Isingeniso: Indawo Yokukhetha Uhlelo Lwamanzi

I- Post-disaster ukululama akuvamile ukuba kube yinqubo elandelanayo. Kuyinkathi yesiphithiphithi, yokunikeza inzuzo ephawulwe yizidingo ezisheshayo kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha okuthatha isikhathi eside. Kodwa phakathi naleyo nkathi yokuzibamba kunethuba eliyivelakancane: ithuba lokusakaza i-reshapester system system system system Katrinat (2005), izinhlekelele ezinjengeSiphepho Great East Japan Hantantane, kanye nezikhukhula ze-202222 eziphawulwe yizidingo zokusiza abantu abadinga usizo olusheshayo kanye nezitshalo zokunyanga futhi. Kodwa phakathi naleyo nyaka ka-20222 zenza i-intshinga nje ukuvuleka kokuwohloka kwezimiso eziphelelwe isikhathi, ukusakazwa kwezimiso ezinganqamlezi, nokuhlukaniswa okunganqamlezi. Ifasitela lincane kakhulu, futhi lisebenza ngokulingana namashumi eminyaka.

Inqubo yamanzi ayiguquli emongweni wangemva kokonakala kwezwe; icabangela kabusha imiqondo eyisisekelo yokuthi isekelwe ekunikezelweni kwamanzi, izindinganiso zezinga eliphezulu, amalungelo okungena, nokuhlelwa kwezimiso. Lesi sihloko sihlola amasu akhethekile enqubo angadonswa phakathi nokululama, izinselele zangempela zezwe okumelwe ziqondiswe, kanye namasu obufakazi aphumelele ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Ukudwetshwa kwezenzakalo ezibhaliwe nakutusa okungochwepheshe, kunikeza i-papyd yengozi eholela ekulondekeni kwamanzi ahlala njalo.

Amathuba Ayinhloko Okushintsha Inqubo Yamanzi

Ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa inhlekelele kudala ukuhleleka okungavamile kwezici ezibangela ushintsho: ukuqapha komphakathi okukhuliswe, ukukhuphuka kwezimali eziyandayo (kubili umphakathi nokusiza abaphiwa ngezipho), ukukhululeka kwesikhashana kwesithiyo sabaphathi be-bureaucracy, kanye nokuzimisela ukuvuma izixazululo ezingezona ezesiko. Izindawo ezilandelayo zimelela amathuba aphakeme kakhulu okungenela kwenqubo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuguquka Kwezimiso Zomthetho

Ukubhujiswa okungokomzimba kwezakhiwo zamanzi − i-piperline, iziteshi zokumpompa, amathangi, izikhungo zokwelapha, i-‘imiphumela ebonakala kakhulu yenhlekelele enkulu. Kodwa ukulungisa nje okwakhona kuqhubekisela phambili izakhiwo ezifanayo. inguquko yemithetho kumelwe igunyaze izindinganiso zokuzimela ezidlula kude nemithetho ebekwe ngaphambili.

Izindinganiso Zomklamo Zokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Izimiso zokwakha nezindinganiso zobunjineli zivame ukusekelwa ekwazini okungokomlando okuyingozi. I-Post-diaster, lokhu kufanele kuvuselelwe ukuze kuboniswe izilinganiso zesimo sezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulandela iSiphepho iSandy, iDolobha laseNew York zasebenzisa izimfuneko eziqinile zokukhuphuka kwamanzi ezikwandiswa ezimbonini zayo zokulapheka emanzini angcolile, uhlelo lokushintsha inqubo eyakhekelwe exemini elisedolobheni lika-2014 Climate Resilience Guideline. Ukuhlaziya okufanayo kungasetshenziswa ekungcwabeni umngxube, izincazelo zezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nezimfuneko zokusekela. Umthetho ungadinga ukuthi noma yisiphi isakhiwo esisha noma isakhiwo esisakhiwe esineminyaka eyikhulu kumelwe simelane nesiphendukushintsha isimo sezulu esibangelwa ukuphakama kwemvula (g. 50%).

