Ukubaluleka Kokuthola Imithombo Yezindaba

Enkathini lapho umuntu ovamile ehlangana nezinkulungwane zemiyalezo nsuku zonke kususela emaphephandabeni ezokudla kwezenhlalo ukukhuthaza ukuqashelwa kwezaziso zezindaba [1] ikhono lokuhlola imithombo liye lasuka ekhonweni eliwusizo kuya kwelabalulekile. Ukwaziswa okuningi, kuhlangene nejubane elihamba ngalo, kudala indawo lapho amanga engadlula khona amaqiniso. Ukusakaza imithombo yezindaba akuyona nje indlela yokuthatha iqhaza, kuyindlela yokuthatha ingqhinga yomphakathi. Uma abantu behlaziya kahle lokho abakufundayo, bazivikela ekuxhaseni, basekele ubusakazi obunenzuzo, futhi banikela enkulumweni engcono.

Izigxobo azikaze zibe zingcono. I-mistation ingaguqula ukuziphatha kwabavoti, ijulise ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe, futhi ngisho ifake ukuphila engozini phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi. Inqubo yentando yeningi incike kukhetho olungahlukanisa phakathi kokubika okuthembekile nenkulumo eyinkohliso. Ngaphandle kokuba umphakathi oqeqeshiwe ekuhloleni imithombo, isisekelo sokuvuma kolwazi, ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi.

Ukuthola Amandla Ngokucabanga Ngokuqonda

Ukuhlolwa okugxekayo kunika abantu amandla okulawula ukuphuza kwabo ukwaziswa kunokuthatha noma yiziphi iziyalezo noma izihloko ezivusa amadlingozi ezibhekiswe phambi kwabo. Uma ufunda ukubuza izisusa zomthombo, ukuhlola umlando wazo, futhi uqinisekisa ukusho kwawo, usuka ekubeni umthengi wezindaba uye ekuhlanganyeleni kwezokuxhumana. Lokhu kunciphisa ukukhathazeka nokudideka ngenxa yokuthi awusadingi ukuthembela emizweni yangaphakathi noma ekuthathekeni okungokomzwelo. Kunalokho, unendlela ehleliwe yokunquma ukuthi yini ethembekile. Izimiso zemfundo, amaqembu omphakathi, nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha emsebenzini ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukufunda izinto zezindaba akuyona into engenziwa ngaphandle kokwenza umkhuba.

Icala Lezinhlangano Zezindaba

Uma izilaleli zifuna ukuba kubenokukhanya nokuqina, izinhlangano zezindaba ziyaphendula. Umkhuba wokuhlola imithombo ubangela ukucindezela kwezentengiselwano eziphakeme. Amaphephandaba, abasakazi, namachashaza emishini akhiqiza njalo izisekelo ezingcono, okuyiqiniso okuhlolwayo kuthola ukwethembeka, kuyilapho lawo asika amakhoneni noma asakaza iziphakamiso alahlekelwa ukuthembeka nezikhokhelo. Lokhu kuphendula kuqinisa ukuthembeka kweminyuziyamu ebhodini. Amaphephandaba azimele abheka imishini enjenge-News Guard kanye [FLT:] ne[FLD Bias/Fctal [Flct:] ne[Flgce[Flct:] isilinganiso sezindaba, ukunikeza amathuluzi omphakathi ukuba agcine imibiko.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezinolwazi Njengesithakazelisi Esinentando Yeningi

Umphakathi okwazi kahle awuyona i-codemocracy; imfuneko yokusebenza kwentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi ezingakwazi ukuhlukanisa iqiniso nezindaba eziqanjiwe azikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezicatshangelwe kahle ngabazo, izinqubo, noma izindaba zomphakathi. I-Misformation ikhuphula isisekelo esidingekayo senkulumo yezombangazwe. Ngokuhlola njalo imithombo, abantu bakha ibalazwe elithembekile lezindawo zokwaziswa, libenza bakwazi ukuhlanganyela engxoxweni enengqondo futhi bahlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi ngokuqiniseka. Lengxenye ihlola ukuthi kungani umphakathi ofaka inzuzo esekelwe ekuhlolweni komthombo uvuna imivuzo embuyiselweni embusweni, emphakathini, emphakathini, futhi uthembele ezikhungweni.

