Ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga liyimfanelo eyisisekelo yobulungisa emiphakathini yentando yeningi, iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngobugebengu unethuba lokuzivikela phambi kwenkantolo engenalundlu-mthetho. Ekujuleni kwayo, lelilungelo lisekelwe esimisweni senqubo efanele ($] imfuneko engokomthetho yokuthi umbuso kumelwe uhloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho afanele umuntu. Inqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa okungokomthetho kulungile, kusobala, futhi kuqhutshwa ngokwemithetho emisiwe nezimiso. Lesihloko sihlola izisekelo ezingokomlando, izakhi eziyinhloko, izinselele zokwahlulela, izinselele, izenzakalo zezizwe, nezenzakalo zanamuhla ezizungeze ilungelo lokuqulwa kobulungisa, zinikeza ukuqonda okubanzi ukuthi inqubo isebenza kanjani enquboni efanelekile.

Isizinda Esingokomlando Selungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile linomsuka ojulile ongokomlando, osuthatha amakhulu eminyaka ukuvikela abantu emandleni ombuso ozimele. Lombono ungalandelelwa emuva ezimisweni zomthetho zasendulo, njengomthetho wamaRoma, owaqaphela ukubaluleka kokunikeza abantu abamangalelwe icala icala. Nokho, enye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inqubo efanele kwakuyiMagna Carta ka-1215 eNgilandi. Lencwadi eqinile yasungula ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ongaboshwa noma aphucwe amalungelo akhe ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe. Yabeka isisekelo somqondo wokuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho kumelwe zibe yiyo kanye nengaso.

Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela, umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi wathuthukisa amalungelo alungile okuqulwa. Isicelo sokulunga (1628) neSiphakamiso saseJavay Corpus Act (1679) saqinisa isivikelo ekuboshweni okungekho emthethweni futhi saqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangabekela inselele ukuvalelwa kwabo ngokomthetho. I-Ngingiza ye-Gish Bill of Rights (1689) yanqabela ukweqisa ibheyili nesijeziso sonya nesijeziso esingavamile, okwanezela ekulinganisweni okubanzi komthetho.

E-United States, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile libekwe eSichibiyelweni se-Sixtith kuMthetho-sisekelo. Ngo-1791 iSimemezelo seSimemezelo seSigqi seSibonda samaLungelo, iSimemezelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ngokushesha nangokulunga, ijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngezimangalo, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokusiza ekuvikeleni isivikelo. Lezisivikelo zazingekho kakhulu ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrishishishini futhi zaziyimpendulo eqondile ekuxhaphazweni iBhovisi. Ngesikhathi esingaphezulu, iNkanto ephakeme yeNkanto engokomthetho, i-U. Inkantolo ephakeme iye yandisa lamalungelo ngokukhipha umthetho, i-Greasmandmentmentmented Procestmental. I-Eunians yomthetho ehlangene, kuhlanganise ne-eningi ye-Ency, i-Encyc.

Izingxenye eziphambili zenqubo elindelekile

Inqubo edingekile akuwona umthetho owodwa kodwa iqoqo lamalungelo nezinqubo ezihlobene eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa enkantolo.

Ukuqaphela Izikhalo

Imfuneko yokuqala yenqubo efanele iwukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe atshelwe ngemvelo nembangela yamacala abekwe kuwo. Lokhu kusho ukunikezwa amazwi acacile, aqondile ecala okuthiwa liyicala, kuhlanganise nesikhathi, indawo, nezimo. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esanele, ummangalelwa akanakulungiselela isivikelo. Ngokwendlela, amacala kumelwe abekwe ngendlela efanele futhi akhulunyelwe ngolimi oluqonda kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwe-U.S. Umthetho-sisekelo, iSiphendulo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ngokucacile ukuthi “uzakutshelwa imvelo nembangela yamacala. Amaqembu amaqembu alwela amalungelo abantu, njengaye-[FLD: 0] Isivumelwano se-OFCP [CP] esivamile ne-PGOF:R [FLD] [F1], ngokufanayo, i-mfandla ye-mcimbisombululo ye-mcimbi.

