Umqondo wembangela okungenzeka ungenye yezinga lokuphepha ezibucayi kakhulu enqubweni yobugebengu baseMelika, ikakhulukazi lapho umthetho ufuna ukusesha isikhungo sezezimali. ISichibiyelo sesine se-U.S. ufuna ukuba kungabi nagunya kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekile, sisekelwe ngesifungo noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi sichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa. Kumongomo wezinhlangano zezimali, okuhlanganisa amabhange, izinyunyana ezibolekisayo, izinkampani, kanye nezinhlangano ezithiwayo zemithetho-othoba, kudinga ukuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yesimo esiqinile semvelo nezithakazeko zobumfihlo ezikhuthayo eziphezulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola isisekelo esingokomthetho sembangela ukuba kuboniswe izimali, izimfuneko eziqondile zokugunyaza ezikhwazwa kwemiya ngokomthetho, kanye nokuqondisa komthetho owe-mthetho owenziwe ngelungelo lomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuqonda Imbangela Efanelekile Emalini

Imbangela eqinisekile akuyona indlela esebenzayo kodwa umqondo osebenzayo, ongakhombi osebenzelana no-access. Endabeni yesibonakaliso Ilinois v. Gates, 462] U.S. 213 (19983), iNkantolo ePhakathi ePhakeme e-U.S. yamukela “ubungakanani bezimo”, ukuqondisa izimantshi ukuba zenze isinqumo esisebenzayo, esinengqondo ukuthi, noma zinikezwe zonke izimo ezibekwe kuyi-affidavit, kunethuba elihle lokuthi ukukhokhwa okukhona noma ubufakazi bobugebengu kuyotholakala endaweni ethile ngokukhethekile. Uma indawo ikhona isakhiwo sezezimali,“ i-ainjini" kumelwe ihambisane izimali, noma imali, noma imali engekho emthethweni, ingekho emthethweni, noma intela, i-prothensi.

Imbangela engenzeka ekufuneni ngokwezimali ivame ukuncika ebufakazini obungahleliwe, ezentengiselwano, izimemezelo eziyimfihlo, izimemezelo eziyimfihlo, ukuhlaziywa kwezimali, noma ukuqashwa. Ngokungafani nokuseshwa kwekhaya, lapho kungase kube khona ukuqapha okuqondile, ubufakazi obungokwezimali ngokuvamile buhlolwa futhi bungagcwala kakhulu. Ngakho ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kucaciswe ngokulandelana okuhlanganisa ukulandisa okuqondile, ukuthengiselana, noma amarekhodi obugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela yokufaka izimali ezingeni elihleliwe ngaphansi komnyango obika imali engu-10 000 000 kungaveza imbangela engenzeka yokuphenya imali.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nesimiso Esingokomthetho Sabahlali

ISichibiyelo sesine sinikeza imvume yomthetho-mthetho yazo zonke izicelo ezigunyazwayo. Ukuze bathole incwadi yokuhlola isikhungo sezimali, ababeluleki bomthetho kumelwe banikeze imvume yokusekela imentshisi engathathi hlangothi nengathathi hlangothi. I-affidavit kumelwe:

  • Amaqiniso oMbuso anele ukuveza imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi ubugebengu bebukhona noma buyakwenziwa.
  • Bonisa ukuthi ubufakazi noma izithelo zobugebengu ziyotholakala kulenhlangano yezezimali.
  • Chaza indawo okungaseshwa kuyo ngokukhethekile (isizk., “igatsha eliyinhloko leBanki Lesizwe Lokuqala, elise 123 Main Street, kuhlanganise nawo wonke amabhokisi aphephile okugcina impahla kanye nezisebenzisi zamacomputer”.
  • Chaza izinto okumelwe zithathwe ngokukhethekile (isib., “izitatimende zobhange, izingqwembe, amakhadi okusayinwa, kanye namarekhodi kagesi e-akhawunti inombolo 456-789 yenkathi ka-January 2020 ezakuba khona”.

Imfuneko yokufuna inzuzo ibaluleke kakhulu ekufuneni imali. Imvume ebanzi kakhulu (ngokomzekelo, efuna “yonke imibhalo” ngaphandle kokunciphisa kwesikhashana noma kwesihloko-" kungabhekwa njengemvume kajenene. Izinkantolo zivame ukuhlasela izicelo ezinjalo ezibanzi. [FLT]][1]] Andressen v. Maryland[, U.S. 463 [12] [12] [[FLT]], iNkantolo Ephakeme], ikholelwa ukuthi izicelo zemibhalo yezemirekhodi kumelwe ichaze ikakhulukazi imibhalo efuna ukugwema ukunikeza izikhulu iziqondiso ezingalawuleki.