Umphumela Wokwaziswa Okungalungile

Ukungaqondi kahle akulona iphutha eliyingozi. Kungaba nemiphumela elimaza abantu nemiphakathi. Ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukuthi ithonya layo liyini kubalulekile ukuze kushukunyiswe imizamo eqhubekayo yokulwa nalo.

Ukucacisa Nokuhlukaniswa Kwenkulumo

Enye yemiphumela eyingozi kakhulu yokwaziswa okunganembile yikhono layo lokuhlukanisa abantu. Ngokungagunci kuvame ukubangela ukusabela okungokomzwelo, okubangela ukuvumelana: abantu bafuna futhi bakholelwe ukwaziswa okuqinisa imibono yabo ekhona. Imithetho yezobuchwepheshe yezembutho yezesayensi yomphakathi ikhulisa lomphumela ngokufukula abasebenzisi abahambisana nezithakazelo zabo kanye nokuchofoza kwangaphambili, ukwenza amagumbi okunanela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuvumelana kwenza kube nzima kubantu ukuvuma imibono ephikisayo, futhi i-syline eyisisekelo esinembayo esidinakele esidinakeleyo sengxoxo yentando yeningi inyama inyama. Endaweni epholishile, ngisho namaqiniso abhalwe kahle angalahlwa njenge-creatruffiary.

Izingozi Zempilo Yomphakathi Nengozi Yangempela Emhlabeni

Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 wabonisa indlela ukwaziswa okungafinyelelwa ngayo ngokushesha ukuba kube yinkinga yempilo yomphakathi. Ukuzisholo okungamanga ngokwelapha, ukugoma, nezindlela zokudlulisa amagciwane kwaholela abantu ukuba balahle iseluleko esiqinisekisiwe sezokwelapha, izibhedlela ezikhungethe ukubulala. Ngokufanayo, ukudwetshwa kwemijovo enqandayo kubangele ukuqubuka kwezifo ezingavinjelwa njengesimungumungwane. Izindleko zemali zempilo ezingemthetho ezingenwa ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwenani eliyizinkulungwane zezigidi zezigidi, ukukhuphuka okukhula, ukufa kwasesibhedlela, nokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngaphandle kokuqashelwa, ukudamba ngesayensi yesimo sezulu kubambe ijubane lokufuduka kwembulunga yonke, nokunye ukulandisa okungamangaliswa ngezenzo zokhetho kulula ukholo ezinqulwini zentandola.

Ukuncipha Kokwethembana Ezinhlanganweni

Ukuchayeka kaningi ekwazisweni okungamanga noma okudukisayo (ngoba kusekwezombangazwe, isayensi, noma izimali) kuthembela hhayi kuphela emithonjeni yezindaba kodwa kuzo zonke izinhlangano ezithembele ekuthembeni komphakathi: uhulumeni, amayunivesithi, izinkampani, nenzuzo. Uma abantu bengenakuvumelana ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo, baba abagculisi futhi abafuni ukuhlanganiswa. Lokhu kuvula umnyango wozungu lwezimfundiso kanye nokunxusa kwempoqo. Ukubuyisela ukuthemba kudinga isibopho esiqhubekayo ekubonakaleni, ekufezekeni, nasemfundweni kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi.

Imishini Yokwaziswa Okungalungile Iyasakazeka

Ukuze kuhlolwe imithombo yezindaba ngokuphumelelayo, kuyasiza ukuqonda indlela ukwaziswa okunganembile okusakazeka ngayo ekuqaleni. Izici eziningi zobuchwepheshe nezingokwengqondo zihlanganisa izakhi zobuchwepheshe ukuze zakhe lokho abacwaningi abakubiza ngokuthi “ukungahleleki kokwaziswa.”

