Table of Contents

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu singesinye sesivikelo somthetho-mthetho esigxeka kakhulu esimisweni somthetho-mthetho waseMelika, sisebenza njengesihlangu esinamandla phakathi kwezakhamuzi ngabanye kanye nokuphambana nohulumeni. IsiHlanzi sesihlanu sibala amalungelo amaningana omthetho-sisekelo futhi silinganisela imibuso kahulumeni ngokuphathelene nenqubo yobugebengu. Lokhu kulunga kumelela okungaphezulu kakhulu kwezimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa, ukungalingani, nesithunzi somuntu esiye saguqula iMelika iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili.

Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sihileleke ekumangalelweni okungokomthetho noma simane nje ufisa ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokomthetho.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sesichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Umsuka Womthetho Ovamile WesiNgisi

Amalungelo amaningi nesivikelo esisohlwini lwamalungelo e-Bill of Rights kungatholakala kumthetho wesiNgisi ovamile. Isivikelo esibekwe eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu asivelanga ekushisweni yilutho kodwa kunalokho savela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esiko elingokomthetho nasezimpini ezinzima zokulwa nombuso wobushiqela kahulumeni. Amajaji amakhulu athathelwa umthetho waseBrithani wakudala, ekuqaleni ehloselwe ukuvikela abamangalelwa emasolweni ashubile angokomthetho waseNgilandi.

Inkulumo enkulu yabasizi bejaji ihlehlela emuva ngokuqondile kuyiMagna Carta, futhi yayiklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu abamangalelwayo ukuba bangashushiswa abasebukhosini baseNgilandi.

Ukuvukela KwaseMelika Nokunqandwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika, imibuso emisha ezimele yaqala ukuhlanganisa isivikelo sokuzihlukanisa nemithetho-sisekelo yayo. Ngemva kweNguquko izifundazwe eziyisithupha zazifake ilungelo lokumelana nokuzihlukanisa emithethweni yazo, futhi ilungelo lalingelinye lalezo ezatuswa uhulumeni emihlanganweni eminingana yokufaka imvume yamalungelo.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu sabhalwa uJames Madison, ummeli waseVirginia kamuva owaba umongameli wesine wase - United States, futhi uMadison wabhala izinguquko eziningi eBill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo - 1791. Ngemva kokuvunyelwa yiSishaya - mthetho, ukubuyisana kwagunyazwa yizifundazwe ngo - December 15, 1791, njengengxenye ye - Bill of Rights.

Ekuqaleni kokukhula koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., oFata Abasungulayo banquma ukugcina isimiso esikhulu sabahluleli njengesivikelo ekushushisweni ukushiseka ngokweqile nguhulumeni ophethe. Lesi sinqumo sabonisa ukukhathazeka okujulile kwabasunguli ngokugxilisa amandla amaningi kakhulu ezandleni zikahulumeni nokuzimisela kwabo ukulondoloza inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuxhashazweni uhulumeni.

OClaus Abahlanu: Ukubukeza Okuwubufakazi Obuqand ’ ikhanda

NjengeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu sihlukaniswa sibe izigaba ezinhlanu, ezimelela amalungelo amahlanu ahlukene, kodwa ahlobene.

I - Grand Jury Clause

Icala lokuqala lenqubo yobugebengu lidinga ukuba amacala ecala asenkantolo kahulumeni abekwe icala elikhulu, futhi ijaji elikhulu liyiqembu lezakhamuzi elizwa ubufakazi bokuthi umshushisi umelene nommangalelwa, futhi linqume ukuthi kufanele abekwe icala noma amacala angokomthetho.

IGrand Jury Clause ilinganisela imibuso kahulumeni egxile ezinqubweni zobugebengu, ngoba ilungelo elikhulu leSichibiyelo Sesihlanu lifeza umsebenzi obalulekile ekunikezeni indikimba yezakhamuzi ezisebenza njengesehlo emandleni abashushisi.

Ilungiselelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu lidinga ukuba izigebengu eziningi ziqulwe ngokumangalelwa kuphela yijaji elikhulu, iNkantolo eyanquma ukuthi alisebenzi esilinganisweni sikahulumeni. Lokhu kwenza ukuba imfuneko enkulu yamajaji ibe enye yamalungiselelo amancane eBhili of Rights angafakwanga ekusebenziseni ukulwa nohulumeni. Ilungelo lejaji elikhulu lisebenza kubo bonke abamangalelwa ngobugebengu bukahulumeni, kodwa linesinqumo sokuthi lizonikeza lelilungelo yini kubamangalelwa enkantolo yezwe.

Nokho, umthetho kahulumeni uvumela ukuqulwa kwecala lamacala ngaphandle kokubekwa icala, futhi emacaleni abangewona amacape, ukuqulwa kwecala kungaqhubeka ngaphandle kokubekwa icala uma abamangalelwa belahla iSichibiyelo sabo sesihlanu. Lokhu kuvumelana kuqaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izigebengu ezidinga izinga elifanayo lesivikelo somthetho.

UClaus Onemizimba Emibili

I - Frif Faill Jeoparde ivikela engozini ephindwe kabili, ivimbela ukuquliswa noma izijeziso ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yecala elifanayo.

Izinkantolo ziye zachaza i - Double Jeopardy Claus njengefeza le mizamo ngokunikeza la malungelo amathathu ahlukile alandelayo: isiqinisekiso sokuthi ummangalelwa ngeke aphinde athweswe icala ngemva kokulahlwa kwecala, isiqinisekiso sokuthi ummangalelwa ngeke aphinde athweswe icala ngemva kwecala, nesiqinisekiso sokuthi ummangalelwa ngeke athole isijeziso esiningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo.

I-jeoparding ibhekisela engozini yokuqiniseka, futhi kanjalo, ingozi ayihlanganisi ngaphandle kokuba izingozi zokuzimisela ukuba necala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akuyona yonke inkantolo noma ukuqhubeka okungokomthetho okubangela izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Uma isenzakalo noma isimo esithile sishukumisela inkantolo equlwayo ukuba imemezele amaphutha, ingozi ayizange ihlanganiswe uma imiphumela yokuqulwa kwecala imane nje ibambezele kakhulu futhi uhulumeni ungalitholi ithuba elanele lokuqinisa icala lakhe.

Izimpande ezingokomlando zalesivikelo zijule kakhulu. Incwadi yokuqala yamalungelo eyamukela ngokusobala isilinganiso sengozi ezimbili kwakuyi-Hampshire Constitution ka-1784, ethi "Asikho isisulu esizoqulwa, ngemva kokulahlwa, ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo noma icala.”

Ukuzikhukhumeza UClaus

Mhlawumbe ilungiselelo eliqashelwa kakhulu leSichibiyelo sesihlanu yisivikelo ekuzichaseni. I-international ye-Impricition inikeza isivikelo esihlukene ekuzibekeleni ngokwayo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lomuntu lokungabe ufakazi endabeni yecala lapho emangalelwa khona.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu siqinisekisa isivikelo ekuzihlukaniseni, ilungelo eliyisisekelo esimisweni somthetho sase - United States, elisho ukuthi abantu abanakuphoqelelwa ukuba banikeze ubufakazi noma ubufakazi obungasetshenziswa ecaleni lobugebengu, ngokuvamile elifingqwa ngokuthi ilungelo lokuthula.

Lesivikelo sibalulekile ngoba sivimbela uhulumeni ekuvumeni izono ngokubambisana noma ekuphoqeleleni abantu ukuba bafakazele ngokumelene nezithakazelo zabo siqu, futhi siyavuma amandla aphakathi kwabantu nohulumeni, siqaphela ukuthi ngaphandle kwalesivikelo, abantu bangase bazizwe becindezelwa ukuba basho izinto ezingaqondwa ngokungeyikho noma ezithathwe ngomongo ukuze babakhiphele icala.

