ISichibiyelo Sesibili soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States siqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, isivikelo esiye sachazwa kabanzi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomthetho. Isicelo sokulungisa asikho endaweni engenalutho; silolongwa yizenzo zamagatsha amathathu ohulumeni kuhulumeni, umbuso, nakumazinga endawo, ngokufeza indima eqinisekile ekumiseni imingcele yomthetho-mthetho. Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinhlangano kwembula imishini eyinkimbinkimbi esekela futhi inqande amalungelo ezikhalini eMelika.

Indima Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Ophethe

ISishaya - mthetho simisa imithetho echaza izinga elivumelekile lokuba nezibhamu, igatsha eliphethe lezinhlangano ezikhethekile, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zihlala zingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Imithetho Yobumbano

Isisekelo somthetho wezikhali kahulumeni sisekelwe ezimisweni ezifana ne-National Firerngs Act ka-1934 (NFA) kanye noMthetho wokulawula iGun Control ka-1968 (GCA). I-NFA yamisa intela nezimfuneko zokubhalisa ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezikhali, kuhlanganise nezibhamu ezimfushane, kuyilapho i-GCA yamisa isimiso sokudambisa izibhamu ezisemthethweni sokudayisa izibhamu nesenqabela ukuthengiswa kwezibhamu ezisemuva. I-Brady Hand Police Develoption Act ka-1993 yadala isimiso sokuhlola isizinda sombuso (NICS), esihlala siyithuluzi elikhulu lokuvimbela abantu ekuthengeni izibhamu. Imizamo yamuva yemithetho ye-Bipartic Saverdated Act of 20222, i-oct ye-octal yemithetho ye-octergist ye-" ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-" ye-"

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sokuqondisa Nokuphoqelelwa Kwamandla

I-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemars and Explolesives (ATF), ingxenye ye-Derrement of Justice, iyinhlangano eyinhloko kahulumeni egunyazwa ukugunyaza imithetho yezibhamu. I-ATF ilawula imithetho yezibhamu ezigunyaziwe, ihlola, futhi ihlola ukuphulwa komthetho wokushushumbisa okungekho emthethweni nokuthenga utshani. Inhlangano iphikisana futhi nokubusa okulawula ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, njengokuchazwa kwemithetho ekwenziwe "izikhali zomlilo" ngaphansi kwe-NFA noma imithetho ephathelene "ne nezibhamu ezidume" – ukuvikelwa kwezibhamu ezingenziwa ngokuthengisa utshani noma ukunyathelisa 3D. Umongameli uphethe futhi ugunya lokukhipha iziyalezo zokukhipha iziqondiso zezekelo ezithile, njengokubona iziyalezo zokushushumbisa izibhamu noma ukuthuthukisa ukuhweba kwezelelwa kweminyango.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele NeNkantolo Ephakeme

Igatsha lokwahlulela elisezingeni likahulumeni linikeza inhlawulo yokugcina engokomthetho wesibhamu. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kuyi-Dialituty of Columbia v. Heller (2008) kwakuyisikhathi esichithiwe, esiqinisekayo ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nento ebhamu ekhaya. Lokhu kunqume ukugumbuqela i-Fopenth of Columbia umlomo futhi kubeke isisekelo sezinselele zesikhathi esizayo. [[FLT:] [FLT:] [2] [impondo]. City of Chicagov. [FLT3] [emper]) kumele ukuba kuviswe impoqo yemithetho ephakeme ye-ogroumphane.[20] Le orgognst project, i-'iglovreall'ist'ir'iempostoms.[up] Le proful] Isinqumo sinyekelelwa yimpofunyukelele i-

Indima YoMbuso Nohulumeni Bendawo

Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni emisa isisekelo sokulawula izibhamu, izifundazwe nezindawo zinegunya eliphawulekayo lokumisa imithetho yazo siqu.

