumelana kwama-3, sixoshe ilungu." Kusukela ngo-1789 iSigele siye sakhipha amalungu ayishumi nanhlanu kuphela. Lombuso, nakuba ungasetshenziswa kakhulu, usebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile ekuziphatheni okubi kwabasizi.

I-Cenrest iyindlela yokuyala esetshenziswa yiSigele ngokumelene namalungu aso (ngezinye izikhathi okubhekiselwa kukho njengokulahla noma ukulahla). Amazwi angokomthetho okungamukeleki, ukusola akumsusi umnini-jeni esikhundleni. Kusukela ngo-1789 iSigele sisole isishiyagalolunye samalungu aso. I-Cenresse imelela ukusola kwasobala okungalimaza idumela lomphathi we-senet kanye nokusebenza ngaphandle kokuwasusa esikhundleni.

ISigele Nenqubo Yokusebenzisa Imali

ISigele sifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuhleleni imali nohlelo lwezigwegwe zikahulumeni. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo udinga intela yemali ephuma eNdlu, iSigele sinegunya elifanayo lokusebenzisa umthetho futhi singalungisa izindleko zendlu edluliswayo. Lombuso unikeza ithonya eliqinile kuhulumeni oza kuqala nempahla eqoqwayo.

Inqubo yokubuyisana kwemali idinga ukunakwa ngokukhethekile. Inqubo yokuhlela ukubuyisana kwemali yaminyaka yonke idinga ivoti elivamile kuphela futhi ayinakuzalwa. Lokhu kuhluka ezimisweni ezivamile zeSigele kuvumela umthetho othile ohlobene nemali ukuba udlule ngamavoti angu-51 kunangama-60 adingekayo kakhulu ukuze unqobe i-banbuster. Ukubuyisana kuye kwabaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje njengendlela yokumisa izinguquko ezinkulu eziseSigebelweni esihlala ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Ngegunya laso lokunikeza iziphakamiso, iSigele singathonya izinto eziza kuqala egatsheni eliphethe igatsha, izinhlelo ezikonga noma ezihlaziyiwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokulungisa. Inqubo yaminyaka yonke inikeza amathuba okuqondisa nokulungisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni, iyenze ibe ithuluzi elinamandla lethonya legatsha eliphethe.

Ukuziphendukela Kokhetho Lwezigele

Kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo ngo-1789 kwaze kwaba ngo-1913, izinyunyana zamiswa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni wemibuso yabo. Lesimiso sabonisa umbono woMsunguli weSigele njengomelela ohulumeni bombuso kunokuba umele abantu ngokuqondile. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngenkohlakalo, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni eziboshwe ngesibopho esiqinile, nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi kwaholela ekubizeni ukuba kwenziwe inguquko.

ISichibiyelo seSeventeenth, esagunyazwa ngo-1913, sashintshwa ngokuyisisekelo, ngokufuna ukuba kukhethwe izigele ezidumile. Lokhu kwenza inguquko yazenza iSigele saba nentando yeningi futhi yalandisa kakhulu kubavoti, nakuba futhi yaguqula isimo senhlangano kanye nobuhlobo bayo nohulumeni. Namuhla, ukhetho lweSishaya-mthetho luphakathi kwemincintiswano eqashelwe kakhulu nebizayo yezombangazwe ezweni, ngokulawula igumbi ngokuvamile idla ngokulawula izinhlanga ezimbalwa zemincintiswano encintisanayo.

Ithonya LeSigele Esingomeni

Mhlawumbe akukho mandla eNkathi enomphumela ohlala njalo ukuqinisekiswa kwamajaji kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Abahluleli bamaFederal bamisa ukumiswa kukho konke ukuphila, okusho ukuthi ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele kubumba izinqumo zezehlulelo zezizukulwane. Iseluleko seSigele nendima yaso kusinikeza ithonya eliqinile ekwakhekeni kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni kanye nokuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho.

Ukugunyazwa kwecala kweNkantolo ePhakeme kuye kwaba yizenzakalo ezinkulu zezombangazwe, ngokuhlola okukhulu amafilosofi okwahlulela, izinqumo zangaphambili, kanye nezikhundla ezindabeni eziphikisanayo. Amandla esigele sokwenqaba abameleli asebenza njengesehlo emizamweni kamongameli yokuphinde akhiphele ijaji, nakuba ukususwa kwe-Reciousbuster yeNkanto Ephakeme kuye kwenza ukuqinisekiswa okulula kakhulu emigqeni yeqembu.

