Ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni akuwona nje umqondo ocatshangelwayo othathwe encwadini yomphakathi, kodwa ukwakheka kwezakhiwo, ukuphefumula kwe-Melika. Nsuku zonke, ezifundeni lapho abafundi befunda khona ngemigwaqo kanye nemithetho ebavikelayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwegunya okubekwe eU.S. umthetho-sisekelo owenziwe ngomthetho-sisekelo uhlela isizwe. Abafundisi abafuna ukuhlomisela abafundi ngokuqonda okujulile ngendlela izwe labo elisebenza ngayo, futhi abafundi abazama ukuba izakhamuzi ezifundile, baqonde ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso yezwe nemibuso engokwesizwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola uhlaka lomthetho oluchaza lemithwalo yemfanelo, uhlaka lokubusa kwezwe ngomlando nangenkantolo, futhi bahlola incazelo yangempela yemiphumela yemfundo nokuphila kwabantu.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo SobuFederalism

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo babhekana nenselele enkulu: indlela yokwakha uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla ngokwanele ukuba uhlanganise lobunye kuyilapho ulondoloza ukuzibusa kwemibuso. Ikhambi abalisungula kwakuyi-construmentist(isimiso sokubusa (isimiso sokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwegunya elikhulu nezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezihlangene. Kunokunikeza wonke amandla esigaba esisodwa, uMthetho-sisekelo unika igunya ngamabomu, wenze ukulinganisela okunamandla okuye kwavivinywa futhi kwacwengisiswa amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Lokhu kuhlukana akukona ukumane nje kumane kumane kubonisa ukungathembani okujulile kwabahleli amandla agxile nenkolelo yabo yokuthi uhulumeni oseduze kakhulu nabantu usabela kakhulu ezidingweni zabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqaphela isidingo sikahulumeni wesizwe okwaziyo ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezinqamule imigqa yesifundazwe ($defensi, ezentengiselwano, nezokuxhumana) nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni ongase ube yisisulu.

Amandla Ahlangene: Igunya likaHulumeni kaFederal

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo iwumthombo oyinhloko wegunya likahulumeni. Ibala amandla athile anikezwa uMkhandlu, owaziwa ngokuthi amandla ahlelwe ngokwezigaba noma aphathisiwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukukhokha izintela nokuqoqa imisebenzi, izikhundla, nezigwebo
  • Ibhizinisi elihlanganisa amazwe angaphandle nelakwamanye amazwe
  • Memezelani impi futhi ninikeze izincwadi zenkosi nokuphindisela
  • Imali eyimali futhi ilawule ukubaluleka kwayo
  • Yakha amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo
  • Phakamisa amabutho futhi uwasekele
  • Siza ukuba kubizwe amabutho ukuba akhiphe imithetho, acindezele ukuvukela, futhi axoshe ukuhlasela

Lemibuso ipheleliswa yi-Fanetic neFanet Clause, enika uMkhandlu igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" ukuze ifeze imithwalo yayo yemfanelo ebaliwe. Le-gasme, etholakala ekupheleni kweSiphakamiso I, i-Gate 8, iye yaba isisekelo sokwanda okuphawulekayo kwegunya likahulumeni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi njengoba isizwe siye sakhula futhi umnotho uye wahlangana kakhulu.

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa ukuphakama komthetho kahulumeni nge-Supremacy Claus eSiphakamisweni VI. Lomusho umemezela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni ebekwe i-transformation kuwo, futhi izivumelwano ziyi-"umthetho wezwe owenziwe waphezulu," ubopha bonke abahluleli nezikhulu kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Uma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni unqoba [1] isimiso esiye saba sesisekelo ezinhlangothini zeNkanto evelele zeNkantolo.

Amagunya agciniwe: Umkhakha ka-Astas

ISichibiyelo seshumi, esagunyazwa njengengxenye yeBill of Rights ngo-1791, sinikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo segunya likahulumeni. Sithi: “Imibuso ayiphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma inqatshelwe yi-United States, igcinelwe i-United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu. Lokhu kulungisa kwenza kucace lokho abafaki bezakhiwo abase bekuhlosile: uhulumeni kazwelonke unegunya eliwunike lona kuphela, kuyilapho amazwe ephethe igosa elikhulu lezindaba ezinganikezwangagunya likahulumeni wezwe.

