Isimiso sezombangazwe esiyinhloko eUnited States singaphezu nje kwenqubo yokukhetha okuthathelwa phansi − iyisici esinethonya lapho isigaba siqanjwa khona, sihlolwa futhi silungiswa. Ngokusiza amalungu eqembu eliphethe isigaba nehele ukuba avote kumphathi waso ovamile othandekayo, amaprimenti asebenzisa ithonya elinamandla futhi elivame ukuncitshiswa kakhulu emapulatifomu ezimiso amaqembu ekugcineni amukelayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi amaqembu ezombangazwe aseMelika aqala kanjani, indlela izihloko ezizuza ngayo ukuvelela kwesizwe, nendlela imingcele yemibono yeqembu elikhulu ephinde izuze ngayo imingcele yokhetho.

Ukuqonda Amacala Ezombangazwe: Imisuka Nemishini

Ababandlulu babengalawuli inqubo yokukhipha izitho zomthetho. Engxenyeni enkulu yekhulu le-19, abaqondisi beqembu nezihambeli zomhlangano bakhetha ama-minee ngesaga "amagumbi agcwele i-okejoke" izinhlangano zokuguqula inguquko ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ziqhutshwa yimfuno ye-Province eqonde ngqo yentando yeningi, kancane kancane zisungula ukukhetha okuyinhloko njengendlela yokunciphisa ukulawula okuphakeme. Namuhla, isifunda ngasinye siphethe uhlobo oluthile lwe-caucus, nakuba imithetho ihluka kakhulu.

Izinhlobo Zezimali Nemiphumela Yazo

Ukukhethwa kohlobo oluyinhloko akuyona nje imininingwane ye-procedro; kuthinta kakhulu ukuthi ubani ogijimayo, lokho abakuthembisayo, nokuthi obavoti bani abahloma izinhlelo zeqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, isici esiyinhloko esivalekile esifundeni esinamagebengu amakhulu singanika abavoti abaningi amandla okunquma indlela yeqembu, kuyilapho umuntu ovulekile osesimweni sokuncintisana angaphoqelela abazokufuna ukulinganisela indlela yabo yokukhuluma.

UCaucus: Ukwehluka Okubalulekile

Nakuba ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswa, amaprimie nama-caucuuse asebenza ngendlela ehlukile. I-Caucuuses .Ncauses, nedlanzana lezinye izifundazwe,(i-require in-person jour, ngokuvamile amahora athatha isikhathi eside. Athambekele ekuheheheheni abashisekeli abaningi abazinikezele kakhulu, abangabangela imiphumela eqondene nokweqisa kwemibono. Ama-parime, ngokungafani, asetshenziswa e-Iowase-e - ezindaweni zokuvota futhi kanjalo ahehehe ingxenye enkulu (esazikhetha ngokwawo) yeqembu labavoti. Ukusuka kuma-ccucuuse kuya ezindaweni eziningi ezingamashumi amabili eminyaka edlule kubonisa ukuthandwa okutholakala nokuphendukulwa, kodwa futhi abagxeki benciphe futhi kunciphisa izici zokukhetha, ukukhetha umphakathi.

Imishini Izinhlobo Zeqembu Elishintshayo

Iqembu elisebenza endaweni ephansi aliyona incwadi ehleliwe efakwe ekamelweni elingemuva; liyindlela ephilayo yokuvumelana enqoba ngokuyinhloko.

Ukugcizelela kwekhasimende nesithi "Ukuzigcina"

Phakathi nemikhankaso eyinhloko, abazobhapathizwa kumelwe bazihlukanise phakathi kwenkundla egcwele abantu. Ngokuvamile bahlela izimpikiswano ezimbalwa ze-democratic quators `ivolutions' ephezulu , ukufuduka, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, noma ukuhweba − okuhambisana nesisekelo seqembu labo. Njengoba izihloko zezindaba zihlanganisa lezimo zempikiswano, inhlangano yamaqembu iphawula. Lokhu kuphawula, kumashumi amabili ezindawo zokuhlala eziphezulu ze-Dremocratic Primeryters, u-Elizabeth Warren uhlela izinhloso zentengo zengcebo kanye nentethelelo yabafundi eziphoqeqelelwe ukuba abantu abafuna ukuthatha izikhundla eziqhubekayo kulezo zihloko, ezavela kamuva eqenjini lama-2020. Lokhu "Izibondawo" zingaphakamisa izindaba, ukuvelela kweqembu iminyaka eminingi.

