Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili siyisisekelo senqubo yobugebengu baseMelika, sivikela abantu ukuba bangazanywa kaningi ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo sobugebengu. Nakuba isisekelo saso somthetho-sisekelo sicacile, ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwezivikelo eziphindwe kabili kwezingozi kuyahlukahluka ngokomthetho phakathi kwezimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni nezombuso. Lomehluko awukhona nje ulwazi olunzulu; unemiphumela yangempela kubamangalelwa, abashushisi, kanye nokuphathwa kobulungisa ezindaweni ezingaphandle. Ukuqonda lokhu kuyagxeka kubafundi bomthetho, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuthatha indlela yokuqondisa noma ukuqonda indawo engokomthetho yase-U.S.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi, okunegunya kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni. Sizohlola isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo esiyisisekelo, imithetho eqondile ebusa isimiso ngasinye senkantolo, ukuhlukanisa okuyinhloko okukhona, nemfundiso elawulayo yobukhosi obubili edala enye yezindlela ezivelele kakhulu ezihlukene zokuvikela okuphindwe kabili. Ngesiphetho, uyoba nesisekelo esicacile sokuhlaziya ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili zisebenza kangakanani emongweni ezihlukene zabashushisi.

Kuyini Ukweba Okukabili?

IReopardy Claus iyingxenye yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu kuMthethweno-sisekelo wase-United States, esimemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "abe yicala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma igatsha. Lesivikelo sisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni ngokuqondile futhi siye safakwa kuhulumeni ngokumelene neSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Injongo eyinhloko yengozi ephindwe kabili iwukuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise imithombo yakhe ephakeme ukuze ahlukumeze abantu ngokumangalelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, kanjalo aqinisekise ukuthi ugcina ekumangalelweni ngobugebengu futhi avikele abamangalelwa ekukhathazweni, izindleko, nehlazo lokuquliswa ngokulingwa okuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yezenzo ezithiwe.

Umsuka Ongokomlando Nendlela Yokukhulekela

Umqondo wengozi ephindwe kabili uvela endulo, njengoba imikhondo itholakala emthetho wamaRoma nase-Ngilandi. E-United States, amaFramers awufaka ngokucacile eBill of Rights ukuxoxa ngezinkinga zikahulumeni ngokuphambana. INkantolo Ephakeme iphawule isivikelo esihlukene se-Frible Jeopardy Clause: ukuvikelwa ecaleni lesibili ngemva kokuvinjelwa, ukuvikelwa komthetho ofanayo ngemva kokugwetshwa, nokuvikelwa kwesijeziso esiningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Lesivikelo sisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uma icala seliphelisiwe, kusekhona.

I - jeoparding Ihlanganiswa Nini?

Umbuzo obucayi owandulelayo uwukuthi uqala lapho kuvela ingozi. Ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, izingozi zifakwa ecaleni lejaji lapho ijaji lifumbekwe isifungo. Ecaleni lebhentshi, linamathela lapho ufakazi wokuqala efukwa. Lesi sikhathi sibalulekile ngoba uma nje izingozi zihlangene, ummangalelwa usengozini ngokusemthethweni yokukhohliswa nesijeziso. Uma icala likhishwa ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe izingozi, ummangalelwa angaphinde abekwe ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Kodwa uma ingozi ihlangene, imithetho ishintsha kakhulu, futhi ukumangalelwa kwesibili kungavinjelwa ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe isigwebo esiqaliwe.

Icala Elikabili Ezinkantolo Zesizwe: Imithetho Eningiliziwe

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisebenzisa izivikelo eziphindwe kabili zezingozi ezichazwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Lemithetho imiswe kahle futhi iqine kakhulu, nakuba ihlukile, ikwenza isimo sibe nzima. Isimiso sikahulumeni sibopha isigwebo ngemva kokulahlwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni ukholelwa ukuthi icala lakhe linamandla kangakanani. Lesi simiso saqinisekiswa United States v. Ball [1896], lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yayithi ukulahlwa kungukuphela futhi ayinakudluliswa.