Lamagunya agcinelwe ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ethinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwamaMelika:

  • Ukuqondisa imfundo nokumisa izimiso zesikole
  • Ukuqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo nokuphepha komphakathi
  • Ukuqhuba nokuqondisa ukhetho
  • Ukumisa ohulumeni bendawo nomthetho - sisekelo
  • Ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano namabhizinisi asesifundeni sasemazweni ahlukene
  • Ochwepheshe abakhokhela (odokotela, abameli, othisha, njll.)
  • Ukubona ngokweqile imithetho yomshado nesehlukaniso
  • Ukuqondisa ukusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi nomthetho wempahla

Lemibuso ewujuqu ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi — ukuvumelana nezimiso ezibonisa izindinganiso nezidingo zomphakathi wawo. Amazwe ahluka kakhulu ezindleleni zawo zokukhokha intela, ukuxhasa imfundo, imithetho yokunakekela impilo, nokwahlulela kobugebengu, ngenxa nje yokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uwavumela ukuba avumelane nokwenza kanjalo.

Amandla Amanje: Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ehlanganyelayo

Ngaphezu kwemibuso engohulumeni noma izifundazwe kuphela, kukhona amandla avumelanayo asetshenziswa ngawo womabili amazinga ngesikhathi esifanayo. Le mithwalo yemfanelo ehlanganyelweyo idinga ukubambisana futhi ingaba umthombo wokubambisana nokucindezeleka. Isihluthulelo samandla ahambisanayo sihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhokha izintela ngokuxosha nokunyusa inzuzo
  • Ukwakha nokulondoloza izakhiwo, kuhlanganise nemigwaqo namabhuloho
  • Ukumiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezinkantolo nezimiso zokwahlulela
  • Ukushaya imithetho nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi
  • Ukuboleka imali
  • Ukubhala amabhange nezinhlangano
  • Ukunakekela impilo nenhlalakahle yomphakathi

Amagunya akhona abonisa ukuthi ubuzwe abuwona umdlalo we-zero-sum. Bobabili ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bangathatha isinyathelo esisendaweni efanayo yenkambiso, nakuba umthetho kahulumeni uzakuthatha indawo yokuqala uma kuvela izingxabano. Leligunya elihlangeneyo liye lavumela izindlela ezicaciswe ezinkingeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengokuvikela indawo ezungezile, lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni umisa khona izindinganiso zesisekelo esiqinile kanye nezindawo ezimisa imithetho eqinile uma bekhetha.

Ukuziphendukela Kwendawo Kwezivumelwano Zesifunda

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nemibuso buye bashintsha ngokuphawulekayo emlandweni waseMelika, bubonisa izinguquko kwezomnotho, emphakathini, nakufilosofi yezombangazwe.

I-Dual Federalism: IModel Cake Cake Cale Cade (1789-1930)

Ingxenye enkulu yeminyaka yokuqala engu-150, ubuzwe obubili buye basetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwalesisimo, ngokuvamile buqhathaniswa nekhekhe longqi, uhulumeni wezwe nombuso osebenza ngokuhlukene, izimbulunga ezihlukene nezingalingani. Uhulumeni wezwe wagxila ekwakheni amandla awo aphindaphindiwe (ukuvikela kwesizwe, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, ezentengiselwano zezwe, nenkonzo yeposi) futhi obuphethe imfuno enkulu yasekhaya, kuhlanganise nemfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho, kanye nomthetho wezebhizinisi nempahla.

INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukumisa imingcele eqinile phakathi kwamazinga amabili. Ezimweni ezifana ne- United States v. E.C. ightnight (1995), iNkantolo yalinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Chwelement Claus, inquma ukuthi ukwakha kwakuwumsebenzi wendawo ongekho ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni. Lenkathi yabona ukungenela kukahulumeni kwezezomnotho nezenhlalo ngokulinganiselwe.

Ubumbano: IMarble Cake Model (1930s-1970s)

I-Great Depression and Priestlin D. Roosevelt's New Bureal Transformism. Njengoba inkinga yezomnotho yanqoba imithombo kahulumeni, uhulumeni wamazwe wathatha indima enkulu kakhulu enkambisweni yasekhaya. Leli lungiselelo elisha, ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi i-constitution noma "mark kheism" ye-socialism, lafipha imingcele phakathi kwemithwalo kahulumeni nombuso.

