Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela uyitshe eliseceleni loMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, isivikelo sokwakha esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukubekwa kwamandla kunoma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni elilodwa. Ngokusakaza igunya phakathi kwe-propati, isikhulu, neyahlulelo, lesi simiso sidala amandla okuqondisana okwenza ukuba ubushiqela bube nzima ukufinyelela. Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela ukusebenza kwe-umthetho, kanye nendlela eye yavela ngayo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka (nesidingo esingaphezu kwamabili) okubalulekile ukuze kwazise ukuqina kwe-democriciodential. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi yefilosofi, izindlela ezisebenzayo, nezinselele eziqhubekayo zalesimiso sesisekelo.

Imvelaphi Yamasheke Nokulinganisela

Imisuka yokuhlakanipha nokulinganisela ibuyela emuva emfundisweni yasendulo yezombangazwe. Isazi - mlando esingumGreki uPolybius sahlaziya iRome Republic ̱ ixubanisa umthetho-sisekelo, ohlanganisa ukubusa kombusi, izikhulu, nentando yeningi ukuze udale ukuzinza. Kodwa ithonya eliqondile kwabasunguli baseMelika kwakuyisazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi uBaron de Montesquieu. Waxwayisa, u-Ü, lapho amandla ehlangene nezikhulu zemithetho [FL:] uMoya woMthetho , uMontesquieu waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ilondololwe kangcono uma i-mthetho, isikhulu, namandla okwahlulela ehlukene futhi ekwazi ukuhlola omunye. Waxwayisa, i-&820; lapho amandla ehlangene nezikhulu zemithetho ehlangene, noma emzimbaninye, noma enyakeni eliphakathi kwendikimba, i-&1; #1;%1;

Lemibono yabuguqula kakhulu abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. phakathi nokuphikisana kokudilizwa, uJacob Madison wachaza ngokudume kakhulu ukuhlakanipha kokuhlola nokulinganisela u-Federalist No. 51, ukubhala: #820; ukulwa kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwelwe ukulangazelela. ” amafrears alahla ukuhlukaniswa okumsulwa kwamandla asesimisweni lapho igatsha ngalinye lingaba nezingalawula ezinye, ngaleyondlela kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho qiniso elilodwa elingabusa. Lokhu kwasuswa ngamabomu eZihlombe eMithetho ye-Confender, imithetho eqinile emiswe umthetho kahulumeni oqinile. I-Providenting) eqinile ukuba ithole impumelelo ekutholeni indima engcono ekulweni kwecala.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Uhulumeni wase-U.S. uhlukanisa igunya lawo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile yomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyisisekelo lapho isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuhlala khona.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho, elibunjwe yi- Corer [Indlu yabameleli neSigele], linikwe amandla okwenza imithetho. ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sibala amandla aso, kuhlanganise nentela, ukuboleka, umthetho wezentengiselwano, nokumemezela impi. Futhi uMkhandlu uphethe amandla esikhwama semali − akukho mali engasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuhlola kwayo. Isakhiwo se-bidamaral ngokwaso sisebenza njengesemzini: indlu neSihlalo kumelwe sivumelane ngomthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba sithunyelwe kumongameli.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liqondiswa yi-Presidenti, okhonza njengenhloko kazwelonke, umphathi omkhulu, nomphathi-khulu wamabutho ahlomile. ISiphakamiso II sisola umongameli ngokunakekela ukuba imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka. Umongameli unamathuluzi abalulekile angakho nakanye, kuhlanganise neziyalo zezikhulu, u-veto, nekhono lokumisa abahluleli bamazwe nezikhulu ze-tename (ngeziqinisekiso zeSishaya-mthetho). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isikhulu siye sandisa ukufinyelela kwaso, ikakhulukazi enkambisweni nakwesizwe, senza ubuphathi obunye nokwengamele zonke izimo ezibucayi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela, eliholwa yiNkantolo yecala ephakeme futhi lisekelwa yizinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, lichaza imithetho futhi linqume ukuba ngokomthetho. ISiphakamiso III simisa i-judiary kazwelonke nokuphila kwabahluleli, ivikela ekucindezelekeni kwezombangazwe. I-'FLT'2] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [ikhono lokushaya imithetho noma izenzo zesikhulu eziphula umthetho.] Lamandla amiswa embukisweni wezwe [FLT:].[FLT] [FLT] [5]

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Nokulinganisela

Lesimiso sisebenza ngesimiso samandla athile avumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba linciphise noma lithonye elinye.