Isimiso sokuHlaba iluhlaza okwengca

Izakhiwo zemvelo ezimpunga ezivamile `i-allcrete, insimbi, amampompi, kuyadingeka kodwa akwanele. Umthetho kufanele uhlanganise noma ugunyaze ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo zemvelo: ukubuyiselwa kwamaxhaphozi okugcina amanzi anesikhukhula, imigwaqwe ekwazi ukufakwa kuyo, futhi yakhe indawo ebandayo yokulahla amanzi angcolile. [FLT][1] U.S. i-EPA’s Green Infracture uhlelo lobuchwepheshe olungaguqulwa kwelengiselwa eposini. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT] [iright:3] lunikeza isiqondiso sobuchwepheshe esingase-post-diaster. [indlela engemva kwemibhodlelorado, idolobha lase-Lyodwa izimfuneko eziluhlaza okwezinsi ezikhunjelwe ezweni [[FLS]

Ukuhlelwa Kokuphatha Nezingozi

Inguquko yezomthetho ingagunyaza ukwakhiwa kwemishini yokusungula izinto ezibanzi kanye nokubala izingozi zangempela. Ukwazi ukuthi amapayipi asengozini atholakalaphi `nesimo'''awo-"asemoyeni""akwazi ukunyuswa. Ngomphumela wokuzamazama komhlaba kwango-2010 eChristchurch, eNew Zealand, leli dolobha lasungula isimiso sokulawula amanzi ngemishini ehlanganisa ukwaziswa okufaka ukuzamazama komhlaba engozini, ukuvumela ukuba i-atchityle ifake indawo endaweni yesiqu esibucayi kakhulu. I-gralitis activesess kudinga izimiso ezinjalo zonke ezisemfashinini wamanzi obala, ngolwembukiso nolwembuko lwaminyaka yonke.

Ukuthuthukisa Izindinganiso Zamanzi Nesilinganiso Sezinto Eziphambili

Izinhlekelele zivame ukuqeda amandla okwelapha amanzi futhi zibangele izinto ezintsha ezingcolisayo nendle kumakhemikhali ezimboni namagciwane. Ukusabela kwenqubo akumelwe nje kuvuselele izinga langaphambi kwedistaster kodwa futhi kuphakamise ibhakede ukuze kuvikelwe izinsongo zesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuqinisa Izinga Elikhulu

Ezinyangeni ezilandela inhlekelele, abalawuli bangasebenzisa amazinga aqinile avunyelwe ezinto ezibangela ukungenwa kwemali, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinezingozi ezingaqondwa kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva konyaka ka-2014 wokuchitheka kwamakhemikhali e-Elk eWest Virginia, umbuso ushukunyiswe ukuba usebenzise uhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwamakhemikhali emboni okumelwe ahlolwe ngemishini esetshenziswa emanzini. Inqubo yomphakathi ingalandela izimfuneko [FLT]] Iziqondiso ze-UNEFF [FLT]] ezitusa ukuba isilinganiso se-post-emer ephezulu yamanzi esingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu ukuveza izingozi.

Izimiso Zokuhlolwa Okuphambili Nezesixwayiso Zokuqala

Imithetho ingadinga ukumiswa kwezimiso ezisebenza ngesikhathi sangempela zokuhlola izinga lamanzi, ikakhulukazi ezikhomba iminyango emincane kakhulu njenge-E. coli ne-Cryptosporidium, kanye nezilinganiso zamakhemikhali. Idolobha laseMilwaukee, iWisconsin, ngemva kokuqubuka okukhulu kwe-cyporidiosis ngo 1993 (owabulala abantu abangu-69 futhi waguliswa i-40 000), ukubuye wabuye wawa kwenqanda isimiso sawo sobungako bamanzi ukuze kufuneke ukuhlola ukuqina kwesikhungo sawo sokwelapha. Le nqubo manje isebenza njengesibonelo senguquko yeposi le-diaster kwenye indawo. Izimiso zakudala ezixwayisayo i-tellitellite kanye nezinzwa ezingagunyazwa njengesimo sokuthuthukisa inhlekelele.

