Isingeniso: Ukugwedla Izinsika Ezimbili Zesimiso Somthetho

Uma kuphakama impikiswano engokomthetho, umbuzo wokuqala obalulekile uwukuthi ingeyasenkantolo yomphakathi noma yezephulamthetho. Okukhethwayo kuhlela yonke inqubo .Ngumisa inqubo , ukuthi buyini ubufakazi obudingekayo, iziphi izijeziso noma amakhambi angenzeka, ngisho nokuthi isiphi isikhathi esingathatha ukuxazulula lendaba. Nakuba zombili lezi zimiso zihlanganyela isisekelo sokungaguquguquki, zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukile futhi zifeza izinjongo ezihlukile. Lesi sihloko sinikeza isiqondiso esinemininingwane, esiwusizo sokuqonda ukungafani phakathi kwezehlakalo zomphakathi nezobugebengu, sikusiza ukuba unqume ukuthi inkantolo isiphi isimo sakho esifanelekile.

Izinkantolo zombango zisingatha izimpikiswano zabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano. Umgomo wazo oyinhloko ukuxazulula izingxabano nokunikeza ikhambi kulowo olimele, ngokuvamile ngendlela yemali noma inkantolo ukuba enze okuthile. Izinkantolo zezephulamthetho, ngokungafani, zikhuluma ngokuziphatha umphakathi oye wabheka njengokuyingozi emphakathini uwonke. Uhulumeni umangalela lamacala ukuze ajezise abenzi bobubi futhi anqande ukuziphatha okubi esikhathini esizayo, ngemiphumela engahlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukugcinwa, noma ukuboshwa. Ukuqonda lokhu kuphikisana okuyisisekelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani obhekene nenkinga engokomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabangela ukumangalelwa komphakathi, ukuvikela icala, noma ukusabela ezinkantolo.

Kuyini Ukuquliswa Kwamacala Angaphakathi?

Amacala angokomthetho aphakama lapho elinye iqembu (ummangalelwa) likholelwa ukuthi elinye iqembu (ummangalelwa) liye lahluleka ukufeza umsebenzi ongokomthetho, libangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa. Umphehli wamacala ucela inkantolo ukuba icele ummangalelwa ukuba anikeze imbuyiselo, impahla ebuyayo, noma enze isenzo esithile. umthetho wombango uhlanganisa izingxabano eziningi, kusukela ezivumelwaneni eziphukileyo kuya ezingozini zezimoto kuya ezimpikiswaneni ezisezingcingweni zomakhelwane.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Angaphakathi

Izigaba ezivame kakhulu zempi yezizwe zihlanganisa:

  • Izimpikiswano:[ Uma omunye umuntu ehluleka ukugcina isithembiso esenziwa ngesivumelwano esibophekayo, njengokuhluleka ukuletha izimpahla, ukukhokhela izinkonzo, noma ukunamathela ezivumelwaneni.
  • [ isho: ukulimala komuntu siqu noma umonakalo wempahla obangelwa ukunganaki noma ukuziphatha kabi ngenhloso (umzk., izingozi zemoto, i-sprip namaphandle, ukuhlanjalazwa).
  • Izenzakalo ezishoshoshozayo: Impikiswano ngobunikazi bendawo, imigqa yomngcele, izimpikiswano ezithatha indawo, noma umonakalo kwimpahla yangempela.
  • Umthetho womkhaya wezindaba:[ isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwezingane, ukusekela umntwana, ukusekelana komshado, nokutholwa.
  • [ Ibhizinisi nentengiselwano: Izingxabano phakathi kwabangane, ababambi, noma abancintisanayo (kuhlanganise nokuphazamisa impahla yengqondo).
  • Izenzo:[ I-pactff eyodwa noma ngaphezulu i-pactff imangalela iqembu elikhulu elilimala ngokufanayo, njengemikhiqizo ekhubazekile noma ukukhwabanisa kwezifakela.

Umthwalo Nendinganiso Yobufakazi Ezimweni Zangaphakathi

Enkantolo yomphakathi, ummangalelwa unomthwalo wobufakazi, okusho ukuthi kumelwe aqinisekise umahluleli noma abahluleli ukuthi ukulandisa kwabo kwezenzakalo kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba kuyiqiniso kunokuba kunganjalo. Lendinganiso ibizwa ngokuthi ukudluliswa kobufakazi []. Ngokuvamile kuchazwa ngokuthi “ngaphezu kuka-50% eqinisekile.” Lena ibhande eliphansi kunasezicaleni zobugebengu, elisiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ukumangalelana komthetho kungaphumelela ngisho nalapho kungenziwangamangalelwa. Isibonelo, O. J. uSimpson wakhululwa enkantolo yobugebengu kodwa kamuva wathola inecala lokufa enkantolo yomphakathi eliyiphutha ngenxa yamaqiniso angaphansi.