Ukuphinde Uzithole Ngemva Kokuqiniseka Nokukhanga

Uma ummangalelwa eboshelwa enkantolo kahulumeni, ukuquliswa kabili kwecala akukwenzi kufakwe icala likahulumeni ezisekelweni ezithile, njengamaphutha angokomthetho enziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Nokho, uma isiqinisekiso siphendulwa ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele, leso sinqumo sisebenza njengokulahlwa, futhi ummangalelwa akanakubuyiselwa. Ngokuhlukile, uma ukugwetshwa kwecala kupheshulwa ngenxa yamaphutha angokomthetho (njengemiyalo engafanele yamajaji), ngokuvamile kuyavunyelwa.

Izigebengu: Ama - quatrie Ayiphutha Ne - Hung

Uma icala liphela ephutheni, imithetho iba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Uma ukuqulwa kwecala kumenyezelwa ngemvume yommangalelwa, ukuqulwa kwecala kuvame ukuvunyelwa. Kodwa uma ukuqulwa kwecala kumenyezelwa ngokumelene kommangalelwa, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zingaphinde zibekwe ngaphandle kokuba kube nokudingeka okusobala kokuqulwa. Kusobala ukuthi kunezimo ezinjengejaji elifileyo (ijaji elilengiwe), lapho inqumo ingekho khona inqumo engafinyelelwa khona. Inkantolo Ephakeme iUnited States v. Perez[[FLT:] (1184] [18]) ithole ukuthi i-jaji elenga iyisibonelo esivelele sokubonakala sifanelekile, ivumela uhulumeni ukuba uphinde uvale ummangalelwa., ngaphezu kwalokho, uma imposiso esibangelwa ukushushiswa okuhloselwe ukunyakaza okuphindiswayo, ingashelwa futhi i-kenzile yomthetho.[Fognome] [2]

Ukukhanga Kukahulumeni

Umthetho kahulumeni ulinganisela kakhulu amandla kahulumeni okudlulisa icala lokugweba. Uhulumeni ngeke adlulisele isinqumo sokungabi nacala, ngisho noma ekholelwa ukuthi ijaji lalinephutha. Nokho, uhulumeni angadlulisa izimemezelo ezithile zangaphambi kwekomiti eziphumela ekuxoshweni kwamacala, uma lezo zimemezelo zingakhiphi ukulahlwa kokugcina kwemfanelo. Lokhu kubuswa ngo-18.S.C. 7631, okuvumela ukudlulisa iziyalezo zokulahla icala noma ukuvimbela ubufakazi, kodwa kuphela uma ukudluliswa kwesicelo kungengenxa yenjongo yokuphindela ummangalelwa ngemva kokugweba.

Ukuqapha Okukabili Ezinkantolo ZoMbuso: Ukuguquguquka Kwezimo Nezivikelo Zomthetho Kahulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziqaphela futhi isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sezingozi, kodwa lezisivikelo ngokuvamile zisuka kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe nezimiso, ezinganikeza izivikelo ezibanzi kunomthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi akudingeki ukuba kunikezwe izinga elifana ncamashí lesivikelo njengerethi ye-Facebook Jeopardy Claus; izifunda zinganikeza abamangalelwa isivikelo esikhulu ngaphansi kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo yabo siqu.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni omningi unemikhakha ecacile eveza isilinganiso sezingozi eziphindwe kabili ezihambisana nomthetho kahulumeni, kodwa eminye iyaqhubeka. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-Alaska unikeza ukuthi akukho muntu ozobekwa engozini ngenxa yecala elifanayo, futhi izinkantolo ze-Alaska ziye zakuchaza lokhu ukukulungisa ngemva kokuxazululwa ngisho nalapho umthetho kahulumeni ukuvumela. Ngokufanayo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseMontana utoliwe ukunqabela ukuqulwa ngemva kokungaqashelwa okunga kahle okubangelwa ukuqashelwa, isikhundla esivikela kakhulu kunendinganiso yombuso. Lezi zinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyakwazi ukugcinwa njengendaba yomthetho, futhi inkantolo yombuso ngeke ivume.

