Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bakha umgogodla wokubusa kwaseMelika. Lobubushiqela, obumiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., buhlukanisa amandla phakathi kweziphathimandla zesizwe nezwe, budala isimiso sobukhosi obubodwa obuye bavela ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Kubafundi nabafundisi, beqonda indlela uhulumeni olawulayo othonyeka ngayo futhi buthonywa ngayo yizindaba zikahulumeni ukuze kuqondwe ukusebenza kwentando yeningi eUnited States. Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo ezingokomlando, imibuso yezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kanye nokuxabana kwamanje okuchaza ubuhlobo bezwe, kunikeza ukucubunga okubanzi kwengxoxo yezifundo zesikole nezemfundo.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando SobuFederalism

UMthetho-sisekelo, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wasungula isimiso sikahulumeni njengokwehlukana phakathi kwalabo ababefuna uhulumeni onamandla oyinhloko nalabo ababesaba amandla akhethekile. Abakhi be-framers babedwebe ebuthaka beZihlokwana ze-Confederation, ezazishiye uhulumeni wesizwe ungenamazinyo. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya, babehlose ukulondoloza ukuzibusa kombuso kuyilapho beqinisekisa ubunye besizwe. Umphumela waba isimiso lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni uphethe futhi uveza amandla abalulekile, futhi uphethe imibuso egciniwe (ne-a) futhi uphethe ukulinganisa okugciniwe kamuva okuqiniswe yiSiphendulo se-Hend.

Izimpikiswano Eziyinhloko EMhlanganweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Imibono emibili encintisanayo yavela phakathi noMhlangano we-1787. Abathandi be-Féderalist , beholwa ngu-Alexander Hamilton noJames Madison, balwela uhulumeni onamandla onamandla okwazi ukukhuphula intela, ukuqondisa, nokuphakamisa amabutho. Anti-Féderalist , kuhlanganise noPatric Henry, besaba ukuthi amandla anjalo ayezogwinya igunya nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ukuhlehla kwaveza uhulumeni wezwe, ohlukene ngemithetho ehlangene yelungelo ebekwe ngokuqondile engekho emthethweni engokomthetho ezindaweni noma kubantu. Loluzwela lusaphila namuhla ezingxabeni ze-oauthonsity.

Ukuziphendukela Kwesigaba Somphakathi

I-Federalism ayithathi indawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme ye-Constitution iye yashintsha ukulinganisela. Irepublic yokuqala yabona ubuzwe [[FLT:] obuhlangene , obunamagophe ahlukene kahulumeni nombuso wezwe. Kamuva, izinhlelo ze-New Deal ne Great Society ziye zangenisa [[FLT:] uhulumeni [[FLT:]], lapho amazinga amabili asebenza khona ndawonye ngezinkinga ezahlukene, ngokuvamile ngezimali zikahulumeni ezihlangene. Muva nje, iNkantolo ivuselele imingcele ethile ezindaweni ezifana [[FLT:] [FLD]] [FLD]4] ehlangene.[FFFFF:9] [59] [9] [9]

Amandla Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhulumeni wombuso womabili amandla acushiwe ] `alawo ahlelwe ngokucacile esigabeni I, isiqephu 8(ne , athathwe kumandla afunekayo nafanelekile Claus. Lemibuso inikeza uhulumeni wezwe igunya lakhe ezindabeni ezithinta izwe lonke, kusukela ekuvikeleni emalini.

Amandla Atholakele

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8 ihlela amandla akhethekile angu - 18, kuhlanganise nalawa:

  • Commerce Claus: Ukulawula isifundazwe nezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke. Lomusho ubeyisisekelo somthetho kahulumeni omkhulu wamalungelo omphakathi, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, kanye nokunakekela impilo.
  • Izindaba zamazwe angaphandle: Ukwenza izivumelwano (ngemvume yeSigele), nokuvikela isizwe.
  • Isimiso seposi: Ukumisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo yeposi.
  • I-'i-'[[FLT'] Ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukugcina ibutho lempi, nokubiza amabutho.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukukhokha imali nokuqondisa inani layo.