Ithuba Lokuzwiwa

Ummangalelwa ngamunye unelungelo lokuveza icala lakhe, kuhlanganise nobufakazi kanye nezimpikiswano, phambi kwenkantolo. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi i-transformem tramem [“ukuzwa olunye uhlangothi”, siqinisekisa ukuthi ummangaleli ucabangela kokubili ukumangalelwa kanye nombono wokuzivikela. Ithuba lokuzwiwa lihlanganisa ilungelo lokubiza ofakazi, ukuphambanisa ofakazi abaphikisayo, nokunikeza ubufakazi be-techwetheli. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinikeze ubufakazi obunenzuzo ngalokhu kuhlanganyela, futhi zingaphathwa ngasese noma ngaphandle kokunikeza ummangalelwa ithuba lokusabela. Ukwehluleka ukuvumela umphumela ogcwele wokulalela kungabangela ukuphikiswa kwenqubo engafanele futhi kuholele ekudlulisweni.

Icala Elingakhethi

Ukuqulwa kwecala okulungile kudinga umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi nongacwasi hlangothi. Umakhi wesinqumo kumele angabi naso isigqebhezana somuntu siqu emphumeleni, kungekho mibono ebekwe ngaphambili ngecala, futhi akukho mathonya angaphandle angayekelela ukungakhethi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi, izimiso zomthetho zisungule imithetho yokuhlukanisa izahlulelo zokwahlulela (icala) nokukhetha amajaji angakhethi. E-United States, i-voirrist abangela ukuba abameli bangababaze abangaba khona abahluleli nababekela inselele labo ababonisa ukucwaswa. Izehlakani eziphambili ngokuvamile zidonsela ukunakekela, zikwenze kube nzima ukubeka umthetho ongakhethi-mthetho ongakhethiyo futhi ungabi nacala. Umthetho womhlaba wonke uqaphele inkantolo engenacala njengetshe lezindawo zokuqulo lomthetho; Isigaba se-Hulumente (Ir - R) se-AUR (index) esizimeleyodwa futhi ukwahlulela umphakathi wonke.

Ukumelelwa Ngokomthetho

Ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko libalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abamangalelwa bangawasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo amanye amalungelo abo. Ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho, kuhlanganise ne-United States, uhulumeni kuyadingeka ukuba anikeze ummeli wabamangalelwa abangathembekile ababhekene namacala angathi sína. Ngokwesibonelo, icala leNkantolo ewuphawu yase-U. i- Gideon v. Wainwr [1963]) uqinisekisa ukuthi iSiphakamiso seSithathu sidinga ukunikeza iseluleko emacaleni anzima, ngisho noma ummangalelwa engenakukwazi ukukhokhela omunye. Ilungelo lokukhetha ummeli ngokwakhe (ngesizathu) nokukhuluma ngokuyimfihlo nalowo mmeli. Ukusiza okuphumelelayo kudinga ukugxeka: ummeli futhi kufanele ahlulele, noma ahlulelwe ngokulunga.

Umbono Wokungabi Nandaba

Inqubo efanele icabanga ukuthi wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngobugebengu akanacala kuze kube yilapho etholakele enecala ngokunengqondo. Lesimiso sibeka umthwalo wobufakazi ngokuqondene nomthetho, okumelwe unikeze ubufakazi obanele ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ummangalelwa uthola icala lakhe. Ukubekwa icala kuvimbela futhi ukuphatha abamangalelwa njengabanecala phambi kwesinqumo, ngokufaka isigwebo isigwebo ngaphandle kokuthethelelwa noma ngokuvumela izinkulumo zomphakathi ezicatshulwayo zezikhulu. Ezindaweni eziningi, isilinganiso siqiniswa ilungelo lokungafihli lutho nesivikelo ekuzibekeleni.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi Abayingxubevange