Ukulinganisela Kwempikiswano Nokucindezela Komsebenzi

Izinkulumo eziphambili zisebenza njengezindawo zokubonisa lapho abazobhapathizwa kumelwe bazihlanganise nenkathi yokuvela kweqembu lobuorthodox. Umfundi okhubekayo engxoxweni eyinhloko (ngokwesibonelo, ehluleka ukubopha amaphoyisa adumayo noma ukuvikela uKhulekele lwezenhlalakahle (-acan). Lokhu kucindezela kontanga kusunduza bonke abafuna ukubhalisa izikhundla ezithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabavoti, kancane kancane ukususa yonke impikiswano yeqembu. Imininingwane ye- ifaka i-Protookings ibonisa ukuthi izimpikiswano eziyinhloko ziye zaba namandla kakhulu kusukela kuma 2000, njengoba ukuhlukanisa kwezokuvota kuvumela bonke abangeni ukuba bavote imila yemi.

Imishini Yokulungisa Imali, Ukukhipha Imali, Nokuqinisa Izimpawu

Izivumelwano ezivela kubathonyeli, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, noma amaqembu emibono (umz., i-Club for Growth noma i-Change Campaign Committee) ivumela imithombo kanye nokunaka kwabameleli abalwela amapulatifomu athile. Isidingo sokuvikela lezi zivumelwano siphoqelela ukuba baqinisekise ukusekela imithetho ethile (njengeholo elingu-R1,5) noma udonga lomngcele (ngokuthi uhlolwe). Ubuhlobo obuphakathi kweminyango yemali nokuqina kwezekelela bufakazelwa kahle yizazi zezemikhankambiso; Firedal Commissiontion [[FLLD:1]]] inikeza ukwaziswa okubonisa ukuthi iminikelo emincane ye-dilomlar, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kakhulu, ithambekele kakhulu ekukhiqinisweni kwezeleleni.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zeqembu Eliyekelelayo

I - Facebook Engokwentando Yeningi Ka - 2008: Indawo Yokukhetha Eqhubekayo

Umncintiswano phakathi kukaBarack Obama noHillary Clinton wawungewona nje impi yesizukulwane; kwakuwukuphinda uphinde uhlolwe ngohlelo lwe-Democratic. Umkhankaso we-Obama owenziwe ngokuphangazela, owenziwe ama-osroot ahlela kanye nomyalezo "wethemba noshintsho," waphoqelela iqembu ukuba lithathe isikhundla esiqinile ekulungiseni impilo (ukukhetha komphakathi), ukukhuthaza kwezomnotho, nobulungisa bobuhlanga. Unyaka ka-2009 i-Démocratic plat walahla ukusondela kwe-Clinton-“triating" nolimi olwalwamukela olwalufanekisela i-Affordcable Careal Act. Futhi i-Act.

IProfethi YamaRepublic Ka - 2016: Umkhangisi We - Populist

Ukunqoba kukaDonald Trump ku-2016 iRiphablikin primiaris kwakuyisikhathi esichithiwe sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesigaba. Njengoba uTrump ayegxile ekunyanzelweni kokufuduka ("lodonga"), ukubuyisa izivumelwano zezohwebo, kanye nenkambiso yezohwebo yesizwe yamazwe angaphandle yabekela inselele ngokuqondile amashumi eminyaka e-America e-Orvacism ebhizinisini, ukungenela i-Riphabliki, ukungenela kwe-irbacraticism, kanye nokuguqula i-promigrationtion. Njengoba i-tump yayilawula imiqhushuwa ephambili, abancintisana naye, uTedruz, u-Cruccio, no-Marco Rubio, noJeb Bush [1] baphon aphoqedwe ukuba bamukele i-puldia engcono kakhulu ezindaweni eziphambili ze-202, futhi bashintshe izihloko ze-20 ze-Riphabliki ezithi ezithi.

2020 IProma yeDemocratic Price: Ukuqinisa iPhakathi-kwesobunxele

Nakuba lo mqondo wawuhlukene ngokwemibono phela kusukela eBernie Sanders nase-Elizabeth Warren ukuya ePete Buttigieg nase Joe Biden .Imiphumela ekugcineni yahlanganisa iqonga eliphakathi elihlangene nezindawo eziphambili eziqhubekayo (Medicare ukwanda, isenzo sezulu, isikweleti sabafundi) nokubusa kwe-pragmatic. Ama-primenti anjenge-South Carolina, lapho ukusekela kuka-Biden's Coptain kwavuselela khona umkhankaso wakhe, waqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa bezinhlanga nezomnotho zihlala zisenkabeni ye-202020. Isikhulu saholela ekuthatheni i-mukwamuse "amasosha asebenzayo" phakathi kwenkampampano ne-Biden, okuphumela ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kakhulu kwe-Clinton 2016 kodwa okuncane kakhulu kunezicelo zokuqala ze-Sandmer.