Ngaphansi kwe-constitutionism ebambisanayo, uhulumeni kahulumeni wanikeza iziqondiso ezisekelwe ekuxhaseni imali futhi wamisa iziqondiso ezibanzi zezinhlelo, kuyilapho imibuso yayizinikeza phansi. Izinhlelo zikaGrant-in-aid zanda, ngokuthunyelwa kwamadola kahulumeni ezizweni zezemfundo, ezemfundo, ezenhlalakahle, nezempilo yomphakathi. Uhulumeni wamazwe wandisa futhi ukufinyelela kwawo ekuchazeni okubanzi kweCommercial Claus, okusekelwe yiNQURB h. [FLLL] v. Jones & Lauglin State Corp.[[FL:1] [197]

I - New Federalism ne - Dvolution (1970s\Presente)

Kusukela ngawo-1970 nangaphansi koMongameli uRichard Nixon noRonald Reagan, inhlangano eyaziwa ngokuthi i-New Federalism yafuna ukubuyisela amandla nomthwalo wemfanelo ezifundazweni. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni wezwe usubekwe kakhulu nokuthi amazwe ayema ngcono ukusingatha izidingo zendawo. Lenkathi yabona ukusungulwa kweminyango yemigoqo, eyabangela ukuba kusetshenziswe imali kahulumeni, kanye nokuncishiswa kwezinhlelo njengenguquko yenhlalakahle nge-Internety and Work Orpective Religion ka-19969.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yenza futhi indima kulo shintsho, ukukhipha izinqumo ezilinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi zivikele ubukhosi bombuso. Icala elinjenge- United States v. Lopez (1995] kanye Printz v. United States (1997) yashaya imithetho kahulumeni ezisekelweni yokuthi yeqisa igunya leKhongolo ngaphansi kwe-Cex Clausleaste futhi yaphula izimiso ze-unistism.

Ukuphawula Izwe Amacala Enkantolo Ephakeme Alimaza Uhulumeni

INkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States iye yaba umsekeli oyinhloko wezimpikiswano zikahulumeni, ichaza ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ngemithetho ephawulekayo eqhubeka iqondisa ukulingana kwamandla.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Ukumiswa kweFederal Supremacy

Elinye lamacala abaluleke kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, Mcloch v. Maryland laphendula imibuzo emibili eyisisekelo: ukuthi uKhongolose wayenegunya lokwenza ibhange lesizwe, nokuthi uhulumeni ungayikhokha yini inhlangano kahulumeni. UMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall, ebhala eNkantolo ehlangene, waphendula ngazo zombili izindlela ezaqinisa amandla kahulumeni.

Okokuqala, uMarshall wakholelwa ukuthi i-Suprematy Claus edingekile neFaned Claus yanikeza i-Congress ukwahlulela okukhulu ukuze ikhethe indlela yokufeza imibuso yayo ebaliwe, ngisho noma leyo zindlela zingahlelwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni-sisekelo. Okwesibili, wanquma ukuthi iSuprematy Claus yenqatshelwe ezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezikhokha intela, ememezela ngokudume ukuthi "amandla entela ahlanganisa amandla okubhubhisa." Lelicala lasungula isimiso sokubusa kukahulumeni kanye negunya elihunyushwe kabanzi ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. Funda indaba ephelele ebekwe ku-Oyez.[FLT]

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Ukuvula iCempery Claus

Gibbons v. Ogden, iNkantolo yaphinde yandisa amandla kahulumeni, kulokhu isebenzisa i-Claus yezentengiselwano. Icala lalihilela ukuphikisana ngamalungelo emikhumbi yesitimu emanzini aseNew York. INew York yayinike imvume yokuba i-oxential, kodwa uMkhandlu wawumise imikhumbi ethengisa uhulumeni ehlangene ngezohwebo lolwandle. INkantolo, yaphinde yahola uMarshall, yanquma ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni wanqoba ngaphansi kwe-Supremacy Claus.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, uMarshall wachaza "umkhakha" ngokubanzi ukuthi ungahlanganisi nje ukuhwebelana ngezimpahla kodwa zonke izinhlobo zokuhlangana kwezentengiselwano, kuhlanganise nokuhamba ngemikhumbi. Wabuye wakholelwa ukuthi amandla oMkhandlu wokulawula ezentengiselwano zasesifundazweni anwetshwa kunoma yisiphi itengiselwano esinqamule imigqa yombuso (noma ngisho nakuwo wonke umbuso. Le ncazelo enkulu yabeka isisekelo sesimiso sesikhathi esizayo sezomnotho. Wafunda isifushayelo esiphelele sendaba ku-Oyez.]