Izazi Zemithetho Zihlola Isikhulu Nomfundisi

  • O ukushayeka i-Vtoes:[ Isikhongozeli singadlulisa umthetho phezu kweveto kamongameli ngenani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu emagumbini womabili.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokususa: Indlu ingaziphazamisa izikhulu zikahulumeni (kuhlanganise umongameli nabahluleli) ngeningi elivamile; iSigele siqulwa futhi singasusa ngevoti eyisithathu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuBuka: ISigele kumele siqinisekise izikhundla zomongameli zekhabethe, izikhulu zikahulumeni zokwahlulela, kanye namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme.
  • [ Imvumelaniso e-Treaty: ISigele kumelwe sivumele izivumelwano ezixoxwe umongameli ngevoti eyisithathu ezimbili.
  • [ amandla entengo:[ ulawula ukuxhasa ngemali yonke imisebenzi kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano eziphethe kanye nejaji.
  • [ Ukulawula okungaguquguquki: amakomiti oMkhandlu angahlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe, izincwadi ze-toppoena, futhi aphoqelele ubufakazi.
  • Ukubekwa kwe-Jurisdiction: Izikhomishane zingaguqula ukulawulwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme, phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala Nesimiso Sobuculi

  • Ukuvumisa:[ Umongameli angakwenqaba ukumiswa komthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, aphoqelele umzamo ongenakunqotshwa.
  • Pradon Power:[ Umongameli anganikeza ukuxolelwa nokubuyiselwa kobugebengu bukahulumeni, obungamelana nesigwebo sokwahlulela.
  • A Power yokumisa: Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, alolonga i-judiary ̱ ukwakheka kwamashumi eminyaka.
  • Izinhlelo ezisebenzayo:[ Umongameli anganikeza iziqondiso eziphethe amandla omthetho, ezibhekene nokubukezwa kokwahlulela kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezimali ezixhaswa yinhlangano.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

  • [ Judicial Review:[ Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokomthetho, eqeda kokubili imithetho yenhlangano nezenzo zezikhulu.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Ukufakwa kwemithetho: Ijaji lichaza ukuthi iSishaya-mthetho sasisho ukuthini lapho kubhalwa umthetho, ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso ngokuphumelelayo.
  • Ubomi busebenza phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, kubavikela ekuphindiseleni kwamanye amagatsha.

Lemibuso evumelanayo yakha ukulinganisela okunamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umongameli esayina umthetho kamuva obonakala uyinkinga, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingawushaya; kodwa uMkhandlu ungasabela ngokulahla umthetho noma ngokumisa ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Ngokufanayo, uma iNkantolo ikhipha isinqumo esiyimpikiswano, uMkhandlu ungadlulisela umthetho omusha okhuluma ngeNkantolo ̱ ukhathalela noma ubeke imingcele yayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Lesimiso sifeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile eRepublic yentando yeningi. Okuyinhloko phakathi kwazo ukuvimbela ubushiqela − umgomo weMadison owachazwa kuFederalist No. 51. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla nokufuna ukubambisana, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwenza kube nzima kakhulu nganoma yimuphi umuntu noma isiphi isici ukuba athathe ukulawula wonke uhulumeni.