Ngaphansi kokuzibeka icala ummangalelwa uthathwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala, futhi kunguhulumeni ukufakazela ukuthi umuntu unecala lobugebengu, futhi ummangalelwa akanawo umthwalo wokusiza uhulumeni ukwenza lokhu. Lesimiso esiyisisekelo siguqula umthwalo wobufakazi ngokuphelele ekumangalelweni, sivikela abantu ukuba bangahlanganyeli ekuzilweleni kwabo.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu siyasebenza ngokumelene nokuziphindisela okuphoqelelwe lapho umuntu ebizwa ukuba afakazele enqubweni engokomthetho, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi lelilungelo lisebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubufakazi busenkantolo kahulumeni noma, ngaphansi kwemfundiso ehlangene yeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane, enkantolo yombuso, nokuthi lokho okuqhubekayo ngokwako kuyicala noma kungokomphakathi.

Inqubo KaClaus Elindelekile

NjengeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sihlanganisa nenqubo efanelekile esho ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "aphucwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho". Lesi sisho simelela esinye sesivikelo esibaluleke kakhulu nesifinyelela kude kuwo wonke uMthetho - sisekelo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza iSichibiyelo seSiphendulo sesihlanu se-Access Claus's Process Claus ukuba sinikeze izivikelo ezimbili eziyinhloko: inqubo efanelekile, edinga izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zilandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, nenqubo eyisisekelo, evikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.

Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo Sesihlanu senqubo efanelekile yokukhipha imvume ngokuvamile sidinga uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba unikeze isaziso nokulalela ngaphambi kokuba uncike umuntu ngokuphila okuvikelekile, inkululeko, noma isithakazelo sempahla, kuyilapho inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwenqubo yomthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo empikiswaneni kahulumeni ezindaba ezithile njengenkululeko yesivumelwano, umshado, noma imfihlo.

Izimiso zenqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uphathwa ngokulunga ngesimiso somthetho, futhi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongancishwa "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho," okusho ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe inkululeko noma impahla yomunye, kumelwe balandele imithetho ethile nezinqubo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi ukhona ubulungisa.

INkantolo Ephakeme ibuye iphethe ukuthi i-Century Procession Claus iqukethe umthetho ongacacile nemfuneko eqondeneyo yesivikelo efana ne-Diversement Protection Claus. Lencazelo iye yandisa ukufinyelela kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngaphezu kwesimiso sayo sokuqala sobugebengu ukuhlanganisa izimiso ezibanzi zokulunga nokulingana.

Ukuthatha UClaus

I-Pimes Clausse yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu ifuna ukuba uhulumeni akhokhele abanikazi bempahla yomphakathi uhulumeni ayithatha ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi. Leli lungiselelo lilinganisela isidingo sikahulumeni esingokomthetho sokuthola impahla ngenjongo yokuthola amalungelo empahla ezakhamuzi ngabanye.

"Ukwenza u-Clauss", isigqebhezana sokugcina seSichibiyelo sesihlanu, silinganisela amandla ezwe elivelele ngokufuna "isinxephezelo" uma impahla yomuntu siqu ithathwa ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi, futhi kwakuyisisho esiwukuphela kweBill of Rights eyabunjwa nguJames Madison kuphela futhi ngaphambili engatuswanga ezinye izihambeli zomthetho-sisekelo noma umhlangano wezwe ogunyaza ukuthatha impepho, cishe wamukeleka ekuphenduleni emkhubeni we-Continational Army wobustry wokusebenzisa izimpahla zempi, ngaphandle kwenkokhelo, phakathi neMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ukuthatha isikhala, esitholakala eSichibiyelweni Sesihlanu, kusho ukuthi impahla yomuntu siqu ayinakuthathwa ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi ngaphandle kwenkokhelo, ilinganisele amandla kahulumeni okuthatha noma ukulawula impahla yomuntu siqu futhi ifune ukuba abanikazi bempahla bakhokhelwe uma impahla yabo ithathwa ngenjongo yomphakathi, njengemigwaqo, amapaki, noma izakhiwo zikahulumeni.

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu ekuqaleni sasisebenza kuphela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States iye yahlanganisa ingxenye yeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu nesifundazwe ngeSimemezelo sikaClaus Sesimiso Sezinqumo Seshumi Nane, nelungelo elimelene nezingozi ezimbili, ilungelo lokumelana nokuzilahla, kanye nesivikelo ekuthatheni impahla yomuntu siqu ngaphandle kokukhokhwa ngokufanelekile konke kuye kwafakwa ezindaweni.