United States v. Lopez (1995): Reining eFederal Power

Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka, iNkantolo yasekela cishe noma yimuphi umthetho kahulumeni owawubekwe eChwebeni lika Claus. Lokho kwashintsha ku- United States v. Lopez, lapho iNkantolo yahlasela khona iSiphakamiso seGun-Free School Sone Act ka 1990, okwasenza kwaba umthetho kahulumeni ukuba sibe nesibhamu efundeni. Uhulumeni waphikisa ngokuthi ukuba isibhamu esiseduze kwezikole sithinte ibhizinisi lezemfundo nezomnotho.

INkantolo, esinqumweni esingu 5-4, yakwenqaba lokhu kucabanga. IJaji eliyinhloko uWilliam Rehnquist wabhala ukuthi umthetho wawungenanto "ngezentengiselwano noma nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezentengiselwano" nokuthi ukuze usekele "ukuguqula igunya lezentengiselwano ngaphansi kweKhomanisi uClaus egunyeni eliphethe amaphoyisa avamile. ILeopez yaphawula okokuqala eminyakeni ecishe engamashumi ayisithupha [iNkakhulu] ukuthi iNkantolo yashaya umthetho kahulumeni wegunya lezentengiselwano ka-Claus Classe, iphawula isibopho esisha sokulinganisela amandla ombuso.

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): I-ACA ne-Federal Power

Icala likahulumeni elibaluleke kakhulu ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala kuze kube manje, NFIB v. Sebelius wahlola ubukho bomthetho-sisekelo we-Affordal Care Act (ACA). INkantolo yabhekana nemibuzo emibili eyisihluthulelo: ukuthi uMkhandlu ungafuna yini ukuba abantu bathenge umshuwalense wempilo ngaphansi kwe-Chwebo Claus, nokuthi u-A ACIIIS wandisa uMedicaid kwakuwukusetshenziswa okuvumelekile kokusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni.

IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Roberts, ebhalela iNkantolo ephukile, wavuma ukuthi igunya lomuntu ngecala alinakuthethelelwa ngaphansi kwe-Chwethel Clause, njengoba lalilawula ukungasebenzi .Isinqumo sokungathengi umshuwalense (hhayi kunemisebenzi yezentengiselwano ekhona. Nokho, iNkantolo yasekela ukugunyazwa kwamandla asemthethweni okukhokha intela, ngoba yayisebenza njengesigwebo sentela kulabo abangawutholi.

Kundaba yeMedicaid, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ilungiselelo lika-ACA elisongela ukukhipha yonke imali yeMedicaid eyayikhona manje ezindaweni elanqaba ukwandisa uhlelo lalihambisana futhi laphula izimiso zobuzwe. I-United States kumelwe inikezwe ukukhetha kwangempela ukuthi ingakwamukela yini ukwanda. Lesi sinqumo sabonisa isilinganiso esibalulekile sokusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni, siqinisa umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ngeke usebenzise imali enemibandela ukuze uphoqelele amazwe ukuba asebenzise imithetho kahulumeni. Funda isifushayo esigcwele secala ku-Oyez.

E - United States (1997): Ukuvikela Ububusi BukaHulumeni

Ku Printz v. United States, iNkantolo yalahla amalungiselelo eBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act eyayifuna ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni nomthetho wendawo ziqondise isizinda sokuhlola abathengi bemibhamu. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphethe ukuba zisebenzise izinhlelo zokubuyisela uhulumeni ezisemthethweni. Lesimiso sivikela uhulumeni ngokusebenzisa izikhulu zikahulumeni njengemishini kahulumeni. Icala liqinisa ukuvikelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni esemthethweni.