Lapho Ingozi Ifakwa Ezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Isikhathi sokunamathela singahluka ngokwezwe. Izifunda eziningi zilandela umthetho kahulumeni: ukuhlangana kwenzeka lapho abahluleli befunga icala lokwahlulela noma lapho ufakazi wokuqala efunwe ngecala ebhentshi. Nokho, amanye amazwe aye ahlela imithetho ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izizwe, izingozi zikhona uma ukwaziswa kufundwa kubahluleli, noma lapho inkantolo iqala ukwamukela ubufakazi. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi ukulandelana kwezenzakalo okufanayo kungaphumela ekuvikelekeni okuphindwe kabili esizweni esithile kodwa hhayi kwesinye. Abameli kumelwe bagwetshwe kahle emithethweni ethile lapho amakhasi abo ebekwa icala.

Imithetho Ehlukahlukene Kahulumeni Ezokuqulwa Kwezinkantolo Ne - Hung Juries

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izindinganiso zazo siqu ekuqulweni kwecala elingalungile futhi zilengiswe emajajini. Nakuba izifunda eziningi zilandela indinganiso esobala ethathwa emthethweni kahulumeni, ezinye ziye zamisa imithetho eqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho weCriminal Procedure waseNew York unikeza ukuthi ngemva kokuba ijaji lile, inkantolo ingamemezela isigwebo esingafanele futhi ummangalelwa angaphinde abekwe indivivinywe, kodwa inkantolo kumelwe icabangele ukuthi ijaji eliboshwe ngempela ngemva kokucabangela ngokwanele. Amanye amazwe, njengoCalifornia, anemininingwane eminingi yemikhakha yokuqulwa kwemithetho elawula amajaji kanye nezimo ezivunyelwe phansi kwenkantolo. Lokhu kungathiwa kuthinta ngokuphawulekayo izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezenziwa abashushici bezelele neseluleko.

Ukungafani Okuyinhloko Phakathi Kwezivikelo Zokuvikela Ingozi Ezimbaxa - mbili ZoMbuso

Nakuba isimiso esiyinhloko sifana, ukungafani okuphawulekayo kubangelwa ukuhlanganiswa komthetho kahulumeni nokazwe.

Indawo Yezivikelo

Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza isivikelo esibanzi kunohulumeni ophethe. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kahulumeni uvumela ukuqulwa kwecala ngemva kwephutha elisekelwe ekudingweni okusobala, kodwa uhulumeni ungalungisa futhi ezimweni ezifanayo uma umthetho - sisekelo wawo ufuna ukuboniswa kwesidingo esiphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifundazwe zinqabela ukuqulwa kwephutha elibangelwa yiphutha le-procedential, ngisho noma iphutha lingabangelwa uhulumeni. Lo mphumela obanzi uwumphumela oqondile womthetho, ovumela ukuba uzame izindinganiso zomthetho ezihlukene uma nje zingaphuli imithetho engokomthetho.

Imithetho Engokwesayensi

Isikhathi nezimo lapho izingozi eziphindwe kabili zikhona ziyahluka. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifaka izingozi ekufungeni kwejaji noma ufakazi, kodwa ezinye izifundazwe zingahlanganisa kamuva noma ngaphambili. Izifunda zingaba nemithetho ehlukene lapho ummangalelwa ebhekwa njengosengozini ngezinjongo zokuqulwa kwecala kwesibili ngemva kokukhishwa kwesicelo esinecala noma ukuvumelana kwesephulwe. Le mithetho ehlukile engokomthetho ingadala amathuba abalulekile abameli abavikelayo ukuze baphikise ukuthi ingozi ihlangene eqenjini elilodwa kodwa hhayi elinye.

Ukukhanga Kukahulumeni

Umthetho kahulumeni uvimbela ikhono likahulumeni lokudlulisa izigwebo, kodwa imithetho kahulumeni iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abashushisi ukuba badlulisele izinqumo ezithile eziqeda ngokuphumelelayo ukushushiswa, njengokuxoshwa kwemvume engokomthetho, uma kuvunyelwa ukuba kudluliswe isikhalo ngaphambi kokufakwa kwengozi. Ezinye izizwe zinqabela zonke izikhalo zikahulumeni zokudluliswa kwezigwebo, ukubonakalisa umthetho kahulumeni. Amazwe anjenge New York ne California anemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi echaza ukuthi yimiphi imithetho edluliswa yisimangalelo, futhi lemithetho ikhishwa njalo. Ukugweba emalungelweni okudluliswa kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa enkantolo yezwe angabhekana nengozi enkulu yokudluliswa kwesicelo sikahulumeni kwezinye izindawo kunakwamanye amazwe.

