Ukusungulwa Kwe - Application Time

Uhambo lwesivumelwano sokuthatha isikhathi kusuka ekukhulelweni ukuya emthethweni lungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni wentando yeningi. Luyinqubo ehlelwe kahle, enezinyathelo eziningi eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isigaba ngasinye semithetho sibhalwe kahle, siphikisana, futhi sicwengisiwe ngaphambi kokuba sithole amandla omthetho. Ukuqonda lesi sikhawu sesikhathi somthetho akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ezibophele isibopho abafisa ukuthatha iqhaza ekubuseni. Ukuqonda ngokucacile isigaba ngasinye sembula indlela imiqondo esaba ngayo izimiso nendlela yokuhlola nezilinganiso ezisebenza ngayo phakathi kwesimiso somthetho. Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihlukahluka phakathi kwezimiso zephalamende nesobumongameli ezweni kuya kwehluka kakhulu. Lesi sihloko siqhubeka ngokulinganayo esigabeni ngasinye, siveza inqubo yomthetho, kuhlanganise nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ezingabonakali, namakhono amakhono ahlukene.

Inqubo yomthetho iwubufakazi besimiso sokucabanga. Ithatha ijubane ngamabomu, ivumela ukufakwa komphakathi, ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, nokuyekethisa. Ukukhipha isikweleti kungaholela emiphumeleni engahleliwe, kuyilapho ukulibala ngokweqile kungaphazamisa intuthuko. Ngakho, isikhathi silinganisela impumelelo ngokucophelela. Kubafundi, ukuqonda lenqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiya ekubopheni [ u-picbug [ kanye nokungalawuleki.

Isilinganiso 1: Isihlokwana Sebhola

Umthetho ngamunye uqala njengomqondo. Lowo mqondo kumelwe uhunyushelwe encwadini engokomthetho ebizwa ngokuthi incwadi yemvume. Isikhala sesicelo silapho impoqo yemithetho iqala khona. Izincwadi zingavela emithonjeni eminingi, ibonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene izidingo zomphakathi ezifinyelela ngazo kuhulumeni.

  • Amalungu ePhalamende (ama - MP) noma abantu bamaKhongolo: Izishayamthetho ngabanye ngokuvamile zakha izikweleti ngenxa yezingxenye zabo, izinto eziza kuqala, noma iziteshi zeqembu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi izikweletu zamalungu azimele ezimisweni eziningi.
  • Izikhonzi zombuso noMphathi-Butho: Ezimisweni zephalamende, izikweleti eziningi zenziwa abefundisi njengengxenye yezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Lezi zaziwa njengentela zikahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile zinethuba eliphakeme lokudlula.
  • Committees:[ Amakomiti azimele angahlongoza izikweletu ngemva kokutadisha izimpikiswano ezithile. Lokhu kuvamile e-United States Congress, lapho amakomiti ahlela khona futhi abikela izikweleti.
  • Amaqembu e-Citazens kanye ne-Advocacy Groups: Ngezicelo, imiboniso yasobala, noma ukunxusa okuqondile, izakhamuzi zingacindezela abashaya umthetho ukuba bafake izikweletu zezindleko. Amanye amazwe avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ngokuqondile umthetho ngenyathelo lokuqala noma nge-arentemum, nakuba lokhu kuyinto engavamile.

Lapho isibhaliwe, lesi sikweleti sinikezwa isikhombi esikhethekile (isib. H.R. 1 eMzini wase-U.S.) futhi saziswa ngokusemthethweni. Lesinyathelo sibhalwe ephephabhukwini elingokomthetho lendlu yomthetho, okuphawula ukuqala kohambo lwaso olungokomthetho. Umxhasi walemali unikeza inkulumo emfushane echaza injongo yayo, emisa isiteji ukuze afunde okokuqala.

Uhlu 2: Ukufunda Kokuqala

Ukufundwa kokuqala kungokwesiko kodwa kuyadingeka kakhulu. Phakathi nale sigaba, umabhalane wendikimba yemithetho ufunda isihloko somthetho ngokuzwakalayo. Akukho mpikiswano eyenzekayo kuleli qophelo. Injongo iwukuzisa ngokomthetho wonke amalungu ukuthi isimemezelo esisha sisungulwe futhi sikhona ukuze sibukezwe. Amakhophi ombhalo ogcwele anikezwa izimemezelo futhi awenziwe umphakathi. Ezindlini eziningi zomthetho, ukufundwa kokuqala kuhlanganiswa nohlelo lokuba imvume ibhalwe. Lesisigaba siqinisekisa ukuba sibonisi sibe sikhanyane futhi sivumela amalungu ukuba atadishe isikhathi ngaphambi kwanoma yisiphi ingxoxo engaphansi kwe-statis. Kuyisinyathelo esihambisa isimende somthetho esingokomthetho.