Ngaphandle kweNkantolo Ephakeme, iSigele siqinisekisa amakhulu abahluleli benkantolo kahulumeni. Laba bahluleli basingatha amacala amaningi kahulumeni futhi bafeze indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni umthetho kahulumeni. Ngaleyondlela amandla eSigele okuqinisekisa adlulela ngalé kwezimpi ze-profile ephakeme ukuze kuhlelwe zonke izimpi zeNkantolo ephakeme yenkantolo kahulumeni.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

ISigele sanamuhla sibhekene nezinselele eziningi ezithinta ikhono laso lokufeza imisebenzi yaso yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukwanda kokubambisana kwezombangazwe kuye kwenza ukubambisana kwe-bipartis kwaba nzima kakhulu, okuye kwabangela ukuba kuvele izimpikiswano eziningi. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwe-banbuster kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi iSigele singazisingatha ngokuphumelelayo yini izinkinga zesizwe ezicindezelayo noma ukuthi imithetho yemiklamo yezwe yenza kube lula ukuvimbela okuncane.

Impikiswano ngokuguqulwa kwezingane iyaqhubeka ihlukanisa abasekeni nezingqapheli zezombangazwe. Abasekeli bokususa noma ukulungisa i-monibulister baphikisa ngokuthi yenza isithiyo esincane futhi ivimbela iSigele ukuba siphendule intando ethandwayo. Abalweli baphikisa ngokuthi i-monibster ivikela amalungelo amancane, ikhuthaza ukuhlehliswa, futhi ivimbela umthetho oweqisayo. Lezimpikiswano ziveza imibuzo eyisisekelo ngendima yeSigebengu eMelika yentando yeningi kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kokubusa kweningi nesivikelo esincane.

Ukumelela okulinganayo kweSigele sezifunda, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi, kuye kwabangela ingxoxo. Njengoba ukwehluka phakathi kwezizwe kuye kwakhula, isakhiwo seSigele sisho ukuthi izinduna ezimelela idlanzana lamaMelika zingavimbela umthetho osekelwa yizikhulu ezimelela iningi. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokumelelwa kwentando yeningi, nakuba ukushintsha ukwakheka kweSigele kungadinga ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho-mthethweni.

Indima Yesigele Ezivumelwaneni Eziphethe

Nakuba iSigele kumelwe sivumelwane, abaphathi baye bathembela ngokuqhubekayo ezivumelwaneni eziphethe ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa yiSigele. Lezi zivumelwano zivumela amongameli ukuba baqhube isimiso sangaphandle ngokuvumelana okukhulu, kodwa futhi ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuqondisa ukumiswa kwenhlangano kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. ISigele sinekhono elilinganiselwe lokunqanda izivumelwano zezikhulu, nakuba lingasebenzisa ukugunyaza, ukuqulwa kwezindaba, nomthetho ukuze sithonye ukumiswa kwabo.

Lomkhuba wezivumelwano zezikhulu ubonisa ushintsho olukhulu ekubuseni kwaseMelika, njengoba omongameli besebenzisa igunya elikhulu lobunye uhulumeni enkambisweni yangaphandle. Amandla esivumelwano seSigele ahlala ebalulekile ezibophweni ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke, kodwa izivumelwano zezikhulu ziye zaba imoto eyinhloko yamalungiselelo amaningi omhlaba wonke.

Okwenza Izakhamuzi Zisikhathalele ISigele

Ukuqonda amandla nezindlela zeSigele kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Izinqumo zeSigele zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo nasemfundoni kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe nasemthethweni wezomnotho. Iziphathi ziqinisekisa abahluleli abachaza imithetho, izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa ezimisa ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke, futhi zidlulisele umthetho onquma izinto eziza kuqala nokwehliswa kwemali.

Izakhamuzi zingathonya iSigele ngokuvota, ukuxhumana nabameli baso, ukuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, nokuhlanganyela ekumangalelweni komphakathi. Ukhetho lwesigele lunikeza amathuba okuba abanikeli be-Inqueror balandise ngamavoti abo nezikhundla. Phakathi nokhetho, ukuxhumana okuhlangene kungathonya izikhundla zabameli ezimele umthetho ogciniwe nomthetho ophoqelelwe.