Indinganiso ephansi yobufakazi ezinkantolo zombango ibonisa iqiniso lokuthi izigxobo zivame ukuba yimali kunokuba zisekelwe ekhundleni. Nokho, ezinye iziphakamiso zomphakathi − njengalezo ezihilela ukukhwabanisa noma ukulimala kwesijeziso − kungadinga indinganiso ephakeme eyaziwa [ ecacile nobufakazi obukholisayo (izinga eliphakathi kokuqashelwa nokungangatshazwa okunengqondo).

Imiphumela Nezixazululo Emacala Ezakhamuzi

Esikhundleni salokho, amakhambi avame kakhulu yilawa:

  • [ Umonakalo okhiqizwayo: ukukhokha umonakalo wokukhokha ukulahlekelwa okungokoqobo (izindleko zezokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, ukulungisa impahla) futhi ngezinye izikhathi isijeziso sokujezisa ukuziphatha okubi.
  • I-Injctions: Inkantolo ikhipha iziyalo ezifuna umbambi hlangothi ukuba enze okuthile (umz., phelelisa iprojekthi yokwakha) noma iyeke ukwenza okuthile (umz., ukuphamba).
  • Isenzo esikhethekile:[ Emacala esivumelwano angavamile, inkantolo iyala iqembu eliphukayo ukuba lenze isenzo esithenjisiwe kunokuba likhokhe imali.
  • Isahlulelo sokudlulisa: Inkantolo icacisa amalungelo angokomthetho amaqembu ngaphandle komklomelo okhiqizwayo (umz., ukuchaza igama lesivumelwano).

Amacala angaphakathi avame ukuxazululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Eqinisweni, inqwaba yamacala ezakhamuzi iphakeme cishe ngo 95% − ixazululwe ngokuxoxa ngezindawo ezihlukene kunokuba kube isahlulelo sokugcina. Lokhu konga isikhathi, izindleko, nokungaqiniseki nhlangothi zombili.

Ukubukeza Okuphawulekayo Kwezigebengu

Icala lobugebengu lihlanganisa izenzo ezinqatshelwe umthetho ngoba lisongela ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuhleleka, noma ukuziphatha. Uhulumeni ```isikhulu noma uhulumeni') uqulisa icala, usebenza njengommangaleli. Isisulu sobugebengu singubufakazi obuyinhloko kodwa hhayi iqembu eliletha icala; uhulumeni umelela isithakazelo somphakathi ekujeziseni ububi.

Izingxenye Zobugebengu: IMisa, Amaphutha, Nezenzo Zokwephula Icala

Ubugebengu buhlukaniswa ngonya, oluthinta izijeziso ezingase zikhishwe nenkantolo lapho icala lizwakala khona:

  • Iziphambeko:[ Ukuphulwa okuncane, njengamathikithi omgwaqo noma i-jayg, ngokuvamile kujeziswa kuphela ngokukhokhwa. Asikho isikhathi sejele esihilelekile, futhi abamangalelwa ngokuvamile abanalo ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji.
  • I-Misdemers: Amacala amakhulu athatha unyaka owodwa ejele, kanye nenkokhelo nokugcinwa isigwebo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukwebiwa okuncane, ukuhlaselwa okulula, i-DUI (icala lokuqala), kanye nokudakwa komphakathi.
  • Izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína kakhulu, isijeziso sokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka]. Izenzo zobugebengu ezinjengokubulala, ukuphanga, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, nokuhlasela ngokobulili. Ezinye izigebengu zithwala izigwebo zokufa noma ngisho nesigwebo sokufa emabusweni akuvumelayo.

Umthwalo Nendinganiso Yobufakazi Emacaleni Ezelelesi

Umshushisi uthwala wonke umthwalo wobufakazi; ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala. Indinganiso edingekayo yile engaphazanyiswa ukungabaza okunengqondo , okufuna izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuqiniseka (ngokobukayo, ukuthi ayikho enye incazelo enengqondo yobufakazi. Lendinganiso ivikela ezinkolelweni ezingalungile ezinikezwa esigxotsheni (amagebengu enkululeko, isihlamba, ngezinye izikhathi ukuphila ngokwakho). Uma amajaji noma uma amajaji enokungabaza okunengqondo, kumelwe akhiphe isigwebo.