Ukuhlukahluka Komthetho WoMbuso

Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge California, New York, neMassachusetts, ziye zamisa izinyathelo ezibanzi zokulawula izibhamu, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko ezinkulu zokuvimbela, ukuvinjelwa kwezitho zohlobo oluthile zezibhamu, imingcele yezikhali, ne "mandla-isue" ziphethe izimiso zemvume (izinga elingu] Bruen] iphoqelele abaningi ukuba bashintshele "kuhlela "kuhlela" izisekelo zemvelo). Ngokuphikisana nalokho, kunemithetho efana ne-Texas, i-Arizona, ne-Florida enemithetho eyekelelayo evumela ukuba kuthwalwe futhi kubeke imingcele embalwa yezibhamu. Lokhu kungumphumela oqondile wombuso; iziqinisi zeSikhawu seSimende sezwe ezingaphathiswe uhulumeni, nemithetho yezikhali ezilwa amaphoyisa amaphoyisa amaphoyisa asebenzela amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu angokomthetho angokomthetho. Izivumelwano ezingokomthetho zikhona futhi zikhona ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukudabuka Nokuzikhulula Kwendawo

Phakathi kwezifundazwe, amadolobha namanxuluma angase azame ukubeka imithetho yawo, njengezindawo ezingenazibhamu, inkathi yokulinda, noma ukubika izimfuneko zezibhamu ezilahlekile noma ezebiwe. Nokho, izifundazwe eziningi zinemithetho yokuzikhulula enqabela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bamise imithetho eqinile kunemithetho kahulumeni. I-National Rifle Association iseke isekela ukunqandwa okunjalo ukuze kuvinjelwe "umsebenzi owenziwe ngezibhamu" wemithetho engadidambisa abani bezibhamu abalahlekile noma abebiwe. Izimpi ezingokomthetho zivame ukuvela lapho imibuso yendawo ibekela imingcele yenkantolo enquma imingcele yegunya likamasipala. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho weSan Francisco ofuna ukuba abanikazi bezibhamule izibhamu zabo ekhaya uphekwe uhulumeni, ukuphikisana okugcina kuxazululwe yiNkame.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Nesichibiyelo Sesibili

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni amalungelo ezibhamu ngaphansi kwakho kokubili umthetho-sisekelo wezwe nemithetho-sisekelo yazo, eminingi yayo equkethe isivikelo esihlukene nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali. Ekulandeleni kwe Bruen, izinkantolo zikahulumeni manje zisebenza ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa okusha kwemithetho engokomlando. Imithetho ibangela ukuhlukana kwemithetho. Izibalo ezihilela izindawo ezizwelayo (izindlu, izikole), iziqobo, imingcele yobudala, kanye nezivimbelelo zikamagazini ziqhubeka kudlulela kuhulumeni nasezinkantolo zombuso, ngemiphumela ebizwa ngokuthi imithetho esetshenziswayo endaweni ethile. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlukanisa kwemithetho ephakeme.

Isimiso Sokwahlulela Neziphetho Zesibili

Izinkantolo ziyizilwi zokugcina zezimpikiswano zeSikhawulo Sezichibiyelo, ezisebenza ngokulinganisela ilungelo lomthetho - sisekelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali ezimpini zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo ekulondekeni komphakathi. Indima yejaji iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi ekhulwini lama - 21, njengoba izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokubukeza ziye zathuthukiswa.

Uvivinyo Lwesiko Elingokomlando

Phambi Bruen, izinkantolo eziphansi zisebenzisa indlela ethatha amanyathelo amabili: okokuqala, zabuza ukuthi umthetho osindayo ovikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sesibili yini; uma kunjalo, wasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuphakathi noma okuqinile kuxhomeke ekutheni umthwalo omkhulu kangakanani. Bruen[[FLT]] [[FLT]], iNkantolo Ephakeme] yalahla lendlela yokuhlola futhi yagunyazalela ukuvivinywa okusekelwe embhalweni, umlando, nesiko. Ngaphansi kwalendlela, umthetho wanamuhla umthetho womthetho womthetho kuphela uma ubonise ukuthi ukuvumela lesi sizwe esivamile ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali nokuncitshiswa kwemithetho engokomlando ezindaweni ezikhona ngonyakazelelweyo noma ngonyaka wekhulu lekhulu lekhulu leshumi elinesishiyagamu."Lena ifaka isilinganiso esincane semithetho elazini."