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi futhi aphoqelele ukuba babe khona kofakazi ukuba bavume. Ukuphikisa kuvumela ukuzivikela ukuba kunqamule ofakazi abamelene ne-aximine, kuveze ubandlululo noma amaphutha. Lelilungelo liyisivikelo esiyinhloko kumahemu noma kubufakazi obungenakwethenjelwa. I-ICCPR neSichibiyelo seSisithupha kuqinisekisa ngokuqondile amalungelo okulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abamangalelwa bangasebenzisa ama-pains ukuze bafune ofakazi ukuba bafakaze, baqinisekise ukuthi banganikeza isivikelo esiphelele. Imingcele yala malungelo anikezwayo (‘ofakazi abangaziwa) noma ubufakazi obuyimfihlo obungaziwayo.

Ukukhanga

Inqubo elindelekile ayipheli ngesinqumo. Abalweli banelungelo lokudlulisa isiqinisekiso, bavumele izinkantolo eziphakeme ukuba zibukeze amaphutha omthetho, ukungavumelani kwemithetho, noma ubufakazi obunganele. Ukudlulisa izikhalo kusiza amaphutha alungile futhi kuqinisekise ukungaguquguquki ekusebenziseni umthetho. Nakuba amalungelo okudlulisa icala ehluka ngokulawula, izimiso eziningi zinikeza okungenani izinga elilodwa lokuhlola izinkolelo zobugebengu. Kwezinye izimo, ummangalelwa angafuna futhi usizo lweposi olusekelwe ebufakazini obusanda kutholwa noma ekufuneni usizo lweseluleko olungaphumeleli. Ilungelo lokudlulisa icala libalulekile ekuhloleni amaphutha asenkantolo futhi ziqinise ukuqiniseka komphakathi ngezimiso zobulungisa.

Indima Yomculi Ekusekeleni Ukulingwa Okuqotho

Abahluleli basebenza njengabaqaphi benqubo efanele. Isibopho sabo esiyinhloko siwukuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala aqulwa ngokuvumelana nomthetho, mayelana namalungelo abo bonke abantu. Lokhu kuhilela ukubusa ngezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo, ukuphatha ubufakazi, ukuqondisa inkantolo, nokugcina ukuhleleka enkantolo. Abahluleli kumelwe bahlale bengathathi hlangothi futhi bagweme noma yikuphi ukubonakala kobandlululo noma ukukhetha. Isimiso sokwahlulela sokuba amajaji akhululeke ekucindezeleni kwabadlali bezombangazwe, abezindaba, noma umbono womphakathi sibalulekile ekulondolozeni ubuqotho benqubo yokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuzimela Nokwahlulela

Izikhulu ze-jadicage ezizimele ziyizimpawu zezimo zokubusa. Emazweni amaningi, abahluleli bamiswa noma bakhethwe ngezinqubo eziklanyelwe ukuba bavikele abantu ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amajaji kahulumeni eUnited States amiswe ukuze aphile ngendlela elungile, kuyilapho kwamanye amazwe imikhandlu yokwahlulela yengamela ukumiswa nokuyalwa. Nokho, ukuzibusa kumelwe kulinganiswe nokulandisa: abahluleli bangasuswa ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi noma ukungalungi, futhi izinqumo zabo zihlolwe ukubukezwa. [[FLT:] Izimiso ze-UN on the Independence of the Judiary[FLT] inikeza iziqondiso zokuvikela i-Examplosolution nezokuthuthukisa ukulunga.

Ukuqondisa Ubuhle Bemvelo

Abahluleli banendima esebenzayo ekusingatheni ukuqulwa kwemibuzo ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi ilungile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa izimiso ezinengqondo, ukukhipha izimpikiswano, ukuvimbela ubufakazi obungabalulekile noma obungathandeki ukuba bunikezwe, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi abahluleli bayawuqonda umthetho. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi (lapho umahluleli enquma kokubili iqiniso nomthetho), umahluleli kumelwe abuhlole ngokucophelela futhi asebenzise indinganiso efanelekile yobufakazi. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, abahluleli banikeza iziyalezo ezichaza umthetho osebenzayo futhi baqondise izinqumo zabahluleli. Ukwehluleka komahluleli ukusingatha lezi misebenzi ngokufanelekile kungaholela ekulahleni iphutha nasekululazeni ukulunga kobuphindiswa kwenqubo.