Lamagunya avumela uhulumeni ukuba enze ngendlela efanayo ezindabeni ezifuna ukuhlanganiswa kwesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Choomment Claus yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela uMthetho wokunakekela ongenakuhanjwa , nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yayiyisekela ngaphansi kwamandla okukhokha intela kunasezentengiselwano. (Bheka [[FLT:]]]NFIB v. Sebelius, 567, U.S. 51922]).

Amandla Asetshenziswayo NoKhisimusi Odingekile Nofanele

Isigaba sokugcina seSiphakamiso I, iSiqendu 8 sinikeza uKhongolo-kamuva amandla “okwenza yonke imithetho edingayo nefanele ukuthatha amagunya angenhla.” Le nkulumo ibilokhu iwumsuka wempikiswano enkulu kusukela Mculloch v. Maryland[ [1819], lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall abhala khona ukuthi“ amandla entela ahlanganisa amandla okubhubhisa.” INkantolo ibithi i-Constanty ingagunyaza ibhange lesizwe ngisho nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo womthetho ungaligunyazi, ngoba ibhange “lamukelekile futhi lifanele izimali zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuchaza uhulumeni obanzi kwavumela ukuba uhulumeni uvumelane izinselele ezintsha, ukusukela ekwakheni isakhiwo se-Internetnerland.

Ukubusa Nokubusa Kwamazwe

Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi, “Imibuso engazange inikezwe i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma inqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, igcinelwe i-United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu.” Lemibuso egciniwe [ ibumba eliyinhloko lombuso. Amazwe anegunya elikhulu ezindabeni zawo zangaphakathi, okungakho sibona umehluko ophawulekayo ezimisweni zemfundo, impilo, nokugcinwa komthetho kulo lonke izwe.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo YoMbuso Engokwesiko

Ama - United States alawula ngokuyinhloko:

  • Imfundo:[ Izindinganiso zeCurriculum, ukuxhasa ngezimali zesikole, kanye nesiqinisekiso sothisha. Akukho zifunda ezimbili ezinesimiso semfundo esifanayo.
  • Ingxenye:[ Ukwakha nokulungisa imigwaqo kahulumeni, amabhuloho, kanye nokuthutha komphakathi. Uhulumeni wezwe unikeza izimali ngoMnyango Wezokuthutha kodwa ngokuvamile uhlanganisa izimo.
  • Ukunakekela kobuqotho: Izinhlelo ze-Medicaid zihlangene nohulumeni kahulumeni, ukuqondisa izimakethe zempilo, nokuqondisa izimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi.
  • Isivumelwano somthetho: amaphoyisa kahulumeni, izikhombi zobugebengu, nezinkantolo ziphatha ubugebengu obuningi (ngaphandle kwalezo zintambo zikahulumeni ezinqamule noma ezinye).
  • Izakhiwo: Ukulungisa, ukusebenzisa indawo, nemisebenzi yomphakathi yendawo.

Izwe futhi linamandla amaphoyisa — igunya lokuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, nokuziphatha. Yingakho amazwe engabeka ijubane, avimbele izinto ezithile, futhi adinge ukugoma, nakuba izimiso zikahulumeni zingazibhuntshisa noma zithonye lezizenzo.

Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo Engamandla KaHulumeni

Nakuba izigaba zinezinga elibanzi, uMthetho-sisekelo ubeka imingcele. ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 10 ivimbela ukungena ezivumelwaneni, ukuqamba imali, noma ukungenisa/imisebenzi yezentengiselwano ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlangana. u-Clause[ [FLT]] [i-"i-Actle VI] imemezela ukuthi umthetho kazwe u-“mthetho ophakeme wezwe,” isho imithetho yezwe ephikisana nemithetho kazwe noma nomthetho-Constitution. [5], yaziwa ngokuthi [[FLT:]] [FLT], iyimpi evame ezindaweni eziswaneni zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana [flkt:] [FLD]]

Ukusebenzelana Kwesifunda: Ukubambisana Nokuxabana

UMthetho - sisekelo uhlanganisa izigaba eziningana eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuzwana phakathi kwezifundazwe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kunesizwe esinobunye.