Ukubaluleka Kwemithetho Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ama-computer ezezindaba alungele ukuthembisana, hhayi ukunemba. Imithetho yabo ihlela okuqukethwe yizinto ezibangela ukuchofoza, ukwabelana, nokuphawula, futhi ukuhlanekezela noma ukwesaba ngokuvamile kwenza kangcono kunokubika okungena emaqinisweni. Ukuhlolwa kuka-2018 kwe-MIT kwathola ukuthi amanga ku-Tuttter asakazeka “ngejubane, ngokushesha, ngokujule ngokwengeziwe, nangokubanzi kakhulu kuneqiniso kuzo zonke izigaba zolwazi." Umklamo walezi zimiso usho ukuthi ngisho nesilinganiso esincane sokudukisa singafinyelela izigidi ngaphambi kokuba abalondolozi bangene.

Izingxenye Zomhlobiso Nezinhlayiya Eziseceleni

Uma amapulatifomu ekwazi ukuzimela esekelwe ekuziphatheni komsebenzisi, adala amagwebu ahluzayo − ulwazi olubonisa kuphela ukuvumelana nezinkolelo zomsebenzisi ezikhona. Kula maqampu, izisho zamanga zingasakazeka ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kwenselele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abasebenzisi bangaqala ukuthemba imithombo abangayithembi ngoba nje bebonakala njalo ekudleni kwabo. Ukuphuma egumbini lomsindo kudinga umzamo oqotho: ukulandela ukulandisa okuhlukahlukene, ukusebenzisa ezinye izindaba ezihlukile abaqondisi-ggego, futhi bafune ngamabomu imithombo enokubaluleka okukhulu kakhulu emibonweni ehlukene.

Indima Yabaenzi Bokubi

Akuwona wonke amaphutha ayenzeka ngengozi. Imikhankaso kahulumeni exazululiwe yokwaziswa, amaqembu ezombangazwe, kanye namapulazi angenisa inzuzo” amapulazi “asungula futhi asakaze izindaba ezingamanga ngamabomu ukuze athonye okhetho, ahlwanyele ukungaboni, noma akhiphe inzuzo yokukhangisa. Ukuqaphela lolungwengwengwengwezi lwenkohliso yenhloso kwenza ukuba imithombo inciphe ngokuphuthuma ngokwengeziwe. I-audiences akumelwe ingangabaze ukunemba kwento kuphela kodwa nezisusa ezisekuyinyatheliseni kwayo. Amathuluzi anjenge abaphathi bezindaba be Freedom of the Press bangasiza intathelela intathelist [ne nezakhamuzi]

Ukukhishwa Kwezinsumansumane Nezindaba

Ukuqonda izinqamulela zengqondo ezisetshenziswa yibo bonke abantu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlaziya izindaba. Ubuchopho bethu bufakwa izintambo ukuze busebenzise izinqamulela ingqondo, futhi eziningi zalezi zindlela zokuhlaziya ingqondo zisenza singakwazi ukwamukela ukwaziswa okunganembile.

Ukuqinisekisa I - Bias

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthambekela kokufuna, ukuchaza, nokukhumbula ukwaziswa okuqinisekisa izinkolelo zomuntu ezikhona. Uma ufunda isihloko sezindaba, umuntu onokuthambekela okunamandla kwezombangazwe uyoziqinisa ngokunganaki izinkulumo ezisekela uhlangothi lwabo futhi alahle ubufakazi obuphikisanayo. Ukunqoba ukuqinisekisa kudinga umzamo wamabomu: ngaphambi kokukholelwa indaba, zibuze ukuthi ungayamukela yini izinkolelo zakho. Funa imithombo enedumela elihloniphekile ngokushintshashintsha imibono, futhi uzimisele ukuvuselela izinkolelo zakho phambi kobufakazi obuqandlisayo.