Indima yeSigele ekuqinisekiseni amajaji nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe isho ukuthi ukhetho lukamongameli lusho lusho okukhulu futhi emsebenzini weSigele. Iqembu elilawula iSigele lingasiza noma livimbe uhlelo lukamongameli, lenze ukuba kulawule isici esibalulekile ekubuseni kweMelika.

ISigele Esimi Esimisoni Sikahulumeni

Ukumelelwa kwezifunda okulinganayo kwesiGatsha kubonisa isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika. Ngokungafani nendlu yabameleli, lapho ukumelelwa kusekelwe emphakathini, iSigele sinikeza umbuso ngamunye izwi elilinganayo kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bawo. Lesi sakhiwo sasibalulekile ekusekeleni ukusekela kwezwe elincane ngoMthetho-sisekelo futhi siyaqhubeka sibumba ezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Indima yeSigele esimisweni sikahulumeni idlulela ngalé kokumelelwa. Ngemibuso yaso ehlukahlukene, iSigele sisebenza njengendawo lapho izithakazelo zikahulumeni zingahlaziywa khona futhi zivikelwe. Iziphathi ngokuvamile zisekela izithakazelo zezomnotho zezifunda, ukufakwa kwezempi, imisebenzi kahulumeni, kanye nezimiso ezisemqoka. Lomfanekiso osekelwe kuhulumeni uphelelisa ukumelelwa kwendlu, udala isimiso se-bidaral esilinganisa izimiso ezihlukene zokumelela.

Ukubheka phambili: Ikusasa lesigele

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika nezombangazwe kuqhubeka kuguquka, iSigele sibhekene nemibuzo eqhubekayo ngendima nezinqubo zaso. Ukuphikisana ngenguquko yezingane, inqubo yokuqinisekisa, nekhono leSigele lokusingatha izinselele zezwe kuqhubeke. Ikhono lenhlangano lokuzivumelanisa nokugcinwa kwemisebenzi yaso yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo lizobumba ukubusa kwaseMelika iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Imibuso eyingqayizivele yeSigele nezinqubo isenza sibe yinhlangano ehlukanisayo kuhulumeni waseMelika. Indima yaso ekuqinisekiseni izikhulu, ekuqiniseni izivumelwano, ekumelani ukulingwa, nasekudluliseni umthetho kuyinikeza ithonya eliqinile esimisweni sesizwe. Iziphetho nezilinganiso ezinikezayo emandleni aphethe nawakwahlulela zisebalulekile ekubusweni komthetho sisekelo.

Kubantu abafuna ukuqonda uhulumeni waseMelika, ulwazi ngegunya leSigele nezinqubo lubalulekile. Izinqumo zeSigele zilawula isiqondiso sesizwe, futhi izakhamuzi ezifundile zingahlanganyela kangcono ezinqubweni zentando yeningi lapho ziqonda ukuthi lenhlangano ebucayi isebenza kanjani. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota, ukuqamba, noma ngokumane nje zihlale zinolwazi, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela emsebenzini weSigele futhi zisize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ifeza imithwalo yaso yemfanelo esemthethweni ngokuphumelelayo.

Igunya lesigele kuhulumeni lidlulela ngalé kokuvota okulula. Ngeziphathimandla zalo eziyingqayizivele zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo − ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa, ukugunyaza izivumelwano, ukusingatha ukulingwa, nokuqondisa,) iSigele sisebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile emandleni okuqondisa kanye nasemkhakheni owehlisa isimilo owehlela isimiso sobuzwe. Ukuqonda la mandla kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele indima eyinhloko yeSigebengu eMelika ngentando yeningi nokubaluleka kokuhlanganyela okhethweni olunquma ukwakhiwa kwalo nesiqondiso.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngegunya nezindlela zeSigele, vakashela i-website ye-official U.S.S.. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho nendlela izindleko eziba ngayo umthetho, ukuhlola imithombo yemali Conreg. gov[. Umthetho-Constitution Center [ unikeza izinto ezingcono kakhulu zokufundisa ezisekelwe kumthetho-mthetho wezimiso zeSishaya-geqe kanye nesimiso sokuhlola nezingalo ezibanzi.