Ukuvikela Abavikeli Abanenzondo

Abahluleli kumelwe baqaphele ngokukhethekile abamangalelwa ababhekene nemigoqo eyengeziwe ekuqulweni kwecala elilungile, njengalabo abakhubazekile engqondweni, abancane, noma abantu abangakhulumi ulimi lwenkantolo. Bangamisa abahumushi, izinqubo ezilungisayo, noma ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokuncintisana ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi bahlanganyela ngokunenzuzo. Kwezinye izindawo, izinkantolo ezikhethekile (umzk., izinkantolo zezengqondo, izinkantolo zentsha) ziklanyelwe ukusingatha izidingo eziyingqayizivele zalemiphakathi kuyilapho zisawahlonipha amalungelo afanele. Ngokulungisa inqubo ngaphandle kokunikela izivikelo eziyisisekelo, abahluleli basiza ekutholeni ukuqulwa okulungile kubo bonke abantu.

Izinselele Ezivivinyayo Ezifanele Ezikhona Namuhla

Naphezu kwezimo eziqinile ezingokomthetho, ukuvivinywa okungenabulungisa kubhekana nezinselele eziningi ezikhona.

Ithonya Lemithombo Yezindaba Nombono Womphakathi

Amacala aphakeme obugebengu avame ukudonsa ukudluliswa okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba, okungabangela ukuba ubandlululo olungase lube yijaji noma luthonye amajaji. Umbiko wemizwa, ukukhululwa kokwaziswa okucwasayo (njengoba izinkolelo zangaphambili noma ubufakazi obuvuzayo), futhi ukukhulumela kwezenhlalo kwezenhlalayenza) kungenza “izahlulelo zezezindaba” ezenza kube nzima. Izinkantolo zingazama ukukunqanda lokhu ngemithetho eqinile, ukukhetha kobujaji ngokucophelela, noma ukusunduzela icala endaweni ehlukile. Nokho, enkathini yokukhulumisana okusheshayo, ukuhlukanisa ngokuphelele ijaji elwazini lwangaphandle akunakwenzekanga. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqulwa kwecala elisakazwa ka-O. Simpson kubonise indlela esasaze kuyo yonke imithombo yezindaba ezindaweni zomphakathi ukuveza ukubonakala ngayo ukubonakala nokuthinta kombono nokuthinta kwezindawo zokuqulwa kwejaji.

Ukungalingani Kwemithombo Yengcebo

Ukuqulwa kwecala okulungile kudinga womabili amacala ukuba abe nemithombo eyanele yokuveza icala lawo. Kodwa eqinisweni, ukumangalela ngokuvamile kunezinzuzo ezinkulu − ukushumayeza amaphoyisa, ochwepheshe bokulwa, nemithombo yokuhlola , (nesikhathi abamangalelwa bencike kubavikeli bomphakathi abaxhaswe kakhulu noma abagxekwa kakhulu ngokomthetho. Abamangalelwa ngokuvamile balwela ukuthola ukumelelwa okuphumelelayo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihilela ubufakazi obungokwesayensi noma izenzakalo ezinde. Lokhu kungaphazamisa inqubo efanelekile. Imizamo yoshintsho, njengokwanda kwezimali zokuvikela umphakathi nokunikeza ofakazi abangochwepheshe bezentethelelo, ukunikeza lenjongo yokunqanda ukunqanda, kodwa imibuso eminingi iyaqhubeka ihluleka.