Umphumela We - Dunning-Kruger

Lokhu kuthambekela kokuqonda kuchaza indlela abantu abanolwazi olulinganiselwe eqenjini ngokuvamile abanobungqabavu obukhulu ngayo, kuyilapho ochwepheshe bethambekele ekululazeni lokho abakukho. Ekuhloleni izindaba, umuntu omane nje edlulisele izihloko zezindaba angase azizwe eqiniseka ukuthi uthembekile komthombo othile ngaphandle kokwenza noma yikuphi ukucwaninga okujulile. Ngokuhlukile, umuntu onolwazi oluqotho angase angabaze ukuqinisa ulwazi lwakhe. Ukusebenzisa lokhu kungalinganiswa kukhuthaza ukuthobeka futhi kushukumisele ekusebenziseni uhlu oluhleliwe lwezimo ezisemfashinini wezindaba kunokusebenzisa imizwa lapho ehlola imithombo.

Umthombo Wezinto Ezibonakalayo Ezisekelwe KuNkulunkulu

Abantu bavame ukuthembela ezikhombisweni zezentengiselwano eziphezulu, njengewebhusayithi eqashelweyo, igama leklabhu elibonakalayo, noma inhlangano ephethe incwadi ekhona. Nakuba lezi zinqamu zingasiza kalula, ziyaxhashazwa. Abadlali abangalingisa indlela eklanywe ngayo izindawo ezisemthethweni zezindaba, ukusebenzisa izigqebhezana ezifanayo, noma ngisho nokuthenga izindawo ezisekhona zamaphephandaba aphelelwe umsebenzi. I-heurics “ngizizwile zona, ngakho zithembekile” zingaba nezingajeziswa uma umshini wemali uncikelwe yizingcindezi, ukushintshwa, noma ukuthola ngokuqondile ngeqembu lenzalo encithakazelayo. Izinhlangano ezizigcinayo zizimele kuphela isivikelo esinokwethenjelwa.

Izindlela Eziwusizo Zokusakaza Imithombo Yezindaba

Imithombo yezindaba ephazamisayo inqubo efundisekayo, ephindwayo. Amasu alandelayo angasetshenziswa kunoma iliphi iqoqo lezindaba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhlangatshezwana nemithombo yezindaba, injini yokufuna, noma i-stade yezindaba engokwesiko.

Hlola Ukukhishwa KwaleMthombo

Hlola umlando wencwadi, ubunikazi, kanye nezimiso zomhleli. Bheka ikhasi elicacile elithi “Ngethu” elisho umsebenzi wokukhipha, imithombo yezimali, nezindinganiso zokucosha izintatheli. Izinhlangano zezindaba ezidume kakhulu zivame ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zobuchwepheshe njenge American Press Institute noma i-International Fact-Ceting Network. Sebenzisa izisethi ezibonisa i-metadia Bias/Fact Arch[ ukubona ukuthi umthombo uwelaphi embaneni yezombangazwe nokuthi ukubika kwayo kuthembeke kangakanani ngokomlando.

Funa Ubufakazi Obuyinhloko

Izihloko ezithembekile zihlobana noma zikhomba imithombo eyinhloko(izincwadi ezihlolwa ontanga, ukuhlola okubukelwe ontanga, ama-screens aqala ukuxoxa, noma amarekhodi aqondile. Uma indaba yezindaba yenza isiqinisekiso kodwa ihlanganisa imithombo engaziwa kuphela noma eminye imibiko njengemibiko yobufakazi, yiphathe njengobufakazi bokungaqiniseki. Landela indlela: uma isihloko sithi “isifundo sitholakele,” chofoza kuleyo sifundo. Uma ukuhlolwa kungatholakali ngokukhululekile, hlola ukuthi isikhungo somcwaningi unemvume yokunyathelisa. Imithombo yezekeli yezentethi ilalela umthetho wobuqiniso: uma ungenakukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uqinisile, ukuvuma akukulungelengamukeleki.

Izingxenyana Eziningi Ezingagqashulwa

Unganciki emthonjeni owodwa wokwaziswa okugxekayo. Uma indaba ivela ezindaweni ezihlukene ezibanzi ezinemibono ehlukene yomhleli (jengesibonelo, i-Associated Press, Reuters, BBC, NPR, The New York Times, i-Wall Street Journal). Uma indaba ivela kuphela ezingosini eziqinile noma emabhukwini angadwetshwanga, kungenzeka ukuthi ayinakwethenjelwa. Ngisho noma izimemezelo eziningi zibika amaqiniso afanayo, qhathanisa ukuchashaza kobudoda nolimi ukuze zibone ukucwasana okucatshaza okucayo. I-cross-renterfilleration iyicebo elilodwa eliphumelela kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni iqiniso nenhlebo.