Kubafundi abalandela i-warm, yilapho isikweleti siba yingxenye engokomthetho yerekhodi lemithetho. Ngokuvamile kuyisigaba esilula kakhulu sokukhipha isikweleti, njengoba kungekho vhoti elivame ukudingeka ("izenzakalela uma kuqalwa."

Isiteji 3: Ukumiswa Kwekomiti

Uma isiqediwe, isamba semali sibhekiselwa ekomitini emile ekhuluma ngendaba yemali (isizk., i-Agriculture, iHealth, ngokwezimali). Lokhu kuyisigamu esibaluleke kakhulu senqubo yomthetho. Amakomiti asebenza kude nomphakathi, avumela ukuba kuhlolwe ngokuningiliziwe, ubuchwepheshe obungenakuba khona egumbini eligcwele.

  • AmaKomiti alalelayo nobufakazi obuyimfihlo: aphatha ukuqulwa kwezindaba. Amema izikhulu zikahulumeni, abameleli bezimboni, izifundiswa, kanye nomthetho wobufundisi ukuze zinikeze ubufakazi. Lokhu kufakwa kusiza ekuhleleni ulimi lwesibhaka-bhaka futhi kubonise izimpikiswano ezingase zivele.
  • Impinda-mfantu:[ Amalungu amaKomiti ahlola isigqebhezana semali ngokwe-region. Yilapho kusikiselwa khona izinguquko, kuphikiswana, futhi kuvotelwe khona ezingeni lekomiti eliphansi negcwele.
  • Izinsuku zephawup:[ Ikomiti "iphawule" isambatho, yenza izinguquko ngamavoti angokomthetho. Umbhalo olungisiweyo ube usubikwa emuva egumbini eligcwele, ngokuvamile uhambisana nombiko wekomiti ochaza ushintsho kanye nohluzo.

Kuyinto evamile ukuba izivumelwano ezinkulu zishintshe ikomiti. Ezinye izikweleti zifa lapha ngoba ikomiti inquma ukungathathi hlangothi, ibulale lesi siphakamiso ngokuphumelelayo. Isigaba sekomiti sisebenza njengesembozo sohlu, siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho owenziwe ngokufanele uyaqhubeka. Indima yezihlalo zamakomiti inamandla kakhulu; ilawula uhlelo lwezikhokhelo futhi ingahlela noma ibambezele izikweletu.

Isiteji 4: Ukufunda Okwesibili

Isifundo sesibili siyithuba lokuqala lokuba igumbi eligcwele lemithetho liphikisane ngezimiso ezivamile zemali. Lesisigaba sigxila enjongweni yemali iyonke, hhayi entweni encane. Ngokuvamile, umfundisi osekelayo noma umholi wemithetho uchaza izinhloso zemali, kulandelwe ukusabela kwabaholi abaphikisayo namanye amalungu. Ukuphikisana ngokuvamile kubekwa isikhathi futhi kuhlelwe ngendlela evumela imibono ehlukahlukene.

Ekupheleni kwengxoxo yesibili yokufunda, kuthathwa ivoti. Uma intengo idlula, iya phambili. Uma ihluleka, ngokuvamile iyalahlwa. Ezimisweni ze-bidaral, levoti ibonisa imvume yegumbi ngokwesimiso. umzuzwana wokufunda ivoti[[ umzuzu wezombangazwe ophezulu kakhulu wesivumelwano, njengoba uhlola isijeziso seqembu nokusekela komphakathi. Ngemva kokufunda okwempumelelo, isibambiso sesikhathi sesithathu siqhubekela ekomitini lokuhlola imininingwane yemininingwane ye-/8, futhi ukufundwa kwezibophonsolo kulandela umsebenzi wekomiti (njengoba ku-U.S. indlu yabamelelinye i-komiti, lapho kucatshangelwa khona impikiswano). Indlela inqubo ingahluka, kodwa isimiso sokufunda kwemithetho ehambisana nenzuzo.

Isiteji 5: Bikela Isiteji

Ngemva kokuba ikomiti iqede umsebenzi wayo futhi ibike isikweleti salendawo yonke, isigaba sombiko siyaqala. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, wonke amalungu egumbi angahlela ukubuyiselwa kwemali njengoba ibikwa ngekomiti. Isiteji sombiko ngezinye izikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi "ukucabangela imvume ekomitini ephelele" noma nje "ukulungisa isigaba."

