Isingeniso: Isithembiso Esihlala Njalo Sobulungisa Obufike Ngesikhathi

IsiHluzi seSithandathu soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States siqinisekisa abantu abamangalelwa ngelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo nelingakhethi. Lomusho owodwa oshoshoshoshosho--/relahn ulunye lwezivikelo ezihlonishwa kakhulu ezinqubo yobugebengu baseMelika. Kodwa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile nelisheshayo alizange livele ngokugcwele eFiladelphia Convention. Izimpande zalo ezingokomlando zijula emasikweni angokomthetho aseNgilandi, ukulwa kwegunya lobukhosi nezifundo ezinzima zobukhomanisi ngokwabo. Ukuqonda lolu hlu lwezi oluhlonishwayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani iSigamu sesithupha sihlala siyisivikelo esibalulekile kuhulumeni esimelene nokuphathwa ngomthetho nenkululeko eyayaliwe.

Lesi sihloko silandelela uhlu lozalo lwecala elilungile nelisheshayo kusukela ekuqaleni kwalo oluseMagna Carta ngokubambisana kwalo kuyi - Bill of Rights nokuziphendukela kwayo enkantolo yanamuhla. Ngokuhlola amabutho angokomthetho, ezombangazwe, nawefilosofi athonya iSichibiyelo Sesithupha, singaziqonda kangcono izimiso eziqhubeka ziqondisa izinkantolo ekuqondiseni izithakazelo zabamangalelwa, umbuso, nomphakathi.

Umsuka Ojulile Emlandweni Wezomthetho WesiNgisi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokulungile lingelinye lesivikelo sesiko elingokomthetho esingokwesiko samaNgisi namaMelika. Izisekelo zalo zabekwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi kweNguquko yaseMelika, ezimpini phakathi kwama - monarch aseNgilandi nezikhonzi zawo ngenxa yokuboshwa ngokungenasizathu, ukumangalelwa okuyimfihlo, nokungalungisi okungabekezelelwe.

UMagna Carta Nembewu Yobulungisa Obusheshayo

Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo weNgilandi, uMagna Carta (1215), asithembisanga ngokuqondile inselele eqondile yokuqulwa kwecala. Kodwa iSahluko sayo esidumile 39 (esaphinde sabhalwa iSahluko 29) samemezela ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ongazibopha noma avinjelwe "ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe. Lo mbhalo wawuyinselele eqondile kuNkosi uJohn ukuba agcine izikhonzi zingabe zisekwe icala noma zivinjelwe. Emakhulwini eminyaka alandelana, abameli namajaji baseNgilandi bachaza "umthetho wezwe" ukuba imicimbi yobugebengu ilethwe ngaphandle kokulibala okungenangqondo. I-baronsssssss Carna kunkosi eyayingacabangisi inqubo yobugebengu yanamuhla, kodwa batshala imbewu okumelwe igwetshwe ngokulunga. [Flct:]

Ukuziphendukela KoMthetho Ovamile NoHabeas Corpus

I-hut ye- corpuas ad jicientum yavela ekhulwini leshumi elinesithathu leminyaka njengethuluzi lokwahlulela lokufuna ukukhiqizwa kwesiboshwa ngokomthetho futhi ibuze ngokomthetho wejele. Ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu neshumi nanhlanu, izinkantolo zamaNgilandi zasebenzisa i-habeas corpus ukuphoqa ukuba zichaze ukuthi kungani umuntu ephethwe. Uma isizathu sasinganele noma ukulibala, inkantolo ibingayala ukuba iziboshwa zikhululwe noma zimise usuku lokuqulwa kwecala. ISir Edward Choke yasebenzisa umthetho omkhulu wakhona [FOT] eMthethweni wakhe [FLT] [FLT] [16] ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wawudinga ukuvinjwa kwecala "isizathu sokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwecala"" lokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwecala. Imvume yokuqulwa kwecala. ISikhathi se-Scodecrini.