Ama - bias Aphelele Nokucwasa

Ubandlululo oluphelele oluhlobene nohlanga, ubuzwe, ubulili, noma isimo sezenhlalo nezenhlalo lungaphazamisa ukwahlulela enkantolo. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamnyama nabamaLatino eUnited States basengozini kakhulu yokuboshwa futhi bathole izigwebo ezilukhuni kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yamacala afanayo. Abakhohlisi bangase bathabe ngokunganaki ofakazi abahlanganyela isizinda sabo noma bathonywe yimibono ehlukile. Abahluleli abanaso sobandlululo. Ukumelana nalemiphumela, izinkantolo ziye zasungula ukuqeqeshwa kobandlululo, amachazi ahlukene, iziqondiso ezihlukene zezejaji, neziqondiso zokugweba. Nokho, ubandlululo luhlala luyinselele inselele ekuqulweni okungakhethi.

Ukungezwani Kwezombangazwe Nokonakala

Emazweni amaningi, isimiso sokwahlulela singaphansi kokucindezela kwezombangazwe noma ukonakala okuqondile. Ohulumeni bangasebenzisa izinkantolo ukuze bathule abaphikisi abamelene namacala aqanjiwe, noma baphindisele abagxeki. Kulezozindawo ezizungezile, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga lincishiswa kakhulu. Abahluleli bangasongelwa, bafumbathiswe, noma bamiswe ngokusekelwe ekuthembekeni kunokuba bafanele. Amaqumrhu e-UN eHhovisi lezidakamizwa ne-Crime angasebenzisa ukulwa nokonakala kokwahlulela ngokuqinisa ukuzimela nokubona ngokukhululekile, kodwa inguquko enengqondo ivame ukudinga ushintsho olukhulu lwezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Izibonelo ezivela emazweni anjengeVenezuela, iRussia, neMyanmar zibonisa indlela ukungenela kwezombangazwe okungaguqula ngayo ukuvivinywa kube yizinkonzo zokucindezelwa.

Ukuzilibazisa Nokulibala Kwama - computer

Ukuvalelwa okudlulele kwangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala kululaza ukubekwa kwecala. Uma abamangalelwa beboshiwe belindele ukuqulwa kwecala izinyanga noma iminyaka, bangase babhekane nokuphoqelelwa ukuba bafake icala, balahlekelwe imisebenzi, futhi balwele ukulungiselela ukuvikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulibala isikhathi eside ukuletha icala kuphula ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala futhi kungenza ukuba abantu bakhohlwe noma bakhululeke. Izembobo ezingaphansi kwezinkantolo eziphoqelelwe, futhi izinqubo ezingaphucuthiwe zifaka isandla ekulibaziseni. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha liqashelwa ngeSixtempi futhi eSiphakathweni 14 se-ICPR, okungakho okungenza ukuba abantu bamangalelwe ngaphandle kokuzinzeka, futhi kuthathe isikhathi eside, futhi kuthathelwe phambili kakhulu kwamanye amazwe.

Ukungeniswa Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buletha kokubili amathuba nezingozi ekulingweni okulungile. Kwesinye isandla, ubufakazi bezimiso zemishini (njengeCTV, amarekhodi ocingo, nemininingwane ye-antensic) bungasiza ekumiseni iqiniso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthembela ekwakheni i-algorithm, ukubikezela i-data yamaphoyisa, nobufakazi obufinyelelwe buphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokubona, ukunemba, nokungavumelani. Izinkampani zangasese ezinikeza amathuluzi okungawathunyelelwayo zingazenzisazenzi izindlela zazo, ziphule ilungelo lommangalelwa lokuhlola ubufakazi obuyindida. Ukuphakama kwenkantolo ekude, okusheshiswe umqedazwelo we-CHOVAD, kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nekhono labamangalelwa lokuxhumana ngokuyimfihlo neseluleko esiyimfihlo nokulalela ngokugcwele. Inkantolo kumelwe ilinganisele ngokunakekela ngenqubo efanelekile.

Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke Zokulingwa Okufanele

Lezi zivumelwano zimisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokuthi zonke imibuso yezimpawu kumelwe zihlonishwe, zinikeze uhlelo lwembulunga yonke lwenqubo efanele.