Imithetho Yemithetho Yesisikhwama Nendlela Ehlukile Yokuyisebenzisa

Ama-advisori amanje amanzi abilayo avame ukufakwa ngesilinganiso esisodwa-sonke. Ukuguqulwa kwenqubo kungadala izimiso zokuhlanganisa (umzk., angazithaki, angasebenzisi, angabisi, amanzi abilisi) okusekelwe ekwazisweni kwangempela, ukunciphisa imithwalo engadingekile lapho kuqiniseki ukuphepha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho udinga ukuba zonke izikhungo zabantu ezinkulu zibe nesimiso samanzi afakwe kusengaphambili (umzzksw.) ezisebenzisa amalolishi, amanzi afakwe emabhodleleni, noma izilinganiso zokulwa ngemishini (i-ayisebenzise i-otterfly). Amahora okunikeza amanzi okuzinga i-meter Emeetammeter Egatement, acwezwe ngemva konyaka ka-19959, agunyazwe ukuba ohulumeni bendawo yamanzi kanye nokuzithutha phakathi namahora angu-24.

Ukuthuthukisa Umehluko Okhona Phakathi Kwabantu Nokuxhumana

Izinhlekelele zilimaza ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi engenisa imali encane, izinhlanga ezimbalwa, abantu bomdabu, nabantu abahlala emadolobheni ngokwethukela. Ukushintshwa kwezimiso zamanzi kumelwe kuxazulule ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezikhungethwe yizinhlekelele.

Izinkampani Ezihloselwe Ukutshala Imali Ezindaweni Ezigciniwe

Imali yokululama ye- Postdiaster ngokuvamile igelezela ezindaweni ezinenani elikhulu kakhulu kwezomnotho okokuqala. Umthetho ungabuyisela lokhu ngamandla ngokufuna ukuba amaphesenti ambalwa ezinkonzo zamanzi abelwe imiphakathi esweleyo. Lokhu kusondela ezibukweni ze- “Justice 40” ezithatha isinyathelo esithatha isinyathelo e-United States, lapho okungenani amaphesenti angu-40 emali ethile kahulumeni esetshenziswayo ingena emiphakathini elinganiselwe ngokwezesayensi. Uma kubhekiselwa phambili, i-Bipartasan Infrastructive Law (2021) ifaka ilungiselelo elinjalo, futhi olunye ulimi lungafakwa eMthethweni wokusiza inhlekelele embululweni emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuhlanganyela Nomthetho Wokubambisana Komphakathi

Ukuhlela phansi akuvamile ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu abasengozini. Umthetho kufanele ugunyaze ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokwenza izinqumo zokwehlukana − kuhlanganisa nokuzwa komphakathi ngezilimi eziningi, amapulatifomu afinyelelekayo, kanye nomphakathi owelaphayo amabhodi okulungisa amapulatifomu ."Konke imisebenzi ehlobene namanzi ehlobene nokuvuselelwa kwamanzi. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-past Katrina New Orleans kubonisa ukuhluleka kokwakha kabusha: izindawo eziningi ezifikele zivuselelwe zabuyiselwa inkonzo yamanzi ekugcineni, uma nje kunjalo. Ngokungafani, ngemva kwemizuzu engu-2017 ePuerto Rico, izinhlelo zokuhlola izinhlelo zamanzi ekugcineni zaqashelwa futhi zahlanganiswa ekulungiseni izinhlelo ezingokomthetho, kuholele ekulungiseni ngokushesha eziphakathini ezikude.