Ukubambisana Okusebenzayo: Umthetho Wemfundo

Imfundo ingenye yezinkundla ezibonakala kakhulu lapho ubuzwe busebenza khona. UMthetho-sisekelo awukhulumi ngemfundo, ngakho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi, ingaphakathi kwemibuso egciniwe yezwe. Nokho uhulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile, ukwakha ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi obuthinta ngokuqondile abafundi, othisha, nezikole.

Indima Yomphakathi Emfundweni

Naphezu kokungabikho komthetho-mthetho wokungenela kwemfundo kahulumeni, uhulumeni wezwe uye wakha izinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuxhasa nokuqinisekisa amalungelo omphakathi. Uhulumeni unikeza ukusekela okungokwezimali ezifundazweni nasezifundazweni ngezinhlelo ezinjengesihloko I (kunezikole eziphezulu), i-Antess enemfundo ekhubazekayo (I-IDEA), futhi inikeza izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene. Ngokubuya, izifunda kumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinyathelo zokulandisa icala, isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi, kanye nokubika ukwaziswa.

I-ESSA idinga izimo zokumisa izindinganiso zemfundo, zinikeze izinqumo zemfundo zaminyaka yonke, zibone futhi zisekele izikole eziphansi ezifeza iziqu, kodwa iveza ukuvumelana okuphawulekayo endleleni ezifinyelela ngayo lemigomo. Lokhu kubonisa ukususwa kwendima kahulumeni engcono ngaphansi kwe-No Child Lefle Behind Act (NCLB).

Uhulumeni uphoqelela futhi imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi evikela abafundi ekucwaseni okusekelwe ohlazweni lobuhlanga, ezweni, ebulilini, ukukhubazeka, nobudala. I-Derpartment of Education’s Office for Civil Rights ihlola izikhalo nezindaba eziqondisa izindaba kusukela ekuhlukunyezweni ngokobulili kuya ekutholeni abafundi abafunda ulimi lwesiNgisi.

Izwe Nokulawula Kwendawo

Izwe linegunya eliyinhloko ngemfundo, kuhlanganise nokumisa izimiso zemfundo, ukuqasha othisha, ukumisa izinqubo zokuxhasa imali, nokumisa izimfuneko zokuphothula. Ezizweni, izikole eziningi zesikole zalapha, eziphatha izikole, eziqasha izisebenzi, futhi zithuthukise izimiso zendawo.

Lesimiso esihloniphekile siveza ukuhlukahluka okukhulu. Amazwe ahlukahluka ekusebenziseni kwawo imali (kusukela ku-R2 000 e-Utah kuya ku-R220 000 e-New York), izindinganiso zawo zemfundo (njenganoma bamukela i-Core ePhakeme), futhi izindlela zabo zokukhetha isikole, ukuhlola, nothisha. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlukani kwezinga lemfundo nasemiphumeleni yombuso, inselele eqhubekayo engokwenqubo yemfundo yaseMelika.

Izingxabano Nokubambisana Kwezemfundo

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwegunya lemfundo likahulumeni nezwe ngokuvamile kuphawulwa ukushukuma. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamelana nomthetho kahulumeni, ziphikisana nokulawula kwendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, imizamo ye-Obama yokukhuthaza ababusi ukuba bamukele izindinganiso ezivamile ngomncintiswano inikeza iziqondiso ezifana ne-Core e-Top fresh fresh espaintlish yalabo ababeyibheka njengenobuqili. Ngokufanayo, izimpikiswano ngokusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni ukuze bafake izimo ezimweni ezithile. Ngokufana nemfuneko esho ukuthi ukwamukela izimiso ezithile zokuhlola uthisha zisekelwe kuthisha zinikeza imvume yokufuna ukuphakamisa imibuzo ye-ganolizimu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhulumeni uvumela ukubambisana okunenzuzo. Izwe lingafunda ekuphumeleleni nasekuhlulekeni, futhi uhulumeni kahulumeni unganikeza imithombo nosizo lobuchwepheshe ukuze usize izifunda ezithuthukisa izimiso zazo zemfundo. Ukushintshashintsha kwezimiso ze-Essa kuvumela amazwe ukuba ahlele izimiso ezibonisa ukulandisa okubonisa izinto eziza kuqala zendawo, kuyilapho esahlangabezana nezimfuneko zikahulumeni zokubona bhabhubha nokungaguquguquki.