Ukholo Olugcwele Nodumo LukaClaus

ISiphakamiso IV, iSiqeshana 1 sifuna ukuba umbuso ngamunye uqaphele izenzo zomphakathi, amarekhodi, kanye nezokwahlulela kwazo zonke ezinye izigodi. Lokhu kusho ilayisense yomshado ekhishwa eVermont kumelwe ihlonishwe eTexas, futhi isahlulelo senkantolo eCalifornia siphoqelelwe eFlorida. Nokho, ngaphandle kwesibonelo, amazwe awadingeki ukuqaphela imishado eshaya umthetho oqinile womphakathi (kungalé kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT: 0]]bergefell v. Hodges[FLT:] (20) 2016) wenziwa umshado ofanayo womthetho owezwe). Imithetho ayifuni ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka okungokomthetho kwezindawo zombuso eziphikisanayo, ukuvinjelwa kwezenzo eziphikisanayo.

Amalungelo KaClaus

ISiphakamiso IV, iSiqeshana sesi-2 senqabela umbuso ukuba ungabeki izakhamuzi zezinye izizwe izabandlulwa mayelana namalungelo ayisisekelo mayelana nokuphishekela ukuphila, ukuba nempahla, noma ukungena ezinkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ngeke ukhokhele intela ephakeme yamaphepha-mvume okudoba uma injongo ingumvikeli ophelele. Nokho, izifundazwe zingahlukanisa izakhamuzi kubantu abangakhonziwe uma zithola isithakazelo esiqinile sikahulumeni, njengokufuna abafundi abaphezulu abakhokhelwa amayunivesithi omphakathi. Icala liqinisekisa ukukhokha izimali kanye nokuhamba okungokomthetho phakathi kwe-Union.

Izingxenye Zendawo Nezihlangene Zangaphakathi

I-Extrandition Claus (Artle IV, Ingxenye 2) ifuna ukuba kubuyiselwe ababaleki ababalekayo abanqamula imigqa yombuso ukuze babhekane nobulungisa. Amazwe futhi angena futhi e- umshini wesifundazwe []] .Lolu phawu olugunyazwe yiKhomishane egunyazwe yiKhomishane `Ikhelimetu elivunyelwe yi-Congress/to ikheli elihlanganyela izinkinga njengamalungelo amanzi (umz., i-Coloradoodoradow Riconty) noma ukuthutha (iGunya le-Port of New York ne New Jersey). La maqoqo anegunya egunyazwe elihlangeneyo futhi abonisa ukuthi angazibambisana kanjani.

Ithonya Elikahulumeni Enqubweni Kahulumeni

Nakuba amazwe ejabulela ukuzibusa okuphawulekayo, uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenzisa amathuluzi anamandla okuthonya ukuziphatha kwezwe.

Fiscal Federalism noGrant-in-Aid

Isimiso sanamuhla sincike kakhulu eziphayo ekusekeleni izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Lezi ziphano zivela ngezinhlobo ezimbili:

  • Izimali ezinikezwayo: Imali ngezinjongo ezithile (umzk., ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, iMedicaid) enezimo eziqinile nokwengamela. Izwe kumelwe livumelane nemithetho kahulumeni ukuze lamukele imali.
  • Imali enikezwayo yokuvimbela: izilinganiso ezibanzi zezindawo ezivamile njengentuthuko yomphakathi, zinikeza ukuvumelana. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iziphiwo zinganciphisa ukulandisa kombuso.