ICollateral Estopel Nempikiswano

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ihlobene kakhulu nemfundiso ye-literanical estopel, evimbela uhulumeni ekutholeni amaqiniso ayenqunywe ngokufanele ngaphambili. Ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, i-conteteral estopel isetshenziswa njengengxenye yokuhlaziya okuphindwe kabili, njengoba isungulwe ku- Ashe v. . . . . .[FLT] [1970]. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni nazo ziyasisebenzisa lesi simiso, kodwa izinga lempikiswano ye-preclusion ingahluka kakhulu. Amanye amagobe iyisebenzisa ngokubanzi, i-impicala kunoma iliphi iqiniso eliye labekwayo futhi linqunyiwe, nakuba abanye beyisebenzisa kuphela ezicini ezicini ezimbangelayo zobugebengu. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kungathinta izici ezisemfashini ezilandelayo.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa: Imfundiso Ebucayi

Mhlawumbe umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili zikahulumeni nombuso uhilela imfundiso ehlukene yobukhosi. Lemfundiso isekela ukuthi ohulumeni bamazwe nabezwe bazimele abahlukene, okusho ukuthi isenzo esifanayo singaqulwa kokubili ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi ezimbili. Ngamanye amazwi, umuntu angaqulwa icala lokuziphatha okufanayo enkantolo kahulumeni nasenkantolo yesifundazwe ngaphandle kokuba kuvinjelwe ukuqulwa kwecala kwesibili.

Umsuka Nendlela Yokuhamba

Imfundiso yokubusa ehlukene yaqoshwa okokuqala ku-United States v. Lanza (1922) futhi yaqinisekiswa Heath v. Alabama[] (1985). I-gnome isho ukuthi umbusi ngamunye unesithakazelo esizimele sokumisa imithetho yakhe siqu. Uma ukuziphatha kommangalelwa kwephula kokubili umthetho wezwe nomthetho, umbusi ngamunye angajezisa icala ngaphandle kokuveza isithakazelo somunye. Lemfundiso ibilokhu iphikisana ngoba ilulaza izingozi zokugcina okucatshangwa ukuthi zinikeza izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Nokho, iNkakhulu iye yazisekela ngokuqhubekayo, kuleyo ngokomthetho [FL:] [F:] [5] eUnited States: [5]

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo

Imfundiso yokubusa okumbaxambili inemiphumela ejulile kubamangalelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu okhululiwe ekubulaleni enkantolo yesifundazwe angabethwa icala lokubulala okufanayo enkantolo kahulumeni uma uhulumeni kahulumeni enegunya (umz., uma ubugebengu bukhona ezweni likahulumeni noma buhilela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi). Ngokufanayo, ukuqulwa kwecala enkantolo kahulumeni akuyibophi ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abamangalelwa bangabhekana nokucindezela, izindleko, kanye nengozi yokuqulwa kwecala okuthi kanye okuyilokho okuklanye i-Prepalty Jeopardy Claus Claus eklaye ekuviyeni umthetho owe yimfundiso egxeka kakhulu okumelwe abameli bacabange, ikakhulukazi ezicatshazweni ezihilela ukuphathana nombuso wombuso.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokukhishwa Kwezici