Indima Ye - Affidavit

I-affidavit iyisizinda sokusebenza kwemvume. Kumelwe ibeke amaqiniso − hhayi iziphetho nje zokusekela ukutholwa kwembangela okungenzeka. Ukuzwa kwezazi kuyavunyelwa uma imantshi ingahlola ukwethembeka komphathi nesisekelo solwazi, njengoba kusungulwe ku [FLT]] [[FLT]]] Illinois v. masango [FLT][FLT]]. [ezehlakalo zezezimali, ama-ffidavits ngokuvamile athembela ekuhlazisweni kwemibhalo engolwazi, kufakazi bemali, noma ulwazi oluvela eBHAMB (BSCHELSCHELS Act (BS).

Izimfuneko Eziqondile Lapho Kuhlolwa Iziko Lezimali

Izinhlangano zezezimali zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni nombuso ephoqelela imisebenzi ekhethekile egcinwayo eqenjini lomthetho. Ilungelo lokuthola imfihlo Act (RFPA) ka 1978 (12 U.S.C. . . . . . . . . .inikeza amakhasimende alindele ukuba agcine amarekhodi awo emali enziwe yizinhlangano zezezimali. I-RFPA idinga ukuba phambi kwegunya likahulumeni lithole amarekhodi emali, (2) ithole imvume yokuphatha ehlangabezana nezimfuneko zomthetho, (3) isebenzise umbiko wokuhlola, (4) ukungenisa isicelo esisemthethweni esisemthethweni esigunyazwe i-propena, noma ukusebenza isicelo esibhaliwe ngokusebenza ngokusemthethweni.

Uma i-RFPA isetshenziswa, i-RFPA iphoqelela izinqubo ezengeziwe. Imvume kumele ikhishwe inkantolo yegunya elifanele futhi isekelwe yi-affidavit esungula imbangela okungenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilungiselelo lezimali kumelwe linikezwe ikhophi yemvume futhi ikhasimende lithole isaziso ngokuvamile, nakuba imvume ivunyelwe uma isaziso singafaka engozini enkulu ekuhloleni. Lemfuneko ihlukanisa izinhlangano zezimali ezidinga ukuvela ekucwaningeni okuvamile kwe-Genestle, futhi yenezela ungwengwengwele lwendlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenza.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlangano Zezezimali Ziyahlanganiswa

Inkulumo ethi “inhlangano yezezimali” ibanzi, ihlanganisa amabhange, izinkampani ezigcina imali, izinyunyana zokukhokha izikweletu, izinkampani zabathengi, imishini yamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, kanye nezinhlangano ezingaphansi koMthetho weBank Shiery Act. Izinjongo ngokunokwenzeka, izindinganiso ezifanayo zisebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isimo esithile senhlangano, kodwa isimo samarekhodi singathinta “ukuhlola”. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphenya isisekelo samalungu enkampanini yokuthenga ngezimali kungadinga ukuchaza okuhlukile kunokufuna amathilogi athe abathengisi okuthenga imali.

Imbangela Enengqondo Yobufakazi Ohlukahlukene Bezimali

Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuvumelane nesizathu okungenzeka sibonise ubufakazi obufunekayo. Izenzakalo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukufaka imali: Ama-affidavit angathembela ekuthengiseni okukhulu noma okungavamile, ukuhanjiswa kwemali ngokushesha ngama-akhawunti amaningi, ukuthengiselana nezinkampani ezaziwayo zamagobolondo, noma umsebenzi wokuhlela. Abahlaziyi bezemali bangabonisa imiklamo yemiphumela engekho emthethweni.
  • Ukubalekela: Ubufakazi bungahlanganisa ukungavumelani phakathi kweholo elibikweyo nenani elishisiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwama-akhawunti angekho ogwini, noma ukufakwa kwemali okungachazeki. Imbangela engenziwa ivame ukuxhomeke ekuhlaziyweni komthetho.
  • [ Fraud:[ Ama-affidavit angakhomba kutsheki oluyinkohliso, izithunjwa ezingavamile, noma ukuthengiselana nezisulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-nexus idinga ukuxhumanisa ama-akhawunti aqondile nokuziphatha kokukhohlisa.
  • Ifasethi elahlekile: Ezimweni lapho impahla ilahlekelwa khona, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise imbangela engenzeka ukuthi impahla ilandela imisebenzi yobugebengu. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlola amarekhodi asebhange abonisa ukugeleza kwemali.