Ngo-2023, izimali zikahulumeni zikahulumeni nezohulumeni bendawo zalingana ingqikithi yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ngokwe- Ihhovisi Lohlelo lokuhlela Imali . Lokhu kuxhasa ngemali kuvumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba ubangele izinjongo zesizwe , ngokwesibonelo, ukukhuphula iminyaka engokomthetho yokuphuza ibe ngu-21 ngokwenana kwemali yezimoto ezinkulu. INkantolo Ephakeme isekela imali enemibandela esele ibekwe njengomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, uma nje izimo zichazwe futhi zihlobene nenjongo yohlelo.

Imithetho Kazwelonke Nezindinganiso Zesizwe

UKhongolose lungamisa imithetho ebeka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zezimo. Umthetho womoya ohlanzekile , [[FLT]] umndeni nomthetho we-Medical Let , futhi nomthetho we-Child Behind Act zonke izimfuneko ezibekwe ezisezizweni, ngezinye izikhathi ngezimali, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kwemali. Uma imiyalelo isithi “ayikho,” isho njalo, iphika ukuthi bagodla ngokukhetha ukusebenzisa imali ayizange inyuse. . [FLT] Umthetho wobuguqulo lwenguquko [FLT] [FLT]

Izenzakalo Zokwahlulela

Izinkantolo ze-Federal [1] ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza imithetho yomthetho-sisekelo ne-guvernement ngezindlela ezithinta ngokuqondile inkambiso kahulumeni. Imithetho ye-Landmark enjenge- Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] [1954] isusa izikole zomphakathi, kanye Roe v. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[3] [7777]]) imisa imithetho yesizwe ngokukhishwa kwezisu (kusukela kuphendulwa K. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLD:]] [202]], ibuyisela udaba lokusholo). Lapho iNka umthetho, i-judicate judiaaaaap i-moss travoratedment, i-mthetho nezimiso zemithetho, kumelwe ziqondiswe kanye nezimiso ze-mthetho.

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esidlule EFederal - State Relations

Izimpi zamuva zezombangazwe nezezomthetho ziqokomisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamandla ombuso nombuso. Lezizindaba ziyizihloko ezicebile zengxoxo yasekilasini, ngoba zihilela imibuzo eyisisekelo yomthetho-sisekelo nemiphumela yangempela yezwe.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nomthetho Wokunakekela Ongadunyiswa

Act ye-AFfordble Care (ACA) ka-2010] isambatho sempilo esinwetshiwe ngezimali zikahulumeni, izinguquko zezentengiselwano ze-Medicaid, kanye nokwanda okungahleliwe kwe-Medicaid. Ezinye izifundazwe zamelana nokwanda kweMedicaid, ziphikisa ukuthi kwakuyi-affordticationrication. NFIB v. Sebelius, iNQUM, inkantolo yanquma ukuthi ingenakuphoqelelwa ukwandisa, kodwa uhulumeni wesizwe wawungakuvimbela ukuba kube khona uMdicaid izimali uma wenqaba. Njengamashumi amabini, amashumi amane esaziswe, kodwa ayisakazini, kodwa isekhile, iqhelile, iqhelile, iqhelile iqhezu lokuhlanganisa igela ige kuleyo yaleyo yaleyo kuleyo etholwa kuleyo etholwa abantu abadala.

Ezinye izingxabano ziphakama ngenxa yeziphakamiso zikahulumeni, izinqubo ezigunyaziwe zezidakamizwa ezigunyaziwe, kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 wabonisa kokubili isidingo sokubambisana kombuso kanye nokucindezeleka uma izifunda zimisa iziqondiso ezihlukene zokufihla isikhumba kanye nokuvala ibhizinisi.