Ngenxa yokuthi umthwalo unzima kakhulu, abashushisi ngokuvamile bayenqaba ukubeka amacala amafayela ngaphandle kokuba bekholelwa ukuthi bangahlangabezana nalendinganiso. kungakho ezinye izisulu zobugebengu zingazizwa zikhungathekile uma zingasolwa, ngisho noma zinobufakazi bobubi. umshushisi akumelwe acabange ukuthi ubugebengu benzekile kuphela kodwa ukuthi ubufakazi bunamandla yini ngokwanele ukuba bukholise ijaji nganoma yikuphi okunengqondo.

Imiphumela Nezigwebo Ezicatshangelweni Zezigebengu

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala (ehlangene), inkantolo ibeka isigwebo esingase sihlanganise:

  • Ukuhlanganisa: Jail (ngempazamo) noma ijele (ngezezimo).
  • [ Isijeziso sezentengiselwano ezikhokhwa kuhulumeni.
  • Isibonakaliso:[ Inkathi yokukhululwa okungaqondiswa okunezimo (isib., amaseshi avamile, ukuhlola imilaliso, ukungathintani nezisulu).
  • Inkonzo ye-community: umsebenzi ongakhokhelwanga osiza umphakathi.
  • I-Restitution:[ Inkantolo ingayala ummangalelwa ukuba akhokhele isinxephezelo esisuswe ekulahlekelweni ngecala elingaphandle (nakuba lokhu kuvame kakhulu ezinkantolo zomphakathi, izigebengu zingahlanganisa ukukhokha njengengxenye yesigwebo).
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izikhala zamalungelo:[ Abavoti abahlangene bavame ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lokuvota, ukuba nezibhamu, noma ukuba nezincwadi ezithile zobuchwepheshe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abamangalelwa abamangalelwa banamandla angokomthetho: ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, ilungelo lommeli (obekunikezwa yizwe uma bengenakukwazi ukulithenga), ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nesivikelo ekuzichayeni kobugovu nasengozini ephindwe kabili (akunakuzanywa kabili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo ngemva kokulahlwa).

Ukuchazwa Kokungafani Okukhulu Phakathi Kwamacala Ombango Nezigebengu

Nakuba umthombo wokwaziswa udwebe ukuhlukanisa okuyisisekelo, ukuqonda okujulile kudinga ukuhlola izici eziningana:

  • [[INQUBO:0] Ukuvela kwecala elingalungile: Amacala omphakathi akhuluma amaphutha ayimfihlo (ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi komunye umuntu). Icala lobugebengu likhuluma ngamaphutha omphakathi (ukufinyelela umsebenzi emphakathini).
  • Oqala: [ emphakathini, umkhangisi wasese ufaka isikhalo. Kuso, umshushisi kahulumeni (ummeli wesifunda, ummeli jikelele wezwe, i-Attorney).
  • [ Izinga eliyisiqinisekiso: Ukubheka phambili kobufakazi (civil) v. ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo (ubugebengu).
  • Ibheji lobufakazi: Emphakathini, i-paltiff ithwele umthwalo. Esogebengwini, umshushisi uthwele umthwalo; ummangalelwa akadingi ukufakazela ubumsulwa.
  • ISichibiyelo seSemberi siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacaleni esizwe ahlanganisa ama-20, kodwa uma kusetshenziswa izenzakalo eziningi zomphakathi ukuqulwa kwebhentshi (ukwahlulela kuphela). Abamangalelwa becala banelungelo lomthetho-mthethweni kumajaji kuwo wonke amacala angathi sína; bangalivala.
  • Esohlangothini lommeli: Ezicaleni zobugebengu, abamangalelwa banelungelo lokukhululeka uma beyi-indigant (Gideon v. Wainwright). Ezimweni zomphakathi, akukho lungelo lomthetho-mmeli okhululekile, nakuba ezinye izinhlelo zosizo olusemthethweni zikhona kubantu abahlawulwa phansi.
  • Ingozi engakabili: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivimbela ukumangalelwa kwesibili kobugebengu ngemva kokulahlwa kwecala. Akukho sivikelo esinjalo esikhona ezicaleni zomphakathi.] Ungamangalelwa amaqembu amaningi ngenxa yesenzakalo esifanayo, futhi icala lomphakathi lingaqhubeka ngisho nangemva kwecala elilahliwe.
  • Icala lomthetho eliyi-v. ukunxusa: amacala angaphakathi axazululwa ngezingxoxo; amacala obugebengu ngokuvamile aphela ngezicelo lapho ummangalelwa encenga icala ngokushintshana ngecala noma isigwebo esincishisiwe.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani isenzo esifanayo — njengengozi yokushayela udakiwe — ingaholela kukho kokubili ukumangalelwa kobugebengu (ngombuso) kanye nokumangalelwa komphakathi (ngalowo muntu olimele). Izenzakalo ezimbili zizimele, futhi imiphumela ayifanelani ngempela.