Ukuhlanzeka Nokushintsha Kwezinga

Izinhlekelele zibangela imikhaya ukuba ihlupheke ngokwezomnotho, okwenza ukuba izindleko zamanzi zingangenisi. Umthetho ungaletha isilinganiso sesikhashana se-iced noma i-primetic esekelwe eholweni phakathi nenkathi yokuvuselelwa. Okungalungiseki, i-proudiation moratoria kanye ne- “uhlu lokuphila” amasheya amanzi (umthamo omncane kakhulu ongenamali) angaqiniswa. Inqubo ye-Free of Africa Basicle Water, esungulwe ngemva kwe-apartheid, inikeza uhlobo olungahlolelwa kwi-mongosi yeposi. Izimiso ezinjalo kumelwe zihlanganiswe ngezimiso zemali ezibonisa ukuxhasa ngokwezimali .

Ukusebenzisa I - email Esetshenziswa Emanzini Emithombo Yengcebo (IWRM) Njengomsebenzi Wokuvuselela

Izinhlekelele ziveza imigodi ephakathi kwamanzi okuphuza, amanzi angcolile, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi angaphansi kwamanzi. IWRM inikeza indlela yokulawula izindawo ezihlanganisa lezindawo ezinqamula imingcele yezindawo.

Ukuhlelwa Komfula IBasin - monual Revision

Amanzi awayihloniphi imingcele kamasipala. Inqubo yePost-disaster kumele imise noma iqinise izinhlangano zasemifuleni (RBOS) ezinegunya elibophayo lokuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezwe nokuphathwa kwamanzi ezindaweni eziningi. Ngemva kwezikhukhula ezibhubhisayo zango-2002 eMpumalanga phakathi, amazwe anjenge-Jalimane ne-Austria ajulisa ukubambisana kwawo nge-International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, okuholela ekuhleleni ukulawulwa kwengozi ezindaweni ezibanzi ezihlanganisa izinga lamanzi ne-eactic prociation. Izinqubo ezifanayo zingahlanganiswa nanoma isiphi isiphi isifunda esilulazwana enhlekeleleni.

Ukudla okunamanzi amnandi kwe-Nexus Policies

Izinhlekelele zivame ukungaphazamiseli amanzi kuphela kodwa futhi nokunikeza amandla nokudla. Inqubo ehlangene nemithetho kufanele ihlanganise ngokuqondile ukuhlelwa kwamanzi nezidingo zamandla nezolimo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwezikhukhula zaseThailand ngo- 2011 (ezithinte abantu abayizigidi ezingu-14) futhi zabhubhisa indawo yezezimboni nezolimo yezwe i-Inter Resource Management Act (2088) yakha i-National Water Resources Committee ehlanganisa abamelelist abamele amandla nemisebenzi yolimo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthengwa kwezentengiselwano kucatshangelwa ngokucacile. Izimali zokulungisa izakhiwo zingahlanganiswa nokuthatha i-mfakela yamathuluzi okuhlela i-nexus.

Izimfuneko ze-Ecosystem-promotection (EBA)

Izemvelo ezinempilo − wetlands, imihlume, amahlathi − ukunikeza indawo yokugcina amanzi angokwemvelo, isikhukhula, nokuhlanza amanzi. Umthetho ungagunyaza ukuba amaphesenti athile okubuyisa ngokwezimali (umz. 15,%) abelwe ukubuyisela nokuvikela imvelo, alinganiswe ekuvikelekeni kwamanzi. i-EBHA ye-World’s EBE for Security program yamanzi[] inikeza isiqondiso sokuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezinjalo ezigwetyelwe ukuncisa izingozi zezwe.

Ukubusa Nezinguquko Zezinhlangano

Ushintsho lwenqubo yamanzi olulawulayo aludingi imithetho emisha kuphela kodwa izinhlangano eziqinile. Ukululama kwangemva kwe-post diaster kungaba yisici esibangela ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezakhiwo zamanzi.