Ukufuduka Nokuphoqelelwa Kukahulumeni

Umthetho we-Federal uphothula imizamo eminingi kahulumeni yokulawula ukufuduka, kodwa amazwe athole izindlela zokuhlanganyela. SB 1070 (2010) kwadingeka amaphoyisa ukuba ahlole isimo sokufuduka phakathi kwamanqanqika angokomthetho, iholele esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme ([]] Awamacana v. United States ]) eyahlasela amalungiselelo amaningi kodwa yasekela “amaphepha ayathanda”. Amanye amazwe, njenge-Texas, aye aqala imisebenzi yokuvikela imingcele, kuyilapho abanye, njenge California, bezithe “izikhulu zezwe, ukubambisana neziphathimandla zezwe eziphethe ukufuduka. [FLTLT]

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge- Environal Protection Agency (EPA) yamisa izinga lomoya nezinga lamanzi, kodwa ihlela ukuthi ikwazi ukuwasebenzisa futhi ingathatha imithetho eqinile. ICalifornia inegunya eliyingqayizivele ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Air Act ukuze imise izindinganiso zayo zokukhipha imoto, eziye zalandela kwamanye amazwe ayishumi nambili. I-Trump yazama ukuqeda i-rave’s California, kodwa i-Biden i-Byden ibuye yasebenzisa imithetho eqinile. Ngalesosikhathi, i-ikhomba iziqondiso zikahulumeni kahulumeni ezisebenza ezindaweni ezinamandla nezindawo eziphansi. Isimo sezulu sishintsha imibuzo enzima mayelana nokuthi ubani okufanele ahole: uhulumeni noma izigodi zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi uma uhulumeni u-ocrowthrock.

Ukulawulwa Kwezibhamu Nesichibiyelo Sesibili

Ngemva kwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme i-Diverlation of Columbia v. Helter (2008) kanye McDonald v. Chicago[], iSimemezelo Sesibili sisebenza ezindaweni nasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, sibusa izibhamu ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: ezinye zidinga ukuhlola isizinda sendawo yonke, ukuvimbela izikhali, noma ukubeka imingcele yokulinda, kuyilapho abanye beye badlula “imithetho evimbela imingcele yezibhamu yendawo. [2022] iZwe lase-Rifle nePixol.[FT] i-Brup [FLT] ishaya isigwebo esifihlekile, kuyilapho i-'impoqo yokulungisa izigwebo zomthetho zomthetho womlando. Imithetho esukela phakathi kwezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezeze California.

Ukukhipha Isisu Namalungelo Okuzala

Isinqumo siye sahlehla cishe iminyaka engu-50 yesibonelo sikahulumeni, sibuyisela umthetho wokukhipha isisu ezindaweni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, cishe ingxenye yezifundazwe iye yavinjelwa noma yavinjelwa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwesisu, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zakhipha imithetho evikela ukungenela. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuqedeni izingxabano zezifunda ngokuhamba ngokunakekela, ukubeka isibopho esingokomthetho kwabagcini bekhaya, futhi ngisho nemizamo yokuvikela odokotela ekunqandeni ukuqulwa. Indima kahulumeni uhulumeni uyaqhubeka ulwa: Ingqungquthela ingadlulisa umthetho wesizwe, kodwa igebe ekhona manje igebe yezombangazwe yenza kube ngokunokwenzeka. EUnited States manje iyizindawo zokuhlola idemocrali yezenkambiso ngomqondo ongokoqobo.

Isiphetho

Indima kahulumeni kahulumeni ezindabeni zikahulumeni ayiyona icebo elimisiwe kodwa ingxoxo elungisayo ehlelwe umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, izingcindezi zezombangazwe, nezidingo zezenhlalo. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwezimpikiswano zoFata kuya ezimpini zanamuhla zezempilo, ukufuduka, kanye nesimo sezulu, ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla esizwe nobukhosi bukahulumeni kulokhu kuyisici esichazayo sokubusa kwaseMelika. Abafundi, ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kungaphezu kwendlela yemfundo yokusebenza kwezemfundo. Ngokuhlaziya indlela izivumelwano zezwe ezenziwa ngayo futhi zibekelwe inselele emazingeni ahlukene kahulumeni, abafundi bangahlola kangcono, babike imiphumela, futhi bahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubwebweni yentando yentando yeningi. Njengoba izwe liqhubeka ukuphikisana nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, umbuso wezwe liyo engxenyeni yengxoxo yesizwe.