2022 Imishini Ephakathi Nenkathi: I - Trump- Handideted Candidates

AmaRiphabliki angu-2022 abona owayenguMongameli uTrump esebenzisa amandla akhe okuvumela abasekeli abanamathela ekukhwabaniseni kwakhe kokhetho okungu-2020 nasekuzinzeni ngokumelene nokumiswa. Emijahweni esukela e-Arizona kuya ePennsylvania, imiphumela eyinhloko yaphoqelela iqembu laseRepublican ukuba lithathe izikhundla zesikhululo ezilula ezithatha imingcele engokwesiko (umz., i-fiscal paralical paralicism) esekela izikhalo zempucuko nezinyathelo zokukhetha. Lokhu kushintsha kwakusobala emkhankambisweni we-Proputedry - progatedrypt kuvuzwa amaqembu ezwe. Nakuba abanye balaba bathandisi belahle ukhetho olungokwesiko olungokwesiko (uml.m., i-part.)

Ukusetshenziswa Okufanelekile Kwamacala Ezihlubuki Eqembu

Naphezu kwezedemokrasi, izikhundla zezikhulu zeqembu elihleliwe, abanikeli, amaqembu enzalo, asungule amasu ayinkimbinkimbi okuhlela imiphumela eyisisekelo futhi, ngokwengxenye, amapulatifomu. Ukumiswa kwabazo ekwamukeleni imvume yakudala, imali, kanye nokufakwa kwezezindaba ezingcono ukuze kuvimbele izinselele. Nokho, ukuphakama kwama-PAC amakhulu namaqembu anezimali ezimnyama kuqedise ukuqeda inkundla yokudlala, ivumele abathathiwe ukusungula imikhankaso ethembekile esekelwe ekuhlanzekeni komphakathi. Umbano phakathi kwesigaba sesigaba somphakathi nesisekelo seqembu luyimpi echaza impikiswano yanamuhla; iqopheli ekhona phakathi kwala mabutho aphikisanayo.

Iqembu elingaphakathi lizama futhi ukuthonya amaqonga ngemithetho yokukhetha abathunywa, njenge-superdeliage (ePhakathi Ledemocratic) noma ukuthatha inzuzo yonke (kwizindawo eziningi zeRepublic primial). Le nqubo ingakhulisa amazwi alinganiselayo noma inike ingqondo amandla adlulele kakhulu, kuye ngemithetho eqondile. I-Democratic Party's yangemva-2016, eyanciphisa indima ye-injini enkulu ebhaloti, yaba yimpendulo eqondile ekuboneni ukuthi u-2016 u-"wayi-"okleging" ku-Bernie Sanders", iveza indlela imithetho eyinhloko eyaziwa ngayo ukuba yithuluzi loshintsho.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwesimiso Esiyinhloko

Ukuhlanganyela Okuphansi Nokungalingani

Umvoti omkhulu usukela ku-15% kuya ku-30% wabavoti abafanelekayo, uma kuqhathaniswa no-50/65% okhethweni oluvamile. Lokhu kuhlanganyela okuphansi kugxila ekwakheni amandla phakathi kwasebekhulile, abamhlophe, abacebile, nabemicikilisho engaphezulu. Umphumela uyi-"primitary: isimiso esiklanyelwe ukunikeza abantu izwi elilula kakhulu, lapho kuveza khona amaphimbo namapulatifomu angabonisi izintando zonogesi ababanzi. Lokhu kuveza ikakhulukazi ezibangeni eliphansi ezivalekile ezizweni ezingahambisani, lapho umncintiswano wokhetho olubalulekile kuphela obalulekile.

Ukuguqula kanye ne-"Race eBase"

Ngenxa yokuthi abavoti abayinhloko bazinikele kakhulu ngokwemibono, abavoti abaphambili bahlonishwe ukuba bafake izikhundla ezisezimpini zabo kunokuba banciphe phakathi. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umzila oya esisekelweni," kuye kwahlotshaniswa ososayensi bezombangazwe ekunyuseni izindawo ezibandayo eKhongosweni. Njengoba izikhundla zesikhululo ziba zimbi kakhulu, abavoti abavamile abafuna ukuvota kumelwe baphumele esikhungweni, badala igebe elikholisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Ukuhlola okungu-2021 okuye kwanyatheliswa kuyi-Thekingliter yezombangazwe iScience[ Journal of Political Science

Indima Yemali Nemali Engenathemba

Izindawo ziye zaba yimijaho ebizayo; abafuna ukuthunyelwa bachitha imali eningi ekukhangiseni, eposini, naseminicrameters ekungeneni kwe-votatentium encane, ehloselwe. Ukuvela kwe-PACs kanye no-501(c) (4) “izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle yabantu” ezingadaluli abanikelayo ziye zavumela abantu abacebile nezinkampani ukuba zithonye imiphumela eyisisekelo namapulatifomu ngaphandle kokulandisa komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, imboni kawoyela negesi ifaka inselele ngokuphumelelayo inselele eRepublican esekela i-carbon explustration, igcina ngokuphumelelayo isenzo sesimo sezulu esingaphandle esiseqekekweni seqembu. Le mali ishicishini ishishiwe ilula kodwa ilandelwa amaqembu anjenge [FLC:][FLD]