IHabeas Corpus Act ka 1679 yaphinda yahlanganisa lezisivikelo, idinga ukuba iziboshwa ziquliswe emacaleni amabili ngemva kwesibopho sazo. Njengoba isazi - mlando esingokomthetho uWilliam Blackstone sabhala eMthethweni wakhe [i-Commentary on the Laws of England[[[FLP1]] [1765], "isidingo sokulingwa okusheshayo" sasiyi "isikhalo esikhulu" [iSikhalo esihloselwe ukuxazulula umbhalo ogcwele weHabeas Corpus Act utholakala nge-Avaton School School of Yale Law School[FLD].

I - English Vill of Rights 1689

IGlorious Revolution ka-168-89 yaveza i-English Bill of Rights, eyayisingatha ngokuqondile inkinga yokulibala ukuqulwa kwecala. Isiphakamiso 8 se-Bill sathi "ibheyili ye-active akumelwe idingeki, noma izihlawuliso eziqile, noma izijeziso ezibekwe ngonya nezingavamile" okubaluleke kakhulu ekuqulweni kwecala okusheshayo kwakuyisidingo esikhulu sokuba isahlulelo singaba "simangalelwe noma silibaziswe. I-Bill ivela ezikhalazweni ezimelene neNkosi uJames II, eyasebenzisa izinkantolo futhi yabamba iziboshwa zezombangazwe ePaclastdo. Impoqo yePalamende yaqinisekisa ukuthi "ilungelo elidala nenkululeko" yezihloko zezindaba zesiNgisi kwakuyi-" i-" i-"iphonsigcompatest . Olulimi lwaseMelika olubona i-Angliglone ye-Allstons ofs ofoctives.[10]

Abathathi Bemibuso YaseMelika Abayizakhamuzi ZaseMelika

Abenzi bamakoloni baseMelika baletha amasiko angokomthetho esiNgisi nabo ngaphesheya kweAtlantic, kodwa futhi baqala ukusabela ezimweni eziyingqayizivele zokuphila komngcele kanye nebanga elikhulayo elisuka egunyeni lobukhosi. Umthetho - sisekelo wombuso wakuqala nemithetho - sisekelo yombuso kwavumela isimiso sokuvivinya esisheshayo ukuba sivumelane nezimo zendawo, kwakha isivikelo esincane esasifanekisela iSichibiyelo Sesithupha.

Indikimba Yama - Massachusetts Yama - Libertes (1641)

I-Massachusetts Body of Liberates, eyabuthelwa yi-Reverend Nathaniel Ward futhi yamukelwa yiNkantolo Evamile ngo-1641, ivame ukubhekwa njengesimiso sokuqala esibhaliwe samalungelo ayisisekelo ezweni lesiNgisi elikhuluma isiNgisi. INkulumelelo 42 yathi: "Akekho umuntu ozophoqelelwa ukuba avimbe noma yimuphi umzabalazo, kodwa ngomthetho owaziwayo wekoloni, futhi olinganayo, futhi ubulungisa obusheshayo buzakunikezwa kubo bonke abantu. Lesiqinisekiso esicacile sika "ubulungisa obuyisisekelo" sasiwukwaphula isisekelo. Ibhungu le komiti ye-Libertes yazenqabela futhi igweba izingozi eziphindwe kabili futhi idinga ukuqulwa komphakathi. [[FLT] Umbhalo ogcwele we-Massaces of Liberoder utholakala ku-Han Collek [F1] [F1] Ibhulikist. Ibhusayithi ye-mfonsoliti ye-yolike ngenxa elungileyo, ephumelelayo.

Ezinye Izincwadi Nemithetho Yamakoloni

Amanye amakoloni alandela. iPennsylvania Frame of Government (1682), eyabunjwa uWilliam Penn, yaqinisekisa ukuthi "konke ukuqulwa kwecala kuzoba amadoda ayishumi nambili, futhi kusondele ngangokunokwenzeka, ontanga nolingana; futhi nasendaweni, nasesifundazweni lapho kubekwe khona iqiniso." iDelaware Charter ka 1701 ngokufanayo yavikela ilungelo ku-"icala lomphakathi necala lomphakathi". I-Virginia Decration of Rights, ebhalwe nguGeorge Mason, yamemezela ukuthi "enhloko - dolobha yonke noma ubugebengu buboshelwa umuntu nelungelo lokuqungashelwa" futhi ibhekane nabamangali bakhe. Le zincwadi zamakoloni zazingahlangene, kodwa zazihlangene: inkolelo kahulumeni okungavunyelwe ukuba abantu ngabanye.