Inkinobho yokuvula iposi-Bruen Litiga

Kusukela kumthetho [isinqumo] Bruen, izinkantolo ziye zanikeza uchungechunge lwemithetho ehlola isakhiwo esisha. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zasekela imingcele ethile, zithola imithetho engokomlando evimbela ukugcinwa kwezibhamu noma ukugcinwa kwazo ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ezinye ziye zaphula imithetho enjenge "izindawo ezingathi zingathi zikhona" ilungiselelo elikhethe cishe zonke izinto zomphakathi njengemingcele yokuzithwala. Izindawo ezilwayo ikakhulukazi yimithetho eyaziwa "izikhali eziwukulwa" nezindawo eziphezulu ezingaphezulu; izinkantolo zesifunda eziningi ziye zasekela lokhu kuvinjelwa ngaphansi [[FOLT:] [FFON]] [FFFON] [3], kuyilapho ezinye ziwenzisa imingcele eqinile, iMibuko, futhi ziyoqheke iNka kakhulu ephakathi kweNkakhulu.[4] Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu evimbela ukuvinjelwa okungokomlando.[4]

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana Nesenzo SikaHulumeni

Ukufakwa kweSichibiyelo Sesibili ngeSichibiyelo se-14th Isichibiyeli, esiqinisekisiwe McDoned, kusho ukuthi uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo baboshwe ngokulinganiselwa okufanayo nohulumeni kahulumeni. Lokhu kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni ezihilela amasu aphakeme futhi kuthwale imingcele. [[FLT:] [2] [FLT] [FLT] , izimpawu zingaphika noma yikuphi ukuqaphela ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali; ngemva kwalokho, kumelwe babonise ukuthi ukulinganiselwa kwabo ngezindinganiso ezingokomlando. Imfundiso iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqashelwa okuyisisekelo [[FLD:] [FF:]]

Ukulinganisela Phakathi Kwamalungelo Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Ukucindezela phakathi kwelungelo lomthetho - sisekelo lokuphatha izikhali nokuphatha izibhamu kanye nenjongo yokunciphisa ubudlova bezibhamu kusemnyombweni wesinqumo sesibili somthetho. Izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, nokugcinwa komthetho kulokhu kuncintisana, futhi izindinganiso ezizisebenzisayo zinquma izinga lomthetho ovunyelwe.

Izizinda Zokucusumbula Kokwahlulela

Phambi kwe Bruen, izinkantolo zazivame ukusebenzisa ukucubungula okuphakathi noma okuqinile, kuye ngokuthi umthetho wawusinda kangakanani isibuyekezo sesibili. Ukuhlola kwadinga umthetho ohlobene kakhulu nesithakazelo sikahulumeni, kuyilapho ukuhlolisisa okuqinile kwakufuna isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe nezindlela ezicushwe kakhulu zokusifinyelela. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Bruen isinqumo esicacile senqaba lemikhawulo, kodwa umbuzo wokuthi ukubekeka uhulumeni kuhlala kungakanani. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi [FLT] [FFFFF:5] ngokwazo] [ect] [ell] ishobon-oright lomthetho we-profilet profilerders[FFomsment:3] ishobown [iencedments profile aright proligin engekhona umthetho ongokomthetho womlando oqinile. Ubufakazi obunye ukuvikela ubufakazi obusahlu.

Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Komphakathi Nezinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izindlela zokuphepha ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuhlola isizinda, izikhathi zokulinda, izimfuneko zokugcina, iziyalezo eziyingozi kakhulu zokuvikela (ama-ERPO noma "amafulege abomvu" awemithetho evimbelayo), kanye nokunqatshelwa kwezinye izigaba zezibhamu. Ngazinye zazo ziye zabhekana nezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwezwe [] Bruen[[FLT]] Bruen [[[aspart"]]] izinselele zokuphatha izibhamu ezisemthethweni kubantu abangaphansi kwengu-18 [imithetho eqinile] eziye zaphumela emibonweni ephikisanayo. Uhulumeni kumelwe manje unikeze imingcele engokomlando ebonisa ukuthi imingcele enjalo esekelwe enkathini yesiko. Ngokufanayo, ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali ezibizwa "altrault" – uhlobo oluchazwa ngemidweba nezinkozo ezilungiswe njengezigodlo nezitofu nezimpahla ezilungisiweyo – ihlukaniswa ngokwezigaba, noma izikhali ezihlukene, noma zihlukene ezihlukene ezihlukene ezihlukene ngaphansi kwezezeze "ft" "flet" "flet".