Ukuhlola Ubuciko Bomlobi

Abalobi. Ukuphenya okusheshayo komlobi kungaveza isizinda sabo semfundo, izincwadi zangaphambili, kanye nezinhlanganisela. Intatheli ehlanganisa impilo kufanele ibe nomlando onembile wokubika ngalelo bhamu; umhlaziyi wezombangazwe kufanele abe nombono osobala nganoma yiziphi izingxabano zesithakazelo. Qaphela izihloko ngaphandle kwe-odwa noma zibhalwe “umlobi ophethe” okungenakuqinisekiswa ngaye. Futhi bheka usuku: izihloko ezindala ezisebenza njenge “izihloko ezisha” zingadukisa kakhulu.

Ukulandisa Nge - Bias

Zonke izikhangiso zezindaba zinobandlululo olungathi lukhona, alukho oluwumbono ophelele. Umgomo awukona ukuthola umthombo ongasoleki ngokuphelele, kodwa ukuqonda indalo kanye nezinga lobandlululo. Umthombo obonakala ngokuma komhleli (umz., uhlu lokuhlaziya olubhalwe njengombono) uthembeke kakhulu kunomuntu ozenza angathi akathathi hlangothi uma ecindezela izilinganiso ezifihliwe. Amathuluzi alawula isilinganiso, njenge AllSides ne Media Bias/Fact, angasiza ekuqondeni kwakho. Nokho, njalo, funda indlela yokuchaza izibalo.

Amathuluzi Nemithombo Yokubukwa

Ukuzihlobisa ngamathuluzi afanele kuyenza icace inqubo yokuhlola izindaba. Izigaba ezilandelayo zamathuluzi ziye zaphumelela kokubili kubantu abangafundile nakubacwaningi abangochwepheshe.

Ama - webhsayithi Ahlola Iqiniso

Izinhlangano ezizimele ezihlola iqiniso zihlanganisa Snopes, FactCTEP.org, kanye Politict[. Zivame ukulahla amagciwane, ukulandelela ukunemba kwamazwi ezazi zezombangazwe nezibalo zomphakathi, futhi zinikeze izincazelo eziningi zemiphumela yazo. Abaningi bangamalungu e-International Fact-Chect-Chect Network, ezifuna ukunamathela ekhonweni yezimiso zezimiso. Ibekisi elilodwa noma ezimbili zalezizindawo futhi zenze umkhuba wokufuna ukuxoxa kwazo.

Amayaluzi nama-plugin

Izithasiselo ezifana ne- NewsGuard zifaka ngokuqondile kuwe isiyaluzi futhi zibonise isilinganiso sokuthembana ngaphandle kokuxhumana kwezokuxhumana zomphakathi nemiphumela yokusesha. I-Media Bias/Fact Seck inikeza umboniso obonisa ukucwasana nezinkulungwane zemithombo. Lamathuluzi anikeza umongo osheshayo ngaphandle kokuba afune ukuba ushiye ikhasi. Asiza kakhulu ekuhloleni imithombo ohlangana kuyo ezindaweni ze-tepulture engatholi izimpawu zentelelo, njenge-Reddit, i-Twitter, noma i-Tik Tok.

Buyisela uphendlo lwesithombe kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwevidiyo

Ubu-mistinfont uvame ukusebenzisa izithombe ezisetshenziswayo, amavidiyo aphelelwe isikhathi, noma amazwi emithombo yezindaba angekho mthethweni. Amathuluzi anjenge-Google Images Reinfick Search, Tineye, kanye neyaluzi esekelwe kwi-INVID-Werebign ikuvumela ukuba ufake noma uhlanganise umxhumanisi nesithombe noma ividiyo futhi ubone ukuthi ivelaphi ngaphambili. Lokhu kungaveza ngokushesha ukuthi isithombe “sokubhikisha kwamanje” sathathwa kwelinye izwe eminyakeni edlule. Ukufunda isisekelo sokuhlola isithombe singenye yamakhono aphakeme kakhulu omthengi wezindaba angavela.