Isivikelo Ekuhlukumezeni

Umlando ugcwele izibonelo zohulumeni abacindezelayo ngenxa yokuthi akukho zinqubo zangaphakathi ezavimbela amandla abo. Abahleli babeyiqaphela kakhulu lengozi, benolwazi lokubusa kwezwe ngaphansi kwenkosi eyayingakhipha imithetho yamakoloni futhi ikhiphe izishaya-mthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo i-’ iziphetho zenzelwe ukuvimbela noma yikuphi okufanayo kwanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli akakwazi ukumisa impi; uKhomishane kumelwe agunyaze ukulwa kwezempi. Umongameli akakwazi ukubopha izakhamuzi ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele; i-widiary ingakhipha imiba ye-habeas corpus. Lokhu kuncishinswe okungakhohlolwayo okucatshangelwayo. Ngokungathi iMpi yangaphakathi, ukuvinjelwa kwamaJapana phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ne-posi ye-past9, isikhathi ngasinye sokulawula kwezehlulelwa kwemithetho ye-palptic; i-&17; i-#17; i-palpus.

Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko Nokuhlehla

Ngoba igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lifune ukubambisana elinye ukuze lifeze imigomo yalo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela ukuxoxa. Inqubo yomthetho iyisibonelo esiyinhloko: isimemezelo sidinga ukudlula ngawo womabili amagumbi eSishaya-mthetho, silandelwa imvume kamongameli. Uma umongameli we-vetoes, uKhongolo lungadlula kuphela ngemisebenzi emikhulu. Lokhu kuphoqelela ukuba abamisi-mthetho bakhe imifelandawo ebanzi, benze iziphakamiso ezingaphezulu. Ngokufanayo, ukumiswa kwamacala kudinga ukuba kuthathwe umongameli kanye nesiqinisekiso seSishayamthetho, kuholele inqubo yokuphakamisa izimpikiswano ezinkulu noma ukubangela ukungqubuzana okunonyantisanayo.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Amasesha nezilinganiso zivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. ISiphakamiso samalungelo sibala ngokuqondile isivikelo esinjengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuvivinya umzimba, nenqubo efanele, kodwa lamalungelo ayoba yize ngaphandle kwesimiso sokwakha esivimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba liwanyathele. I-jadicary, ne-henariture, ibaluleke kakhulu kulendaba. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingabukeza izenzo eziphazamisa isakhamuzi i̱ amalungelo, njengasezicaleni ezibonisa imingcele enjenge- Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (11954] [54]) ne. I-Rov].[FFFFFOM][FOLT:3][3][7][7]

Izinselele Esimisweni

Izindawo ezibandayo ezibandayo ziye zakhula emashumini eminyaka amuva eminyaka, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha.

Isondo Eliyingxibongo

Uma umongameli noMkhandlu ulawulwa amaqembu ahlukene, noma uma izikhundla ezinkulu ze-Congress zincane, ngokuvamile kuphumela. Uhulumeni uvala i-'track'. "Njengoba i-2013 ivala i-Afford Care Act ka-2018-2019 no-2018-2018 ivala udonga lokuxhasa izimali . Zibonisa ukuthi ukuhlola kungaba yizithiyo kunokuba kube yisivikelo. Abasunguli balindele ukuthi ukuvelela kungaqeda isifiso, kodwa babengakulindele ukuthi ukwethembeka kweqembu ngezinye izikhathi kungadlula ukwethembeka kweqembu.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esingaphezu Kwesibindi

Abaholi babo bobabili abahlukene baye babhekene nenselele yamandla okulawula, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa kanye nezenzo zomuntu ozimeleyo kwezezinye izindlela. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kululaza igatsha le-wignostic’ indima. Ngokwesibonelo, iziyalezo zokuqondisa ukufuduka, ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile, kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe kuye kwabekelwa inselele enkantolo, ngempumelelo ehlukahlukene. INkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi iye yaphinde yaphumelela ekunqobeni, njengase [[FLT: 0] intsha ephezulu shibhithiza i-pat & Tube. v. Sawer [5] [nge], eyahlasela uMongameli u-Trust Ù ukuthuthwa kwensimbi phakathi neMpi ye-Korea, [[FLD2] ne-FT] i-Rectenland.[20]