Ukuqonda lezi zindlela ezinamandla kubalulekile kubafundisi nakubafundi, njengoba ukubusa kukahulumeni kuthonya ngokuqondile ingcebo, izimiso namathuba atholakala emiphakathini yabo.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezimpini Zokusebenzela Uhulumeni

Ukusukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya endaweni ezungezile kuya ezimweni eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, ukwahlukana kwegunya phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nemibuso kusalokhu kuwumsuka wengxabano nokuzivumelanisa.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nomthetho Wokunakekela Ongadunyiswa

I-ACA, encikene ne-NFIB v. Sebelius, ihlala iyindawo ebanzi ephikisanayo ye-constalism. Isinqumo sokuvumela amazwe ukuba akhethe ukuthi angandisa iMedicaid yakha umsebenzi owengeziwe wokuhlanganisa izwe. Njengango-2025, cishe amazwe ayishumi awazange andise i-Medicaid, ashiya abantu abadala abaningi abazamukela imali ephansi kulezo zimo ngaphandle kokufinyelela umshuwalense wempilo emba emba emba eqo. Lokhu kuveza indlela ehlukeneyo engenza ngayo ukuba uhulumeni ungenele ezinzuzo zomphakathi ngokusekelwe ezindaweni eziphila umuntu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ithi kuye kwandisa iMedicaid kusebenzisa ukuvumelana nezimiso ezinikezwa uhulumeni ukuze kusungulwe izinhlelo ezintsha ezivumelaniswe nemiphakathi yayo. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa izimfuneko zomsebenzi, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zagxila ekukhulumeni nabanqandeni bempilo ezenhlalo. Isimiso sokushintshana kwe-ACA's sivumela futhi amazwe ukuba asebenzise izigcawu zawo noma amapulatifomu asemthethweni, abangele olunye ulwelwelwe-mthetho lwezempilo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile sinye indawo lapho uhulumeni ufeza khona indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Uhulumeni kahulumeni ubeka izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Clean Air Act ne-Clean Water Act, kodwa imibuso ingamisa imithetho eqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, iye yamisa izindinganiso zokukhipha igesi eziqinile zezimoto, futhi eminye imibuso ingenza ukukhetha kokwamukela izindinganiso zeCalifornia ngaphansi kwe-Ceaoc Air Act.

Lelilungiselelo lingaholela ezimpikiswaneni ikakhulukazi lapho amazwe ebekela imingcele yendawo ezungezile inselele noma lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni uzama ukulinganisela igunya likahulumeni. Phakathi nomphathi weTrump, uhulumeni wamazwe wasusa igunya leCalifornia lokumisa izindinganiso zakhe siqu zemoto, ukunyakaza okwathi kamuva kwashintshwa umqondisi we Biden. Lenkathi yamuva neyangaphakathi ibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuhlehliswa kwezwe nokuhlolwa komthetho wendawo ezungezile.

Ukugunyazwa Kwecala NobuProfethi

Isikhundla esingokomthetho sensangu sinikeza esinye sezibonelo ezivelele zobuzwe. Nakuba insangu isalokhu iyisisebenzi esilawula umthetho kahulumeni, inani elikhulayo lezifundazwe liye layibhalisa ngokomthetho ukuze isetshenziswe kwezokwelapha, isetshenziswe ngokwezokuzijabulisa, noma kokubili. Kusukela ngo-2025, 24 izifundazwe nesifundazwe saseColumbia siye sagunyaza insangu esemthethweni, futhi cishe wonke amazwe avumela insangu yezokwelapha.

Lokhu kudala ingxabano eyisisekelo phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uthathe indlela yokungathathi hlangothi, unqabe ukuqupha abantu noma amabhizinisi avumelana nemithetho kahulumeni yensangu, kodwa ukuguquguquka kudala ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho nezinselele ezisebenzayo emabhizinisini, emabhange, nakubathengi. Kuze kube manje iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yahluleka ukulinganisela kulendaba, ishiye ukungaxabani kungaphenduli. Lempi eqhubekayo ibonisa imingcele yombuso yokuzimela uma umthetho kahulumeni uhlala ezincwadini.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nempilo Yomphakathi

Isifo se-COVOID-19d sabangela ukuqashelwa komphakathi. Nakuba uhulumeni wakhona wanikeza izimali, isiqondiso, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukugoma nge-Operation Warp Speed, izifundazwe zahola ekusebenziseni izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi ezinjengokuvala izibopho, izifihla-mabala, nokuvala izikhundla. Umphumela waba ukusabela okungalingani kakhulu, kanye nezindawo ezamukela izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu ezisekelwe ezimweni zendawo, ekucabangeleni kwezombangazwe, nasezinqumweni zokwahlulela.