Lokhu kuhlukile kwisigaba sekomiti, yonke indawo ethatha igalelo. Amalungu anganikeza izinguquko, futhi ngalinye liphikiswana futhi livotelwe. Lombiko uvumela amalungu abanzi ukuba alungise isikweleti ngemva kokuba ikomiti ekhethekile yenze umsebenzi wayo. Kuyisikhathi sentando yeningi, ngoba ayinciki kumalungu ekomiti kuphela. EPhalamende le-UK, isigaba senzeka ngemva kwesigaba sekomiti nangaphambi kokufunda kwesithathu. I-Congress Congress, i-" isebenza kokubili ukufunda nokulungisa.

Ikhasi 6: Ukufunda Okwesithathu

Ingxenye yesithathu iyithuba lokugcina legumbi lokuphikisana ngesivumelwano. Ngokungafani nendinganiso yesibili ephathelene nezimiso, kanye nesigaba sombiko, esivumela ukushintshwa, i-smeding sigxila embhalweni wokugcina wesikhwama njengoba sinjalo. Akukho kulunga okuvunyelwe (ezimisweni eminingi). Inkulumo mpikiswano imfishane futhi ilinganiselwe ekuchazeni ukusekela noma ukuphikiswa okusekelwe enguqulweni yokugcina.

Ngemva kwempikiswano, kuthathwa ivoti yokugcina. Uma isikweletu sidlula kufundeka kwesithathu, sibhekwa njengesamukelekile ngalelogumbi futhi sikulungele ukuqhubeka. Ivoti yesithathu ivame ukuvota isigaba seqembu, njengoba konke ukuhlehla sekuye kwenziwa kakade. Ukudlula kuleliqophelo kuyimpumelelo ephawulekayo, futhi imali iqhubeke ihlolwa ngaphakathi kwaleyondlu.

Isiteji 7: Ukudlulela Kwenye Indlu

Kuyi-biadral commissions (ngokwesibonelo, izimiso ezinezintambo ezimbili, njengeSishaya-mthetho sase-U.S., iPhalamende lase-UK, noma iPhalamende laseNdiya), umthetho kumelwe uhlolwe futhi udluliswe yizo zombili izindlu ngendlela efanayo. Ngemva kokudlula ekamelweni lokuqala (ngokwesibonelo, iNdlu yamaCommons noma iNdlu yabameleli), lomthetho uthunyelwa egunjini lesibili (iSante noma iNdlu Yamakhosi) lapho yonke lenqubo iphindwa khona: ukufunda, isigaba sekomiti, ukufunda, isigaba sesibili, ukuzwa, isigaba sesithathu, ukufunda, nevoti yokugcina.

Igumbi lesibili lingaba:

  • [ Ivala imali ngaphandle kokulungisa: Kulokhu, izindleko zihamba ngokuqondile ziyothola imvume yangempela.
  • [ Iphepha lilungisa izinciphiso: Imali kumelwe ibuye ibuyele egumbini lokuqala ukuze kucatshangelwe lezozinguquko.
  • Ukwenqabela umthetho ngokuqondile: Kwezinye izimiso, ukulahlwa indlu eyodwa kungabulala indleko; kwezinye, kunezindlela zokunqoba ukungavumelani (umz., iSishaya-Mkhandlu sase-U.S. sifuna ukuba zombili izindlu zidlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo, noma ikomiti yengqungquthela isungulwe).

Lengxenye iqinisekisa ukuthi amagumbi womabili aneziphakamiso ezilinganayo, anikeza ungqimba olubanzi lokubukeza nolubonisa izinhlobo ezihlukene zomfanekiso (isib., olusekelwe kumphakathi nohlobo lwezwe olulinganayo).

Isiteji 8: Ikomiti Yengqungquthela

Uma lezi zindlu ezimbili zidlula izimvume ezihlukene zemali eyodwa, ngokuvamile kumiswa ikomiti yengqungquthela ukuze kuxoxwe ukungaboni ngaso linye. Le komiti yakhiwa amalungu amancane endlu ngayinye, ngokuvamile ayizishaya - mthetho ezinkulu zamakomiti ahlobene. Umsebenzi wabo ukuxoxa ngenguquko evumelanayo yomibili le zindlu.

Amakomiti engqungquthela asebenza ngokuqonda okukhulu. Anganezela amalungiselelo amasha, asuse izingxenye, noma abhale futhi ulimi uma nje ehlala phakathi kwezindawo zokungavumelani phakathi kwamagumbi amabili. Umbiko womhlangano olandelayo ubuyiselwa kuzo zombili izindlu ukuze kuvotelwe ngokuqondeneyo noma phansi, ngaphandle kokulungisa okuvunyelwe. Uma zombili izindlu zivumela umbiko wengqungquthela, uyaqhubeka. Uma kungenjalo, ingcaphuzo ingafa, noma enye ikomiti yengqungquthela ingamiswa. Lesigaba siyinqubo ebucayi yokuxazulula i-gconstrock direflock, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zezombangazwe lapho izindlu ezimbili zilawulwa khona yiqembu elihlukene.