Izinkulumo Nezimemezelo Zangaphambi Kokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Eminyakeni eholela ekuvukeleni kweNguquko yaseMelika, ukusebenzisa kweSivumelwano seKhomanisi esiphethe amajaji nokunqandwa kwecala labahluleli kwaba yizindawo zokulwa namakoloni. ISiphakamiso se-Stamp Act se-1765 sanquma ukuthi "ukwahlulela ngabahluleli kungumthetho kuyilungelo eliyifa nelibalulekile le-British kuzo zonke lezi zindawo." iCongress Congress’s Declaration of Rights of Rights (1774) yakhononda ngokuthi amakoloni aye "ahlulwa yinzuzo yecala labahluleli" nokuthi ukuphatha kobulungisa kungenxa yecala kungukuthi"kubekwa kwezenzwe"""""" lokhu kwenza ukuba imfuneko enkulu yesizukulwane sobuguquko nesekuqulwa ngokushesha kungene. Lapho uThotherson abhala incwadi yokuzimendelwa kweNtshulelo, ebala ihlelwe yize "ehdropt" ezinkantolo eziningi zeNkahlulelo ye-Jutrartest" izama ukuze kuthi i-E."

Ukukhipha Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ukusuka Ekuxhumaneni Kuya Ekuphangaleni

Izihloko zeConfederation (1781) zazingenawo umthetho wamalungelo futhi zazingawaphathi ilungiselelo lenqubo yobugebengu. Imibuso emisha ezimele yayithembele kumthetho-mthetho wayo kodwa yaqaphela isidingo sesivikelo sesizwe esinamandla kakhulu. I-Constitution ye-Evinity ka-1787, eyayibuswa abaHlaluleli be-Federali, yaveza umthetho-sisekelo owawungenalo futhi imvume yamalungelo.

Isivumelwano Somthetho - sisekelo Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

KuMhlangano wePhiladelphia, ukuntuleka kwamalungelo esizwe kwabangela uGeorge Mason ukuba asho ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyakuba "uludo lwesikhumba nje" ngaphandle komquba wamalungelo. Nakuba umhlangano wenqaba incwadi engokomthetho yamalungelo, izihambeli eziningana zacabanga ukuthi ungenezelwa kamuva. Umzabalazo wokwenza isilinganiso esingenakugwenywa. Imihlangano yesigodi yamazwe, ikakhulukazi eMassachusetts, eVirginia, nase-New York, yahlongoza ukumiswa kwecala elisheshayo, ukuqulwa ngabahluleli, namanye amalungelo obugebengu. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni okungabaza, waba umklami weMicimbi yamaLungelo eSishayamthetho.

Izimpikiswano Nezici Ezihlolwa Uhulumeni

I-Virginia Raiving Convention yahlongoza isimemezelo samalungelo ahlanganisa: “Kukho konke ukuqulwa kwecala necala, umuntu unelungelo lokubhekana nokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, ukumangalelwa nabamangaleli bakhe nofakazi, ukuba acele ubufakazi ekwamukeleni kwakhe, nasemacaleni angakhethi amadoda ayishumi nambili." i-New York Convention ngokufanayo yafuna "ilungelo lokuqulwa icala yijaji lejaji lesifunda" futhi ivikele ukuba ingabi "eqedwe ukuvinjelwa yicala yijaji lesizwe...... ukuphila, noma impahla kodwa ngenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Lezi zihlongozo ezibunjwa ngokuqondile ngamajaji. NgoJune 8, 1789, uKivine, waveza isimiso sokukhokhwasa kwemi, kuhlanganise nokuthola kwakhe ukuvikelwa kwecala okungumthetho oweyo. Ukuvikelwa kwecala lakhe kufunde ukuthi: Inkululeko, noma isigwebo somthetho esingu - 6 (ikwethusihluzo).