Izinselele Ekutholeni Abathathi Bezezimali

Izinselele eziningana zenza ukuzimisela okungase kubangele imvume yokuhlela ngokwezimali. Okokuqala, ubufakazi buvame ukubhalwa futhi bunevolution, okwenza kube nzima ukuchaza ukuxhumana okukhethekile ngaphandle kokuhlolwa komlando. Lokhu kwakha “i-Cwatch-22”: ukubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uhulumeni udinga ukubona amarekhodi, kodwa ukubona amarekhodi adinga isiqinisekiso. Ikhambi liwukusebenzisa amanye amathuluzi ophendulo-* anjengezinswebengu ukuze kubhalwe imibhalo esekelwe ekusolweni okunengqondo noma embathiwa abahluleli abakhulu (*) ukwakha isisekelo esifanele.

Okwesibili, amarekhodi ezimali avame ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi ezingokomthetho nabantu ngabanye. Irekhodi elilodwa lingase lisetshenziswe abantu abaningana, futhi incwadi kumelwe isho ukuthi ubani oyisisulu nokuthi yimaphi amarekhodi afunwayo. Izivumelwano ezibanzi ezifuna amarekhodi abathengi abangakachashwa zilula. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okungavumelani nomthetho futhi kumelwe kube khona i-exis phakathi kobugebengu nendawo. Ekuhloleni kwezezimali, ukuthi i-nixus ingamiswa ngokubonisa ukuthi ummangalelwa usebenzise ukuhlolwa kobugebengu.

Okwesithathu, ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwebhange lanamuhla − kuhlanganise nokuthunyelwa kocingo, amarekhodi emishini, namagatsha amaningi . Abanqobi kumelwe baphawule igatsha elithile noma ihhovisi eligcinwa kulo amarekhodi, ikakhulukazi ngoba izinhlangano eziningi zezezimali zigcina ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo. Uma imvume ingenayo, konke ukuphenya kungancitshiswa. Umthetho oweqisayo usebenza ngamandla amakhulu ekucwaningeni ngokwezimali okungqubuzana neSiphendulo Sesine.

Ukuhlolwa Kokwahlulela Nezindinganiso Zokubukeza

Abahluleli bafeza indima yokugxeka ukugcinwa kwesango. Uma behlola isicelo sokugunyaza isikhungo sezezimali, imantshi kumelwe ihlole ukuthi i-ffidavit imisa amathuba alungile yini. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagcizelela ukuthi isineke esikhulu kufanele sinikezwe ekunqumeni kwesizathu okungenzeka sikhona, uma nje kunesisekelo esiqinile sokuthola. Nokho, uma i-affidavit isekelwe ekucebeleni amaphuzu ewumthetho wesigebengu noma imane iphinda iziphetho zesazi sesazi esingaqiniseki, kufanele iphiwe.

[FLT][FLT] United States v. Williams, 136 S. Ct. 580 (2015) ( [[ipesentium]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphinda yaphindaphinda ukuthi inkantolo ebukezayo akumelwe inciphise imvume ngokuchaza i-affidavit ngendlela ebanzi. Kunalokho, isinqumo se-majistar sinelungelo lokuthatha i-dendebence uma ingayibo abangabo abangebo abakho. Lokhu kubekelwe phambili kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zezimali lapho ubufakazi buyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ayiwukhululi uhulumeni wenkonzo yayo yokumisa i-exus.

Ukuzicabangela Ngezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nelungelo Lokwenza Izindaba Eziyimfihlo

I-RFPA yamiswa ngokusabela okuqondile ezindabeni zamabhange ngenxa yokuthi lawo marekhodi asesimisweni sezimali seNkantolo ePhakeme. U-Miller v., 425 U.S. 435 (1976), eyayithi i-barbacker ayilindele ukuqulwa kwezethulo zamabhange ngoba lawo marekhodi asesigungwini sezimali. Umthetho wangenela ukwakha imfihlo yemithetho yezomthetho ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo ibambe imvume. Ngaphansi kwe-RFPA, izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zivumelane nesaziso esiqondile nezimfuneko ze-procedtura. Umthetho wokufuna imvume etholakala ngaphansi kweSijikelezo-Dlungiso sesine u-RFPA, kodwa uhulumeni kumelwe futhi wazise amakhasime esikhathini esithile ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo ibambe imvume.