9: Ukuvunyelwa Kokugcina

Uma nje isikweleti sivumelana ne-(http) ngoba indlu yesibili idlulisiwe ngaphandle koshintsho noma ikomiti yengqungquthela ifinyelele ukuvumelana − imvume ithunyelwa emuva kuzo zombili izindlu ukuze ivunyelwe okokugcina. Lokhu kuyivoti ye-processive yokuqinisekisa ukuthi indlu ngayinye yamukela inguqulo yokugcina. Ezimweni eziningi, levoti iwumthetho womthetho, ikakhulukazi uma umbiko wengqungquthela usuye waxoxwa kakade. Nokho, kwezinye izishaya-mthetho, kuyadingeka ukuba kuvotelwe i-"eostation". Imvume isayinwa izikhulu zezikhulu zawo womagumbi njengesiqinisekiso esidluliswe kahle.

Isiteji 10: Ukuvunyelwa Komongameli Noma Ukuvunyelwa Kwamakhosi

Isinyathelo sokugcina esivumelwaneni somthetho sivumelwano oluphethe. Inhloko kahulumeni . "noma umongameli, i-monarch" noma umbusi-general" ubheka umthetho. Eziningini zedemokrasi, indima yesikhulu ngokuyinhloko ifanekisela, kodwa iphethe amandla amakhulu kwezinye izimiso.

  • Siphotha umthetho:[ Umphathi unika imvume, futhi isigwebo siba yisenzo sephalamende noma somthetho. Usuku lokubekwa kwesivumelwano lungase lucaciswe ngokushesha noma ngokucacisiwe emthethweni.
  • Igunya lomthetho: Umphathi angasenqaba izindleko, ngokuvamile nomyalezo ochaza ukuphikiswa. Isishaya-mthetho singabe sesizama ukudlulisa iveto, ngokuvamile ifuna i-majority enkulu (umz., ama-35 azo zombili izindlu). Lokhu kuvamile ezimisweni zomongameli njengase-United States.
  • [[NT.:0] Pocketveto noma ukungasabeli: Uma umphathi engathathi nyathelo phakathi nenkathi ethile eqondile, intengo ngokuzenzekelayo ingaba umthetho (njengase-U.S. uma uMkhandlu usesikhathini) noma ingafa (i-paccet ivato).
  • Ukuvunywa ukuze kucatshangelwe: Kwezinye izimiso zephalamende, inkosi noma umbusi-jini angagcina imvume yokujabulisa uMnumzane, nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane futhi kudala kakhulu.

Ngemva kokwamukela imvume, umthetho uyanyatheliswa (umthetho oqinile) futhi uba isibopho. inqubo yokushaya umthetho iphelele, nakuba imithetho nokusetshenziswa kwayo ngokuvamile kulandelwa ngezinhlangano eziphethe.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Inqubo Yomthetho

I-willine times lingaphezu nje kohlu lwezinyathelo zokushaya umthetho we-procedtural .Iqophelo ngalinye linikeza i-search emandla, ithuba lokufakwa komphakathi, nenqubo yokuthuthukisa. Kubafundisi, ukufundisa lenqubo kunika abafundi amandla okuqonda indlela amazwi abo angathonya ngayo isimiso. Izakhamuzi, ukwazi isikhathi kusiza ekutholeni isikhathi sokuxhumana nabamisi-mthetho, ukufakazela ukuzwa, noma ukuhileleka ekuqondiseni.

Nakuba lenqubo ingase ibonakale inzima, iklanyelwe ukuvimbela umthetho osheshayo noma ocatshangelwa kabi. Amaphuzu amaningi okubukeza anciphisa amathuba ephutha futhi andise ukufaneleka komkhiqizo wokugcina. Njengoba uhlola inqubo yomthetho, cabangela indlela isiteji ngalinye elilinganisela ngayo impumelelo ngokucabangisisa. Uhambo lwemali luwuhambo oluthatha izimiso zentando yeningi olufanele ukuqonda noma ubani okhathalela ukubusa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola izinqubo ezingokomthetho zemithetho yezwe lakini: iUnited States, bheka Coreg.gov’s remonory [; iUnited Kingdom, vakashela i-US, [UK] Isiqondiso sePhalamende sokunikeza imihubhe [[; futhi kumaEuropean Union, bona [[[FLT:]] i-Palamente ye-Archy Research Services ye-ense ye-pal service project yenqubo yemithetho [. Le micebo inikeza iziqondiso ezingokoqobo zendlela yokusebenza kwesikhathi somthetho.