Umbhalo Wokugcina WeSichibiyelo Sesithupha

Indlu neSigele kwaphikisana ngemininingwane eminingi", futhi ingachazwa ngezwe noma ngesifundazwe, ukuthi ilungelo lokululeka laliphoqelekile yini, nokuthi kufanele yini lihlanganise inkulumo ethi "impicabadala necala lomphakathi. Inguqulo yokugcina, yagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791, ithi: "Kuzo zonke izigebengu, omangalelwayo umelwe ajabulele ilungelo lokuthola ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi, ngejaji elingenacala lakwaMbuso nesifunda lapho ubugebengu bubekwe khona, ... ukuze atshelwe ngemvelo nembangela yamacala; ukubhekana nofakazi bakhe; ukuba abopheke ukuba athole ofakazi bakhe bebodwa, futhi abe nemvume yokuthola ukuvunyelwa kwakhe, futhi abe nemvume yokukhipha isixwayiso ngenxa ye-defcc." Igama "ikhulunywe" lalo, elibekwa kuqala, isibonakaliso sayo sokuqala. Icala elivela phambili, kodwa liveza wonke amalungelo ahlukene, kodwa limelene nokuvinje ngokulwa kanye nokuvikelwa ngokulunga.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala KukaClaus Enkantolo Yakuqala YaseMelika

Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu leshumi nethoba, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayingavamile ukuchaza isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seSithathu secala ngoba izigebengu eziningi zaziquliswa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Inguquko yasebenza kuphela kumthetho kahulumeni kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lamashumi amabili. Noma kunjalo, amacala kahulumeni akuqala aqala ukumisa ukuhlelwa kwelungelo.

Izincazelo Zakuqala Nezo - 1800

Ku Ex ex e Milligan (186], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi amakhomishane ezempi awakwazanga ukuzama izakhamuzi ezindaweni lapho kwakusebenza khona izinkantolo zomphakathi, igcizelela ukubaluleka kwenqubo evamile, esheshayo. Izinkantolo zezwe zazifuna ukuba ummangalelwa avume ukuba avume ukuquliswa ngokushesha; kungenjalo, ilungelo lalibhekwa njengelihlehliweyo. Beeching v. United States[FLT] [[FLT] [185]], inkantolo ephansi yaphawula ukuthi injongo yokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo yayiwukuvimbela ukucindezelwa kwesakhamuzi ngokubekwa icala okunganqamlezi isikhathi esingalinganiyo." Lenkathi yayingenazinhle.

Imfundiso Yesimanje Yempicabadala: Barker v. Wingo

INkantolo Ephakeme yaguqula ukucubungula kwecala okusheshayo Barker v. Wingo (1972]. INkantolo yalahla imingcele eqinile yesikhathi futhi yamukela ukuhlola okulinganiselayo icabangela izici ezine: ubude besikhathi, isizathu sokulibala, ukuqinisekisa ummangalelwa, nokucwasa ngabamangalelwa ngecala lokulunga. Umbono wecala uPowell wachaza ukuthi ukuqulwa okusheshayo "ngokuvamile okuhlukile" kwezinye iziqinisekiso ngoba akuvikeli izithakazelo zalowo mmangalelwa kodwa futhi kuvikela izithakazelo zakhe zokugcina nokunciphisa isigwebo. [FLT:] [5] [5] [5], i-ogcopete, i-osempemperrencer (umthetho) ephakathi kwe-octive.[5]

Imithetho Eqikelelwe: Isinyathelo Sokuqulwa Kwecala Esisheshayo

Congress wangenela ngo-1979 ngomthetho we-Piney Trial Act, obeka imithetho eqinile yezehlo zomthetho kahulumeni: icala kumelwe ligcinwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu zokuboshwa, futhi icala kumelwe liqale phakathi nezinsuku ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa zokubekwa icala (ngokunye okukhishwa). UMthetho ubonisa isahlulelo somthetho esakha ukulinganisela akwanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqulwa kwecala. Umbhalo ogcwele we-Prody Trial Act uvela ku-Cornell’s Legatect yokwaziswa okusemthethweni we-Progial Institute[.

Isiqinisekiso Esiqotho Sokuqulwa Kwecala: Asilona Ijubane Nje

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu "icala lokuqulwa kwecala" zihlanganisa amalungelo amaningana ahlobene. Ijubane lilodwa alisho lutho uma icala lingalungile. Abamangalelwa baqonda ukuthi abamangalelwa babedinga amathuluzi okuzivikela, ngaphandle kwendlela okwakwenzeka ngayo.