Ukwakha Izindikimba Ezizimele Zokuziqondisa

Imishini eminingi yamanzi asebenza ngaphansi kokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe, okuholela ekuphazanyisweni okuphansi nokungasebenzi kahle. Umthetho ungamisa abalawuli abazimele ngokwezomnotho nangokwezinga eliphansi ngamagama amisiwe, ukwenza izinqumo ezibonisayo, kanye namandla okuqinisekisa. Ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba konyaka ka-2010 eHaiti, uhulumeni (ngosizo lwezizwe ngezizwe) owasungula i-National Dretate of Dweappy Water and Sanitation (DINEPA) njengendikimba ezimele. Nakuba izinselele zikhona, ukwahlukana kwenhlangano kuvunyelwe ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sobuciko nokugcinwa kwezinga eliphezulu kakhulu kuneze kube khona ngaphansi kwesimiso senkonzo sangaphambili.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubona Imininingwane Ngokukhanyayo Nokutholakala Kwayo

Izinqumo zokululama zivame ukuthathwa ngemva kweminyango evalekile. Umthetho kufanele ugunyaze ukufinyelela komphakathi emniningo yamanzi asesilinganisweni, amabalazwe ezakhiwo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokusetshenziswa. Izindawo zokwaziswa, njengalezo ezasungulwa ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba kwe-Nepal ye- 2015 ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezindlu, zingaklanyelwa izimiso zamanzi. [FLT]] USGS National Water Information System[ iyisibonelo se-hydralogic mes efinyelelekayo yomphakathi; izimiso ezifanayo kufanele zisulwe wonke ama-post-dist procestion.

Ukuqinisa Amandla Endawo

Isimiso somphakathi asisebenzi uma izinto zendawo ezisemgangathweni zamanzi zingenawo amandla obuchwepheshe kanye nezimali zokuzisebenzisa. Ukuguqulwa kufanele kuhlanganise ukusekela okunikezelwe kwemifudlana eqeqeshelwe ukuqeqeshwa, ukuthuthwa kobuchwepheshe, nokusekela okusebenzayo kwabasekeli bamanzi bendawo. Ngemva konyaka ka-2004 we-Aceh, e-Aceh, e-Indonesia, kwathola amandla amakhulu okwakha amanzi asetshenziswayo ngezimali zemali ze-odonsi, okwaphumela ekuthuthukiseni ukuqoqwa kwemali nokuvuza okwaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi ngemva kokululama kokuqala.

Ukuphoqelela Inguquko E - Agenda

Amathuba asho okuncane ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali eyanele. Ukushintshwa kwenqubo yamanzi yangemva kwedisciste kumelwe kuhlanganiswe nezinqubo ezisekelayo zezimali.

Izimali Zokwethembana Ezizinikele

Kunokuba kunikwe izivumelwano ze-ad hoccoration, inkambiso kufanele yenze izimali ezinikezelwe ezixhasa ukusekela ukuqina kwamanzi, ezisekelwe ngezimali ezixubene nemali yesizwe yokusetshenziswa kwemali, ukuthuthukisa, kanye nezimali zokuguqula isimo sezulu. [FLT][1][FLT] Facibility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery[[FLT]] [GFDR]] [GRR] inikeza izimpawu zemali enjalo. Izwe elibuyela enhlekeleleni lingahlanganisa ukuthi ipesenti elimisiwe lemali eboletwayo yokuvuselela isakhiwo sezwe lonke.

Ama - breakn namavolontiya aluhlaza kanye nezikweleti-zokusiza

Amathuluzi emali asungulwayo angakhanga inhloko- dolobha. Umthetho ungagunyaza omasipala ukuba bafake izibopho eziluhlaza ngokukhethekile ekushintshweni kwezakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphansi. Izikweleti ezithathelwa indawo, lapho abakweletayo bethethelela ingxenye yetyala elingokomthetho ngenxa yokusekela kwezwe ekusekeleni amanzi, baye baqondiswa eziqhingini ezincane ezikhulayo njengeSeychelles futhi bangalinganiswa ngokwemongo yeposi.