Ukudlala phakathi kweSichibiyelo sesine neRFPA kusho ukuthi ngisho noma kungenzeka ukuthi ikhona imbangela, imvume ingabe ibekelwe inselele ngezizathu ze-statory. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni ehluleka ukusebenzisa isikhungo sezimali ngekhophi yemvume noma engavumelani namalungiselelo esaziso, amarekhodi angase angabi yisisulu. Lokhu kwenezela ungwengwengwezi lwezimo ze-productural engatholakali ekuhlolweni okuvamile kweSine seSichibiyelo.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Ababelungisa Izikhali

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi kuyinkimbinkimbi, izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe ziye ezikhungweni zezimali ezifuna izicelo zokunakekelwa. Izindlela ezinconywayo zihlanganisa:

  • Sebenzisa abacwaningi bezezimali nabahlaziyi ukulungiselela ama-panethi anemininingwane echaza ukubaluleka kwentengiselwano, imiklamo eveza izenzo zobugebengu, kanye namarekhodi adingekayo.
  • Thyisha i-part ekahti ye- yamarekhodi aceliwe esikhathini esilinganiselwe esiboshelwe ebugebengwini obabuthiwa. Izicelo ezivulwe ziletha ukucindezelwa.
  • hlela uhlobo lwamarekhodi afunwa (umzk., “isifakela amakhadi, izingcaphuzo, izitatimende zanyanga zonke, kanye namarekhodi emali egciniwe kanye nokukhishwa kwemisebe ukulanda ...235 kusukela ku-January 1, 2023, kuya ku-December 31, 2023”.
  • [ isho ilungiselelo lezimali negatsha [ ngegama nekheli eliqondile. Uma amarekhodi egcinwe ngaphandle-ka-kanye ngomshini, imvume kufanele igunyaze ukuseshwa kokwaziswa ngokwakho, kusebenza kumphathi.
  • faka umyalo wokubeka uphawu , futhi uma kudingekile, isicelo sokubambezela isaziso sekhasimende ukuvikela uphenya.
  • Ikhasi le nexus phakathi kobugebengu nomlando. Inkantolo izakubuza: Kungani lamibhalo iqopha umlando? Kungani leli cebo? Kungani kusetshenziswa leframe?

Icala Nemikhuba Okuphawulekayo

Izenzakalo eziningana zikahulumeni zibonisa ukusebenza kwembangela okungenzeka ikhona ekufuneni iziqu zezimali. United States v. Bynum, 604 F.3d 161 (i-Cir. 2010), inkantolo yasekela imvume yamarekhodi asebhange asekelwe ebhange elisekelwe e-affidavit echaza iminyaka yokukhohliweyo, ngisho nakuba imvume yayibanzi. Inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi i-ffidavit yanikeza imininingwane eqinisekile ehlangene nokushushumbisana kwezidakamizwa. Ngokuphambene, United States., 994, F.22222. Chid 1993, inkantolo yabika irekhodi ebhalwe phansi nje ukuthi “intengo ngayinye i-mfundani egcwele izidakamizwa.

Muva nje, ukwanda kwemisebe yebhange nokuhlola i-email kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo emisha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola ibhange eliyi-inthanethi noma i-crypto expreads kungadinga isiqinisekiso esichaza izikhwama zemali namakheli avimbelayo. Izinkantolo zisathuthukisa izindinganiso ezikhethekile zokuhlola okunjalo, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka imfuneko eyisisekelo ayishintshi.

Isiphetho

Imbangela enikezwayo isebenza njengenhloli yomthetho-mthetho we-linchpin yezimiso ezigunyaziwe zezicelo ezigunyaziwe. Iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla amakhulu ombuso okungenela ezindabeni zezimali zangasese asetshenziswa kuphela lapho kunezizathu ezifanele. IsiHlanzi sesine, njengoba sichazwa ngengqikithi yengqikithi ye-commentationsting, ifuna ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo, okungahleleki kwezezimali. Ilungelo lokuhlola i-Malicy Act linezela isivikelo somthetho esiqinisa isidingo sokunenzuzo nokulalela imvume yokulawula inzuzo. Lapho umthetho wakha ngokucophelela imfanelo yawo efanelekile yokubonisa nokulungisa imishini ethile, ukuphenya kungaphumelela kokubili futhi kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Nokho, uma imiphumela ingathathwa, imiphumela ingaba: ukuncishiswa kobufakazi bokuhoxiswa kwemigomo, noma ukuncishwa kwemigomo yomphakathi. Ukuhlolwa kwemibandela ephumelelayo phakathi kokukhomba nokugcinwa ngokusemthethweni kwezimiso zezekelelwa kwemigomo, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo emali.