Umthetho Wonke Wamalungelo Abantu (UDHR)

Isiphakamiso 10 se-UDHR sithi, “bonke banelungelo eliphelele lokulingana nokuqulwa kwecala elilungile nokwasobala, ngokuzinqumela kwamalungelo nezibopho zakhe nanoma isiphi isigebengu abekwa sona.” Nakuba i-UDHR ingaboshiwe ngokuqondile, izimiso zayo ziye zafakwa emthethweni wezizwe zonke nakwezivumelwano zamuva. ISiphakamiso 11 siqinisekisa ukubekwa kwemithetho yobugebengu nemithetho evimbela ukuvinjelwa.

Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Nangokwezombangazwe (ICCPR)

I-ICCPR inikeza isiqinisekiso sokuqulwa kwecala elilungile esinemininingwane eminingi kakhulu ngokubopha umthetho wezizwe zonke. ISiphakamiso 14 siveza uhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokutshelwa ngokushesha ngamacala, isikhathi esanele nezindawo zokulungiselela isivikelo, ilungelo lokululeka, ilungelo lokuzanywa ngaphandle kokulibala, ilungelo lokuhlola ofakazi, ilungelo lokuchaza ngenkululeko, nelungelo lokungaphoqelelwa ukuba ufakaze umlomo ngokumelene nomuntu. Libuye liqinisekise futhi ilungelo lokudlulisele. Amaqembu esizwe aqinisekisa ukuthi lamalungelo aboniswe ezimisweni zawo ezingokomthetho zasekhaya futhi afanelwe ukubukezwa ngezikhathi ezithile yiKomiti yamaLungelo Obuntu ye-UN.

Izivumelwano Zesifunda Zamalungelo Abantu

Ngapha kwemishini yembulunga yonke, izivumelwano zezifunda ziqinisa isivikelo esilungile sokuqulwa kwecala. Isivumelwano se-Eupanean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), ngeSiphakamiso 6, siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kobulungisa nokubekwa kwasobala ngesikhathi esilinganiselwe yinkantolo ezimele nengakhethi eyamiswa umthetho. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ikhiphe izahlulelo eziningi ezicacisa izinga lalelilungelo, ithonya imikhuba yenkantolo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngokufanayo, i-American Convention on Human Rights (icle 8) kanye ne-African Chater on Human Rights’s and People’s (Artle 7) ineziqinisekiso zokuqulwa komthetho oqotho. Le nqubo yesifunda inikeza izivumelwano zokufuna ukuvuselelwa kwabantu ngabanye lapho inqubo yomphakathi iphelile.

Imishini Ephoqelelwayo

Nakuba izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zimisa izindinganiso, ukugcinwa kwamanani kuxhomeke kakhulu ezinkantolo zasekhaya nasesandleni sezombangazwe. Ikomiti yama-ICCPR yamaLungelo e- Human Rights ingakhipha “imibono” ezikhalo zomuntu ngamunye, kodwa azibopheki. Izinkantolo zezifunda ezinjengeNkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu zingakhipha izahlulelo ezibophekayo nezihlelekayo. Izwe lingase futhi libhekane nokucindezela noma izijeziso zezentengiselwano eziqhubekayo. Nokho, amazwe amaningi awakwazi ukunikeza izivikeli ezifanele, futhi ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni kobulungisa bomhlaba wonke kungalinganiselwa ngemingcele ye-produaltures kanye nokuswe kwemithombo yemali.

Izenzakalo Zanamuhla Ezivikelweni Zokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

Njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha, yenza okufanayo nangezinselele namathuba okuqinisekisa ukuthi uvivinyo lulungile.

Ubuchwepheshe Enkantolo

Amathuluzi amanani aguqula izinqubo zokuhlola. I-electronic sescreens, i-computer egunyaza ukuzwa kude, kanye nobufakazi obunikezwa ngemishini kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokungena. Nokho, aphakamisa futhi inqubo efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa i-AI ukuhlola amathuba okuncishiselwa kwezinqumo zebheyili (njenge-COMPAS algorithm eUnited States) iye yagxekwa ngokukhetha ubuhlanga nokungabonakali. Izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise iziqondiso ezicacile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buthuthukisa isimo somzimba kunokuba bululaze ukwehlisa ubulungisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwamakhamera omzimba, ukuqasheka kobuso, nobufakazi obungokwenhlalo kudinga ukusingathwa kobuso nokungafihliwe.