Ukushintsha Izindlela Zokumelela Izimemezelo Ezingcono

Ukushintshwa kweranki exutshiwe

Alaska noMaine baye bamukela ukuvota okunqunyiwe okunqunyiwe kwe-choice (RCV) yeqembu elinama-primmist nokhetho oluvamile. Esimisweni esiphezulu se-RCV sase-Alaska, bonke abavoti bavela eqenjini elilodwa eliyinhloko, futhi intuthuko emiphakathini emine ibhekise phambili kukhetho oluvamile, lapho abavoti behlela khona. Lokhu kunciphisa isisusa sokuziphakamisisa kakhulu ngoba abafuna ukubhalisa i-partments yabavoti kusukela ekuqaleni. Ubufakazi bakuqala be-Maine's 2020 ne 20222 busikisela ukuthi i-RCPrimitempories iveza abaqhubi abahamba ezitethweni ezilinganiselwe kakhulu futhi abanamandla kakhulu bokwakha imifelano. I-RC ibonwa futhi njengendlela yokufaka i-"ilpoer" futhi yandamuphiselwa ngokuvota.

Ukwandisa amaprimie avulekile − noma ukwamukela i-"top-2" ifomethi e----nake ithonya eliyinhloko lokhetho, ukunciphisa ithonya labavoti abathatha imvume eshisiwe. Ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, uma kuhlangene nokubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo kweprimeric, kuye kwaboniswa ukwandisa ukuvela phakathi kwabasha nabavoti abancane, ukwenza imiphumela eyinhloko ibe yi-mmeleli enkulu. Umphezulu-2, osusiwe ngo-2012, uye waholela ekukhetheni ngezikhathi ezithile kwemithetho engcono kakhulu, nakuba abacusumbuli bephikisana nayo idala ukunxusa okunamandla lapho abathandi beminikelo ecebile kunamaqembu.

Imfundo Nemizamo Yezobuchwepheshe

Izinguquko ziphumelela kuphela njengezinhlangano zokhetho ezinolwazi ezizisebenzisayo. Izinhlangano ze-Nonpartisan njengeNhlangano yaMasipala nama-Ballotte inikeza abavoti abanezimo zokuvota, isiza abavoti abayinhloko ukuba baqonde incazelo yeqophelo lokukhetha kwabo. Amazwe afaka imali ezindaweni zokuvota ezibanzi, abaqondisi be-inthambi be-inthambi ye-inthanethi, nemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yesizwe ithambekele ekuboneni ukujika okuphezulu nokuvota okunezelwe kakhulu. Inselele ekhona iyaqhubeka ifinyelela ekukhipheni izivoti ezingeni ezisemfaza ezisemgangathweni eziphansi kakhulu.

Bheka Phambili: Izenzo Zobugebengu Nokuvela Kweqembu

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buphinda bubonisa indlela abavoti abamukela ngayo ukwaziswa − futhi njengoba amaqembu amabili ayinhloko eqhubeka ekwazi ukuhlukanisa izici ezingokwesiko nangokomnotho .Isimiso esiyinhloko siyohlala siyinkundla yemidlalo yasesiteji. Ukuvela kwemitapo esekelwe engosini yezenhlalo, ukwanda kwezinhlelo zokwaziswa zokuthumelelana imiyalezo, nokusetshenziswa okwandayo kokwaziswa kokubhalisa izitho zomcimbi eziyinhloko kubavoti abancane abafakiweyo kuyokwenza ithonya lesisekelo sibe sesimo. Okwamanje, kubiza usuku oluyinhloko lwesizwe, noma ukuguqula ikhalenda yokuqala ukuze kunciphe ithonya lezifunda zokuqala njenge-Iowaowas kanye ne-Newpre, kuzuza amapheshana phakathi kwamalungu womabili.

Ukucindezeleka okuyisisekelo kunoma yimuphi umkhakha wentando yeningi kuyindlela yokulinganisela intshiseko yesisekelo esisebenzayo nesidingo sokuwina ukhetho oluvamile. Izindawo zilapho lowomjikelezo udla khona ngokucace kakhulu. Ukuqonda lenqubo(iinqumo) yamakhenika, iziqondiso zayo, nezindlela zokuguqula inqubo (ibalulekile) kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukubona amapulatifomu aphambili afuna ukuwamelela ngokwengeziwe umphakathi abathi bayawukhonza. Njengoba imijikelezo engu-2024 no-2028 isondela, ukukhetha okwenziwa kumaPriciemarium ngeke nje kuphela kunqume ukuthi ama-mine, kodwa kuqhubeke nokulungisa izisekelo zesimiso sokubusa kwaseMelika iminyaka eminingi ezayo.