Umagazini Ongakhethi, Ukweqisa Nokwaziswa

Ilungelo ku "abahluleli abangakhethi" lalisho ijaji elithathwe kuhulumeni nasesifundazweni lapho ubugebengu benziwa khona, lingenakho ubandlululo noma ithonya elingaphandle. Imfuneko yesaziso `ukuba "iyazi ngokwemvelo nembangela yamacala"" ifaka ubufakazi bokuthi abamangalelwa bangalungiselela isivikelo. Ilungiselelo lomphakathi lavimbela ukuqulwa kwamacala futhi labeka inkantolo icala emphakathini. Lezi zici zihlangene zakha inqubo esobala, yokuhlukanisa enciphisa ithuba lokucindezelwa.

Ukubhekana Nenqubo Ephoqelelwe

I-Breade Claus inikeza abamangalelwa ilungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli babo nofakazi abanama-existamine. I-Cphoct Process Claus evumela ofakazi abavumelanayo. Lamalungelo asekelwe emkhubeni womthetho ovamile wokufuna ofakazi obala futhi bafunwe futhi bahlolwe. Kanye kanye nokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, baqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso awunakukwazi ukulawula isikhathi noma ukufihla ubufakazi ukuze uhlulele abamangalelwayo.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

ISicelo Seseluleko siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bangathola ummeli phakathi nokuqulwa kwabo icala. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lelilungelo ukuba lisebenze kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi zokushushiswa, kuhlanganise nokubekwa isigwebo. Ilungelo lokusiza iseluleko lihlanganisiwe ngokuphumelela ngokumelene nezifundazwe Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]. Iseluleko siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bangasebenzisa inqubo yobugebengu futhi baqinise amalungelo abo okuqulwa ngokushesha.

Ifa Elihlala Njalo Nokubaluleka Kwalo

Imvelaphi engokomlando yeSichibiyelo seSihla Yesithupha iyaqhubeka ithonya ukuvikelwa kwemithetho yanamuhla elawulayo. Izehlulelo zokuqulwa ngokushesha ziphoqelelwa hhayi ngoMthetho-sisekelo kuphela kodwa futhi nangemithetho kahulumeni, imithetho yenkantolo. Umqedazwe we-CHOVID wawavivinya lamalungelo njengoba izinkantolo zihlehlisa ukuqulwa kwecala ukuze zivimbele ukusakazeka kwaleligciwane, ziphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokulinganisela phakathi kwempilo yomphakathi nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha. Izinkantolo zivame ukukholelwa ukuthi ukubambezelelwa kwendilinga elisayo ayizange ingqubuzane neSigamu seSithandathu seSigamu uma nje zinikezwa isiqinisekiso nesesikhashana.

Izinguquko zobuchwepheshe ziye zathinta futhi isiqinisekiso sokuhlola okulungile. Ukwanda kobufakazi bezobuchwepheshe, ukuvalelwa kwamacala angaphambili, nokuyinkimbinkimbi kukahulumeni kuye kwandisa isikhathi esivamile sokuqulwa kwecala. I-Piedy Trial Act (izilungiselelo zokuthatha i-Pice Act) (ukuqhubeka, ukuthatha inqubo yokuhlola inqubo, nokuncintisana nokuhlola okungasetshenziswa ukuze kudluliselwe ijele. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sanamuhla sisavumela ukulibala okuthatha isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi kubamangalelwa abangakwazi ukukhokha ibhetri.

Noma kunjalo, isimiso esiyisisekelo sisalokhu sikhona: umphakathi okhululekile awunakubekezelela ukuboshwa okunganqamuki ngaphandle kokuqulwa. IsiHlanzi seSithandathu, esizalwa ngenxa yezimpi ze-irbarons nemihlangano yamakoloni, sinjengesivikelo ekusebenziseni amandla kahulumeni okuzinqumela. Sibonisa ukuhlakanipha kokuthi ubulungisa abuyeki nje kuphela ngokungalungile, kungukona kanye okungaqondakali komthetho. Njengoba izinkantolo ziqhubeka zichaza futhi zisebenzisa lamalungelo asendulo emongweni entsha, izimpande ezingokomlando zokuvinjelwa okulungile nokusheshayo ziyohlala zingumthombo wesiqondiso nesikhuthazo.