Lapho Kufanele Kukhethwe Inkantolo Yasembusweni: Izibonelo Eziwusizo

Kufanele ucabangele inkantolo yomphakathi lapho ulahlekelwe − ifenancial, ngokomzimba, noma imizwelo − ukuthi ukholelwa ukuthi ibangelwa izenzo zomunye umuntu noma inkampani noma ukungasabeli. inkantolo yomphakathi iyindawo yokufuna imbuyiselo noma umyalo wenkantolo wokulungisa lenkinga. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Isivumelwano sesivumelwano:[ Umthengisi uhluleka ukuletha izinto ezisansimbi ozikhokhele, kubangele ukuba ibhizinisi lakho lilahlekelwe imali. Ungamangalela inani lempahla elahlekileyo kanye nomonakalo olandelayo.
  • [[QULT:0] Ingozi yomuntu siqu:[ Umninimzi wesakhiwo akakwazi ukususa iqhwa endleleni, futhi uphuka iqakala lakho. Ukunganaki komphakathi kungahlanganisa izikweletu zokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa iholo, ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka.
  • [ Izingxabano zomkhaya:[ Udinga ukunquma okungokomthetho kokuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela umntwana, noma ukwahlukana kwempahla yomshado phakathi nesehlukaniso.
  • Umonakalo ongokwenani: Isihlahla somakhelwane siwela phezu kwendlu yakho phakathi nesiphepho. Uma umakhelwane engakhathaleli, ungabuyisela izindleko zokulungisa.
  • Izindaba eziphazamisayo: Wanqanyulwa ngokungafanele, wacwaswa, noma awukhokhiswanga. Amasutu omphakathi ngaphansi kwemithetho yemisebenzi avamile.
  • Iqoqo le- I-Debt:[ Inxusa lokuboleka imali noma iqoqo lingakumangalela ukuqoqa izikweletu ezingakhokhelwa; ngokunye, ungamangalela uma umqongeleli ephula imithetho yokuzivikela kwabathengi.

Ngaphambi kokuba ubhale, cabangela: Unabo yini ubufakazi bokuthi omunye uhlulekile ukuthatha indiva engokomthetho? Ingakanani isilinganiso semali ebuyiselweyo? Ingabe isincibilikisi esimmangalelwa (esikwazi ukukhokha isahlulelo)? Ukubekwa komphakathi kungabiza futhi kuthathe isikhathi, ngakho ngisho noma unecala eliqinile, ungafuna ukuhlola izindleko ngokumelene nokululama. Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba amaqembu azame ukunqanda ukuqulwa kwezindaba ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, okungasiza ekuxazululeni izingxabano ngokuphumelela kakhulu.

Lapho Kufanele Kukhethwe Inkantolo Yesigebengu: Okufanele Kulindelwe

Inkantolo yezephulamthetho iyafaneleka uma othile enze isenzo esiphula umthetho. Abantu abakhonzi ngokuqondile “ukukhetha” inkantolo yamacala ``''''''''''' futhi abashushisi banquma ukuthi kufanele bafake amaphutha enkantolo. Nokho, izisulu zingathonya lenqubo ngokunikeza ubufakazi nangokubambisana nabacwaningi. Izimo ezivame ukuholela ekumangalelweni kwecala zihlanganisa:

  • [[UMTL:0] Assault noma ibhetri:[ ukulimala okungokomzimba noma usongo lokulimala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukweba noma ukugqekeza: Ukuthatha impahla ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • Amacala omlomo: Impahla, ukusakaza, noma ukwenza izinto ezilawulwayo.
  • Isebenza ngaphansi kwethonya (DUI): ukuhlinza imoto lapho ikhubazekile.
  • [[Ubudlova obungalawuleki: 0] Ubudlova obungathandeki:[ noma yibuphi ubudlova noma usongo phakathi komkhaya noma amalungu omkhaya.
  • Ubugebengu belanga obumhlophe: Ukukhwabanisa, ukuphamba, ukuhweba ngaphakathi, ukubalekela intela.
  • Ubugebengu obungathandeki: Ubugebengu, ukubulala, ukuhlasela ngokobulili.