Ama - “foid ” Omsebenzisi Nezindawo Ezinamaphambano

Nakuba kubucayi ngokwezombangazwe, inguquko yezinga ibalulekile ekulondolozeni isikhathi eside. Umthetho kufanele uvumele izinto ezisebenza ngokuzigcina zisebenza i-athoffay egcwele (kuhlanganise ne-spervources) kuyilapho uvikela imikhaya esengozini ngezindawo ezisezambulweni ezicinene ezivela kubasebenzisi bezimboni nabezobunewunewu. Umthetho we- Post-diaster ungahlanganisa inqubo yokulungisa i-paffary yesikhashana ekhulunyelwayo futhi ebekwa ngokukhanyayo eminyakeni eminingana.

Izinselele Nezinyathelo Zokunqoba

Ukuguqula akulula, futhi ukuphuthuma kokululama ngemva kwesehlakalo kudala kokubili amathuba nezithiyo. Izinselele eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • I-Economy Resistance:[ izithakazelo ezifinyelelweyo − njengezinkampani zokwakha ezinemikhuba evamile, noma abezombangazwe abazuzayo esimweni se-modual à project. Umthetho: Ukwakha imifelandawo ezungezile ehlanganisa i-NGO, amaqembu omphakathi, namabhizinisi athuthukayo. Ukuguqula umsebenzi kanye nemfutho yezomnotho, hhayi nje umthetho.
  • Ukuhlela ama- Short Falls kanye ne-Term-fing Dages:[ Izinhlelo zokululama zivame ukufakwa phambili ukuze kutholakale usizo olusheshayo, kushiyeke kuncane kakhulu ekushintsheni kwenqubo yesikhathi eside. Isundectry: Ukuhlobanisa ushintsho ekungeneni kwesimo sezulu nezimali zenhlekelele zomhlaba wonke. Sebenzisa iprojekthi-ngemiboniso ngokufaka i-octivess ukuqinisekisa inani lokuzimela impumelelo.
  • I-Technical Completicism nenshosho ye-Data: Ukuklama izindinganiso eziqinile, izimiso zokuhlola, kanye namasu ahlangeneyo kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile olungase lube yinqaba. Iqhinga: Umxhasi namayunivesithi, izindikimba zobunjiniyela abangochwepheshe, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke.
  • Izinhlangano eziningi ezinezikhundla ezihlukene zingavimbela ukuguqulwa. Isunde: Yenza igunya lokwelula lesikhashana negunya elicacile lokuhlela isimiso samanzi ezingxenyeni nasemazingeni kahulumeni. Ukuqinisekisa ukushona kwelanga ngemva kweminyaka engu-5-10, ukudlulisela amandla ukuze kuqinise izindikimba ezihlala njalo.

Isiphetho: Ukusuka Ekululameni Kuya Ekushintsheni

Ukululama kwe- Post-disaster akusona nje isikhathi sokulungisa kabusha lokho okwalahleka. Kuyithuba elingavamile, elingenamkhawulo lokubuyisela izimiso zamanzi ezihlangene nezindawo zokuhlala, kuzenze zikwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu esiphezulu, futhi ziqine kakhulu kubantu abakwehlelekile, futhi ziqiniseki kakhulu ezizukulwaneni ezilandelayo. Izinguquko zenqubo ezichazwe lapha/izimiso zezezisekelo zemvelo, iziphawu zokuhloba eziphezulu, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuphatha, ukuqiniswa kwezinga, ukuqiniswa kwezakhiwo, ukuqiniswa kwezindawo zokulawula, nokusungulwa kwezindawo ezikhona. Ziye zasetshenziswa, ziphelele noma ngokwengxenye, emiphakathini emhlabeni, ngokuvamile ngempumelelo. Isici esibucayi siyoba yizilinganiso esiphezulu sezentengokwaze ezombangazwe, futhi zihlelelwe kahle ngaphambi kokusondela kwefasitela. Ngokuhlela izinhlelo ezingokomthetho, isisekelo sezentengobo ekwakhelwe inhlekeleleni, futhi incikelwe ekukhetheni yamanzi. Inqubo yokulungisa ingcono kakhulu, noma ukuphinde yakhiwe.