Ukuthatha Icala Nokuzithiba

Ijaji ngokwalo libhekene nezinsolo zokuthi liphule imithetho ethandwayo. Lapho izinkantolo zishaya imithetho ethandwayo, abagxeki bazenza ngezenzo zokwahlulela, zenza kube yizinqumo zazo siqu zesimiso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zibophe imingcele engokomthetho ngisho noma umphumela ungathandeki. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa eNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaba yizigebengu ngokwandayo, futhi iqembu ngalinye lifuna ukubumba igebe likamagebezo amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Ukwenqabela kuka-2016 ukucabangela uMerrick Garland ̱ ukunqabela imingcele kanye nokuqinisekisa okulandelayo kuka-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020 kuqokomisa indlela ukuhlola okuye kwaba ngayo izikhali zezombangazwe.

Ukubhidlika Kwemizwa YaseNorms

Ngaphandle kwemibuso engokomthetho engokomthetho, imishini eminingi incike emithethweni engabhalwanga. Ngokwesibonelo, amongameli ngokwesiko bahlonipha ukuzimela koMnyango woMahluleli, bagwema ukusebenzisa amandla okuthethelela ukuze basize abasizi abamangalelwa ngenkohlakalo, futhi bafuna ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano ukuze kuthathwe isinyathelo sezempi ngaphandle kwezindlela ezimfushane zokusabela. Uma lemithetho iphulwa, isimiso i̱ amandla alula. Ukuhlola okusemthethweni, kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukusingatha ukugconwa kokusetshenziswa kabi, kodwa ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwabasizi ukuba bangayifaki ebuqothweni ngaphezu kobuqotho beqembu.

Ukuzihambela Kwanamuhla Nekusasa Lokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asikho esifinyele; sishintsha ngokuprakthiza nangokuchaza. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana namandla aphethe, ukumiswa kokwahlulela, kanye ne-glack logist lomthetho zigcizelela isidingo sokuba izakhamuzi zihlale zithembisene. Ukhetho olunolwazi olunzulu luyi-sethukela, njengoba umbono womphakathi ungathonya abenzi bemithetho nababusi ngokufanayo.

Kuye kwathuthukiswa iziphakamiso eziningana zokuqinisa iziphetho nokulinganisela, kuhlanganise nemingcele yemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme, izinguquko ekholijini elikhethayo, kanye nezinyathelo zokunciphisa ukuhlelwa kweminyango yezenhlalo. Okwamanje, ukuvela kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana nemijikelezo yezindaba yamahora angu-24 kuye kwashintsha indlela amagatsha axhumana futhi ancintisanisa ngayo ukusekelwa komphakathi. Ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile ekulondolozeni uhlelo lomthetho-mthetho.

Isiphetho

Amasesha nezilinganiso zihlala ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokubusa kwaseMelika, umklamo wamabomu ohloselwe ukuvimbela ubushiqela nokuvikela inkululeko. Nakuba lesi simiso sibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ekuhlaseleni kwezwe, ekunyukeni kwezikhulu, nakukulwa kwemibuso, kuye kwabonakala kuqinile kakhulu emakhulwini amabili. Isimiso somklamo u ̱ ukuqonda okuthi ukuzithakazelela komuntu siqu kungasetshenziswa ukuze kusebenzele okuhle komphakathi. / /", siyaqhubeka ukusekela umhlaba i-̱ ukubusa ngentando yeningi. Ukuze isizukulwane ngasinye siqonde inqubo yaso futhi sivikele ubuqotho baso. Njengezakhamuzi, sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi isifiso siyaqhubeka silwa nokufuna ukulwa.

Ukuze ufunde, hlola i-National Archives ̱ ikhophi yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., umbhalo ogcwele we Fiteralist No. 51 nguJames Madison[[[FLT:]], iNkantolo ePhakeme & #817; isinqumo [ku-[FLT:] [[FLT]] v.[12] [183] [185], ukuhlaziywa kwamanje [[FLT], nokulinganiswa kwekhulu lama-21 leminyaka [FLT] kusukela ku-Broobroak [FL:], nesizinda sezwe] [FFT]: 08]