UFederalism wavumela amazwe ukuba aphendule ngezimo zawo ezithile, kodwa futhi waholela ekudidekeni nasekuguquguqukeni. Izimiso zasekhaya lasebesebekhulile, ukuxoshwa kwezindawo, kanye nezinzuzo zokungasebenzi kwahluka kakhulu embusweni wezwe nombuso. Lo mqedazwe waphakamisa imibuzo ngemingcele yegunya likahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungenza isiqinisekiso sobuzwe noma imfuneko yokugoma − imibango eyaxazululwa ekugcineni ngokuvumelana kwezombangazwe okuguquguqukayo.

Okwenza Ukuba Nobuhlanga Kubaluleke Kubafundisi NabaFundi

Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda uhulumeni akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kuthinta ngokuqondile indlela izikole ezisebenza ngayo, indlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela abafundi abafunda ngayo ngezindima zabo njengezakhamuzi.

Isimiso sobuFederal sithinta imfundo ngezindlela ezingokoqobo: imali etholwa isikole, izindinganiso zemfundo ezilandelwa yiso, nezimfuneko zokuhlola okumelwe kuhlangatshezwane nazo zonke izimfuneko zokusebenzelana kohulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo. Othisha abaqonda lamandla bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukusekela imithombo yemali, ukushintsha kwezimiso zokuqondisa indlela, futhi bachazele abafundi ukuthi kungani izikole zihluka kakhulu ngokwezwe ngalinye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni uyisisekelo semfundo yomphakathi. Abafundi akudingeki baqonde nje kuphela ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe labo usebenza kanjani, kodwa nendlela umbuso wabo nohulumeni bendawo abasebenza ngayo, kanye nendlela le mikhakha esebenzelana ngayo. Kufanele baqonde ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo udala isimiso lapho unamandla ehlanganyelwa futhi ephikiswa khona, nokuthi lesi simiso sithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, ezinkokhisweni abazikhokhayo emoyeni abaphefumulayo.

Ngokuhlola amacala avelele eNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuhlola izimpikiswano zezimiso zamanje, nokuhlola umbhalo womthetho - sisekelo ngokwawo, abafundi bahlakulela amakhono okugxeka nokwazisa okujulile ngemicikilisho yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Bathola ukuthi ubuzwe abulona ilungiselelo elimisiwe kodwa ingxoxo eqhubekayo (ukuxoxa) okuqhubekayo kwezizukulwane zamaMelika kanye nokuthi nazo ziyozuza ifa.

Isiphetho

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa isimiso sikahulumeni esihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezwe, sidala ukulinganisela okunamandla okuye kwavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imibuso ehlangene inikeza uhulumeni igunya ezindabeni zezwe, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo seshumi sigcina imibuso ebanzi ezweni. Imibuso yamanje ivumela ukuba inomthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaba nendima eyinhloko ekuchazeni lengxenye.

Kusukela ezimweni ezivelele ze uMcloch v. Maryland kanye ne[FLT]Gibbons v. Ogden kuya kwiimpikiswano zanamuhla zokunakekela impilo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, kanye nokubekwa kwensangu, ubuzwe buhlala buyindawo eqinile nencintisanayo ye-Melika. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda uhulumeni kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iUnited States esebenza ngayo kanye nokuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokulungisa ikusasa layo.

Ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni akuyona nje into engokomlando. Isakhiwo esiphilayo esisaqhubeka sizivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha nezimo ezishintshayo. Ngokuhlola amalungiselelo oMthetho-sisekelo, ukuziphendukela kobuhlobo besifundazwe nokwethunyelwa kwemithetho, izakhamuzi zingaqala ukuqonda ngokujulile izimiso ezisekela ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika (nendima yazo ngaphakathi kuyo).