Uma uyisisulu, indima yakho iwukubika ubugebengu, ugcine ubufakazi, futhi ufakazele uma kudingeka. Ungaba nelungelo lamalungelo athile, njengesaziso sezehlolo, i-memotion ezivumelwaneni ezikhonjweni, kanye nezinkulumo ezithinta isigwebo. Izizwe eziningi zinezinhlelo zezinxephezelo ezinikeza usizo lwezimali kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiqinisekiso senzeka yini.

Uma umangalelwa ngobugebengu, awunakwenza ngaphandle kokuzivikela enkantolo yobugebengu. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokuthula nokuqasha ummeli ngokushesha. Ungazami ukuxoxa nabashushisi ngokwakho, /anoma yiziphi izimemezelo ezingasetshenziswa kuwe. Izigxobo ziphakeme: ukuqiniseka kungathinta inkululeko yakho, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, nedumela iminyaka eminingi.

Indima Ebucayi Yokumelela Ngokomthetho

Kudingeka ukuba uboniswe ngolwazi oluqinile lwemithetho esemthethweni. Ama-attorney aletha ulwazi olujulile ngemithetho ye-produced, izindinganiso ezicacile, kanye nezindlela zokukhetha ezizodwa abantu abavamile abangenazo. Bangahlola amandla ecala lakho, banikeze iseluleko sokukhokha noma ukunxusa, futhi basekele wena enkantolo.

Ukukhetha I - Athorney Efanele

Kuzo, funa ummeli osebenza endaweni ethile yomthetho wakho kuhilela “‘ ukulimala komuntu siqu, umthetho womkhaya, izivumelwano, njalonjalo. Abaningi banikeza izicelo zobulungu zokuqala. Ukuze bavikele imvume yokuqala. Ukuvikela ubugebengu, baqasha uchwepheshe womthetho, onakho kakhulu ukuba nolwazi emacaleni akhethekile nasegcekeni lenkantolo lendawo. Abavikeli bomphakathi bakhona uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela iseluleko somuntu siqu, kodwa kwezinye izindawo izikhwama zabo zinzima. Buza ngomlando wabo, isakhiwo semali, nendlela yokuxhumana.

Izindleko Nezifebe

Abameli bamazwe bavame ukusebenza ngesisekelo semali ekhokhwayo (ukuthatha amaphesenti alo kululama, ngokuvamile amaphesenti angu-33 kuya ku-40% anoma yisiphi isakhiwo noma isahlulelo). Uma ulahlekelwa, ungakhokha kuphela izindleko. Abameli bezephulamthetho bavame ukukhokha imali eshibhile noma amazinga ehora. Abamangalelwa abakhokhi bomthetho banelungelo lokweluleka ngesihle. Qaphela ukuthi ngisho noma uwina icala lomphakathi, ungase ungaphinde uzuze zonke izindleko zakho ezingokomthetho; izivumelwano zokuqonda izindleko zibalulekile.

Isiphetho: Ukwenza Isinqumo Esicatshangelwe Kahle

Ukukhetha phakathi kwenkantolo yomphakathi neyobugebengu akuyona njalo indlela ozozikhethela ngayo ukwenza ngayo isigwebo sobugebengu, kubangelwa yizwe, hhayi izisulu. Kodwa ukuqonda umehluko kukunika amandla okuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele lapho kuphakama inkinga engokomthetho. Uma uye walimala ngasese, inkantolo yomphakathi inikeza indlela yokukhokha imbuyiselo nesenzweni sokulungisa. Uma ube isisulu sobugebengu, ukubika enkantolo engokomthetho kubangela inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu, efeza inzalo enkulu. Futhi uma umangalelwa ngobugebengu, uphoqelelwa enkantolo yecala ngamalungelo okumelwe ulwe kanzima.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufeza yiphi indima, ulwazi luyindlela yokuqala ozozivikela ngayo. Buza nommeli ukuze uhlole isimo sakho, uqonde amakhono nobuthakathaka becala lakho, futhi unqume ngenqubo ethile. Isimiso somthetho siyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ngesiqondiso esifanele ungasisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola imithombo yezobuchwepheshe ye-Melikan Bar Association, [[FLT:], [[FLT]] Légal Information Institute eCornell Law School, kanye newebhusayithi ye-[FLT]FULT [FULT] Jodicary. Le mithombo inikeza izincazelo eziqinile zezinqubo zenkantolo, imithwalo yobufakazi, nezindlela zecala ezinqamule imingcele.