Amalungelo Ezisulu Nokuqhubeka Okulinganiselayo

Izingxoxo zokuqulwa komthetho zanamuhla zicabangela amalungelo ezisulu, ezingase zibe nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho ekuhlanganyeleni, ekuvikeleni, nasekwazisweni. Izindawo eziningi manje zivumela ukusho okuthintekayo kwezisulu, iziyalezo zokuziphindiselela, nokumiswa kwabameleli. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo akumelwe ziphuthelwe amalungelo afanele amacala ommangalelwa. Ukulinganisa amalungelo abekwa icala nalabo abasolwayo kanye nomphakathi kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Ubulungisa Bentsha Nezinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Iqaphela ukuthi izingane zinezidingo ezihlukene ezicini zomthetho, amazwe amaningi aye amisa izimiso zokwahlulela ezihlukene zentsha ezihloselwe inqubo efanelekile. Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo kumzali noma umnakekeli, izinqubo ezikhethekile zokunikeza ubufakazi, nokugxila ekulungiseni izinto kunokujezisa. Izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, njenge UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 40), ifuna ukuba ukuqulwa kwezingane kuhlonishwe ngokungakhethi nangokulinganisa. Ngokufanayo, izinkinga ezisekela izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, imilaliso yezidakamizwa, kanye nochwepheshe bamazwe afuna ukuxoxa ngezindaba ezingaphansi kwemigomo ye-UN lapho belondoloza izigwebo ze-procestion.

Izinselele Zokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezokuhleleka Kwesiphambano

Njengoba ubugebengu buqhubeka buba bunezinye izizwe, amalungelo alungile okuqulwa kwecala angancishiswa yizinqubo ezingokomthetho, ukusekelana komthetho, nezinkantolo zezephulamthetho zomhlaba wonke. Abalweli bangabhekana nokuqulwa kwecala ezweni elilulimi nesimiso somthetho elingasiqondi. Izinkantolo zezephulamthetho zomhlaba wonke, njengeNkantolo yezizwe zonke, ziye zasungula izindinganiso zazo siqu ezifanele, ziveza amasiko amaningi angokomthetho. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlukaniswa kwezikhungo ezingokomthetho phakathi kwamazwe kungaholela ekuphazanyisweni lapho abantu bedluliselwa emngceleni ngaphandle kokuzivikela okufanele. Ukuvikela okufanayo ekuhlanganeni kwezizwe zonke kuhlala kuyinto yokuqala yeze kuqala kubantu abamele amalungelo abantu.

Isiphetho

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile, elisekelwe enqubweni efanelekile, libalulekile ekulinganiseni kwanoma yisiphi isimiso sobulungisa. Kusukela ekudalweni kwalo komlando kuyiMagna Carta kuya ekuqondiseni kwayo kwanamuhla ezivumelwaneni zomhlaba wonke, lelilungelo liye laqala ukuhlanganisa izivikelo eziningi ze-procedture, ukuqaphela, ukuzwa, inkantolo, ukumelelwa okungakhethi, ukumiswa okungokomthetho, ukuphikisana okungokomthetho, nokukhangayo. Isigaba somthetho, futhi sihlala sisendaweni ebaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni lezisivikelo, kodwa izinselele ezinjengethonya lemithombo yezindaba, ukungalingani, ukungezwani, nokushintsha kwezesayensi yezesayensi kuyaqhubeka. Izindinganiso zomhlaba zinikeza ibhentshisi, kodwa ukugcinwa okungafanele. Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka, kubalulekile ukuba abameleli, abakhi bemithetho, nabahluleli, nabaqali abaqaphile ekuvikeleni ukuvinye ukuvikelwa kwazo zonke izisulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisekuzo ezimweni ezingokwemvelo.