Indima Yobufakazi Obusekelwe Kubo

Nakuba ilulaza indima yobufakazi banamuhla obusekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo ekunqumeni ukuthi umthetho-siseko ukhona, ubufakazi obunjalo busazisa izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho namasuntswana okulawula izibhamu. Abasekeli bokulawula izibhamu babhekisela ekuhlolweni okuhlanganisa ukutholakala kwezibhamu emazingeni aphezulu okubulala nokuzibulala. Abaphikisi babhekisela ekucwaningeni ukuthi ukuvikela isibhamu kusetshenziswa okuvamile futhi ukuba nento ebhamu ingavimbela ubugebengu. Izinkantolo azizibaleli ngokuphelele iziphakamiso eziphikisanayo; zibalulekile uma zihlola ukuthi imvume engokomlando ikhona yini, njengoba uhulumeni ungase uphikise ukuthi izimo zanamuhla zivumela ukulinganiswa okukhulu noma okuncane. Nokho, ngaphansi [FLT:] Bru[FFF]

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sisengenye yezindawo eziphikiswa kakhulu zomthetho - sisekelo. intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwemithetho yeNkantolo, nokuhlanganisa imithetho engokwenhlalo kuyoqhubeka kuhlela izindima zikahulumeni nezinkantolo ekusekeleni – futhi kulinganisele - lungelo lokuthwala izikhali.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezikhali Zomlilo Ezingashintshwa

Ukwanda kwamathuluzi okunyathelisa nawenza izibhamu kuye kwadala izibhamu ngaphandle kwezibalo ezilandelanayo, ezibizwa ngokuthi "izibhamu zohlobo lwe-Ghost". I-ATF, ngaphansi kwesimiso samanje, yakhipha umthetho ngo-2023 owachaza kabusha amathuluzi anjengezibhamu angaphansi kwezibhamu ezihlotshaniswa nezimfuneko ezifanayo njengezibhamu ezingokwesiko. Lomthetho uye wabekelwa inselele njengokulahlwa kweSiphendulo Sesibili. Izinkantolo zidinga ukunquma ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwesiko kuyasebenza yini ekusunguleni ubuchwepheshe noma ukuthi isakhiwo esisha sidingeka ngokuphelele sezikhali ezazingasadingekangakho ngekhulu le-18 leminyaka.

Uvivinyo Lwezwe Nokumelana Nendawo

Ngisho nangemva Bruen, impi phakathi kwegunya lombuso nesimiso sendawo iyaqhubeka. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge New Mexico ne Colorado, ziye zamisa "imithetho ebomvu" evumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe imithetho yokususa izibhamu yesikhashana esekelwe ekuziphatheni okusongelayo. Lemithetho iye yasinda ezinkingeni zomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kusalokhu kuphikisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadolobha azama ukwakha "izindawo ezikhululekile zesithuthilo" ezithuthilweni zomphakathi noma ezakhiweni zikamasipala awe, futhi umphumela walezi zizakuchaza imingcele ehlasishiywe yeSiphelo sesibili.

Icala Lenkantolo Eliphakeme Nelangaphambili

Izikhulu zeNkantolo ePhakeme zibonise ukuzimisela ukuphoqelela iSichibiyelo sesibili ngonya, kodwa iNkantolo iye yabonisa ukuqapha ngokuvumela ezinye izimiso ukuba zime (njengaku ] Rahimi). Amacala amaningana alindele noma ngokunokwenzeka anikezwa imvume yokuphoqelela ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo sesibili, kuhlanganise nalabo abakhuluma ngegunya likamagazini elivinjelwa, ukuvalwa kwemithetho yentengiswa kwezikhali kubantu abangaphansi kwe-21, kanye nezingalo "izindawo ezihambelayo" ngalé kwezikole nezindlwana zenkantolo. Isinqumo ngasinye siyophinde silinganisele ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nelungelo lomuntu ngamunye.

Isiphetho

Indima kahulumeni nezinkantolo ekusekeleni iSichibiyelo sesibili ayisebenzi; iyisenzo esishukumisayo sokusebenza kwesenzo somthetho, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho, nokuchazwa kokwahlulela. Kusukela kumthetho omiswe yi-ATF futhi uphoqelelwe yimithetho ehlukene ehlukene yombuso neyomphakathi, zonke izinga lokubusa lisiza ekuqondeni okusebenzayo kwelungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali. Inkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, isebenza njengombhikishi wokugcina, iqinisekisa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukugxambukwa kwelungelo kumelwe kuthethelelwe ngombhalo, umlando, namasiko. Njengoba umphakathi uyaqhubeka unikeza impikiswano efanelekile phakathi kwenkululeko nokuphepha, izinhlangano ezichazwe lapha ziyo ziyohlala enkabeni yenkambiso yesizwe esiqhubekayo ukuze zichaze futhi zichaze i-ast - 21-ast.

[[Umthetho:0] Imithombo:[[[Umthetho:1]