Ukwakha Isiko Elibucayi

Imizamo yomuntu ngamunye yokuhlola imithombo yezindaba ibalulekile, kodwa ushintsho lwesimiso lubalulekile ukuze kuhlale kunezimo ezihlala njalo.

Ukuthuthela Imfundo Efundeni Ngemithombo Yezindaba

Izikole zinomthwalo wokufundisa ukufundwa kwemithombo yezindaba kusukela ebudaleni obuncane. UCurcula kufanele ahlanganise izifundo zokuthola okuxhaswe yizinto, umehluko phakathi kwezindaba nombono, ukuqinisekisa imithombo, nokuqaphela ukukhohlisa okunengqondo. IFinland, ebhekwa kakhulu njengomholi kulendawo, yaqala ukuhlanganisa ukufunda imithombo yezindaba ezifundweni zezwe eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule futhi iye yabona ukwehla okuhambisana nokungavumelani nemibono engalungile. Amanye amazwe angazivumelanisa nezindlela ezifanayo. Uqeqesho kufanele luqhubeke, luthathelwe phambili njengezindawo ezintsha zobucukubhede.

Izikhungo Zomsebenzi Zomphakathi Nengxoxo Yomphakathi

Imitapo yezincwadi, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezikhungo zamakhulu ziyizindawo ezingokwemvelo zokuhlola izindaba. Abantu abadala abaningi abayitholanga imfundo esemthethweni yokufunda imithombo yezindaba futhi balangazelela isiqondiso. Lapho abathatha i-News Viech Explorence Ubusuku” lapho abathatha izingxoxo besebenzisa khona ukudambisa inqubo kanye nokuhlola isimo somphakathi bangayiqinisa futhi bakhe ukuqina. Ukuxoxa nomphakathi kuveza umkhuba wokubuza ukuthi “ukwazi kanjani lokho?”

Umbono Oyisibonelo

Abazali, othisha, nabathonyeli banethonya elinamandla kakhulu emikhubeni yolwazi yalabo abaseduze. Ngokukhuluma obala ngendlela abaqinisekisa ngayo izindaba, ukuhlanganyela emuva kwe-scenes kubheka inqubo yabo yokuhlola iqiniso, futhi benqaba ukusakaza okungaqiniseki, lezizibonelo zezibonelo zibeka indinganiso. Uma abantu abahlonishwayo bevuma ukuthi babenephutha ngemva kokuhlolwa komthombo, kukhuthaza abanye ukuba benze okufanayo ngaphandle kokuhlazeka. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezindaba kuyindlela enokuthula kodwa enamandla yokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Isiphetho

Kulenkathi yolwazi oluningi, ukuhlaziya imithombo yezindaba akuyona into ekhethwayo, kungumthwalo wemfanelo. Impilo yentando yeningi yethu, ukuphepha kwemiphakathi yethu, nobuqotho benkulumo yethu yasobala kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini ezingasebenzisa ulwazi ngekhono nangendlela engakholeki. Ngokuqonda amasu okungaqondi, ukuqonda ukucwasana kwethu nolwazi, ukwamukela izindlela zokwazi ukuqiniseka, kanye nokusekela imfundo yokufunda ngokufunda emazingeni onke, singaguqula indlela esisebenzisa ngayo izindaba. Njalo lapho sike sime sixoxe, isikhathi ngasinye sihlola umthombo, isikhathi ngasinye lapho sifundisa omunye umuntu ukwenza okufanayo, siqinisa indwangu yomphakathi ongazi ukuthi uyini umkhuba othile ofundile. Lokhu akuwona nje umkhuba womuntu siqu; kungumsebenzi womphakathi esiwufanele siwusebenzise komunye.