Nakuba imfundiso yobukhosi obubili ibanzi, inemingcele. Uma ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bengahlukene ngempela ngokwezinzuzo abazivikelayo, inkantolo ingathola ukuthi banegunya elifanayo ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukumangalelwa kukahulumeni kumane kuyimpoqo yezithakazelo zikahulumeni, ukulinganiselwa okuphindwe kabili kungavimbela ukuqulwa kwecala okulandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lemfundiso ayisebenzi ezindaweni ezihlukene: ukumangalelwa ngemibuso emibili ehlukene ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo kuvinjelwa ngezingozi eziphindwe kabili ngenxa yokuthi amaphuzu athathwa njengamakhosi ahlukene kwenye kwenye, kodwa [[FLT:] [FLT]] isikisela ukuthi ukushushwa okulandelanayo kungavunyelwa uma izithakazelo zezwe zinezithakazelo ezihlukene. Lendawo yomthetho idinga ukuhlanekeleleka futhi imibandela ephawulekayo ehilelekile.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zabavikeli Nabezokwelapha

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Kwabamangalelwa ababhekene namacala asenkantolo yombuso neyombuso, ukuxhumana kwesivikelo sezingozi eziphindwe kabili kunganquma umphumela wamacala abo. Abameli kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi ikuphi ukuhlangana okuyingozi, imithetho eqondile yokubusa, kanye nokwenzeka kokungahlangani kobukhosi. Okunye ukuhlola okuwusizo kuhlanganisa:

  • Iqhinga lokhuselo elihlangene: Uma ummangalelwa ebhekene namacala enkantolo yombuso neyombuso ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo, ukuzivikela kumelwe kucabangele ukuthi ufuna izivumelwano zokuncenga kwelinye icala ezingase zithonye elinye. Ngenxa yokuthi ubukhosi obubili buvumela kokubili ukuqulwa komthetho ukuba kuqhubeke, isikhalo enkantolo kahulumeni asizibophi ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni, kanti ukubuswa kwecala akuzibophelele.
  • Umdlandla we-Motion:[ abameli bavikeli kufanele bathathe amahele ukuze bawalahle ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi uma kunengozi yokuququlwa komthetho ngokulandelana. Ukunyakazisa kumelwe kuqaphele ngokucacile ukuthi izingozi zihlangene nini, futhi imiphi imithetho ye-oversity esebenzayo.
  • Iqhinga le-Appelete: Uma inkantolo equlwayo iphika ukuhamba ngengozi, ukudluliswa ngokushesha kungatholakala ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokuhlela, evumela ukubukezwa kokunye okungabangela usizi uma kubekelwe emuva kuze kube ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kuyithuluzi eligxekayo kubamangalelwa abakholelwa ukuthi umshushisi wesibili uvinjelwe.
  • Imiyalo: Ezimweni lapho ingozi ephindwe kabili ingaba yimpikiswano, iseluleko sokuvikela kufanele sicele iziyalezo zamajaji ezazisa amajaji ngesilinganiso esilinganiselwe sesinqumo sawo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma umthetheleli engenza ukuba avimbele umshushisi wamuva.

Isiphetho: Ukuthola Izingqinamba

Isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sengozi eUnited States siyisivikelo esiyisisekelo, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni akuhlangene. Isimiso sikahulumeni sinikeza isivikelo esiqinile ekunqabeni ngemva kokulahlwa, kodwa imfundiso yobukhosi obubili yenza ukuhlukana okukhulu okuvumela ukuqulwa kwezinkantolo ezihlukene. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zinikeza isivikelo esibanzi ngaphansi kwemithetho yazo siqu eyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa lezisivikelo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Kunochwepheshe bezomthetho nabamangalelwa, ukuqonda okuphelele kwalokhu kungafani kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukubekwa kwemithetho yemithetho engokomthetho, ukubekwa kwemithetho emisiwe, ukubekwa phambili, ukubekwa kwezikhathi ezithile, nokubusa, umuntu angaqondisa kangcono indawo eyinkimbinkimbi yengozi ephindwe kabili futhi aqinisekise ukuthi isivikelo esihloselwe i-Ganderline.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[FLT: 0] i-Cornell Information of the Leagil sescape ngokucubungula izingozi eziphindwe kabili, inkantolo ye-Supreme ku Gquarg v. United States[FLT]], kanye neziqondiso ze-'FLT'es jampricial judiary's's jikthr[. Lemithola inikeza isiqondiso esigunyazayo kulokhu okuxoxingisiwe kulesi sihloko.