Amalungelo EMiranda: Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Esisebenzayo

Isinqumo SaseLandmark Miranda Mayelana Ne - Arizona

Isinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu, nesiphikisanayo, ukusebenzisa iSichibiyelo seFindre Privilegement ngaphandle kwecala lobugebengu iMiranda v. Arizona (1966), futhi ukuze kuvikelwe ubugebengu obusolekayo hhayi nje kuphela "unya olungokomzimba" kodwa "ukucindezelwa okungalawuleki" okusho ukuthi "ukuqashelwa" ekuphenyweni kwelungelo lokubuthwa, iNkantolo Ephakeme eMiranda yasungula iqoqo lesixwayiso amaphoyisa okumelwe anikezele ngaphambi kokuba kuphenywe ngemibuzo yelungelo.

Umuntu kumelwe atshelwe ukuthi unelungelo lokuthula, ukuthi noma iziphi izinkulumo azenzayo zingasetshenziswa kuye, nokuthi unelungelo lokuba nommeli lapho ebuzwa, kuhlanganise nelungelo lommeli omisiwe enkantolo uma engakwazi ukuthenga. Lezi zixwayiso ziye zagxila kakhulu eMelika kangangokuthi zibonakala ngokushesha ezakhamuzini eziningi, ngisho nalezo ezingenazo iziyalezo ezingokomthetho.

Enqumweni evelele iMiranda neArizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966), iNkantolo Ephakeme YaseUnited States yanikeza iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu ukuze sihlanganise noma isiphi isimo esingaphandle kwenkantolo esihilela ukunciphisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, noma isiphi isikhathi lapho umthetho uthatha isisulu sokuboshwa, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kwenza umuntu osolwayo aqaphele wonke amalungelo.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinto Ezihlukile EMiranda

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinkantolo ziye zawanciphisa kancane amalungelo eMiranda, ziphethe ukuthi ukuphenywa amaphoyisa noma ukuphenywa imibuzo okwenzeka ngaphambi kokuthatha umuntu osolwayo akuwenzi avume ngokuphelele amaphutha eMiranda, futhi amaphoyisa awadingeki ukuba axwayise abasolwayo ngaphambi kokuba bavalelwe, futhi akudingeki ukuba baxwayise abasolwayo ngoMiranda, futhi kwezinye izimo ukuthula kwabo kungabhekwa njengokuvuma ngokuphelele icala.

Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kuhluleka ukuhlonipha lezizivikelo, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zivimbela noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezisolwayo njengeziphula iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu sokuzilahla, uma umsoli engawalulazi ngempela amalungelo, futhi umuntu ongokoqobo osolwayo enzile lowo ozisolayo ukuba alahlekelwe ngenhloso, ngokuhlakanipha, futhi ngokuzithandela, futhi enquma ukuthi umenzi womuntu ohlakaniphile nozimisele ukumelana nempi, inkantolo iyohlola ingqikithi yalezimo, ezicabangela zonke izimo nezenzakalo ezihlobene nazo.

Uma umuntu osolwayo esho okuthile okuzenzakalelayo lapho esejele ngaphambi kokuba aqashelwe ngamalungelo eMiranda, abaqaphi bomthetho bangasebenzisa lamazwi ngokumelene nosolwayo, uma nje ukuphenywa kwamaphoyisa kungawasheshi.

Izinhlelo Eziwusizo: Isikhathi Sokukhipha Nendlela Yokukhipha Amalungelo Akho ESichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Ukuqonda "Ukuhola Owesihlanu"

"Ukunxusa owesihlanu" ngokuvamile kubhekisela esenzweni sokucela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuvikela ekuziphindiseleleni, futhi lelilungelo livumela umuntu ukuba enqabe ukuphendula imibuzo enqubweni engokomthetho ukuze avimbele ukuvuma ubugebengu ngokungaqondile.

Isibonelo sokwahlulela esinesikhathi eside sikhona sisekela ukuthi noma yimuphi ufakazi ofisa ukuvikelwa ekuzivikeleni kuwena ngokwakhe kumelwe asho ngokucacile ukuthi uvikela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukumane uthule ngaphandle kokucela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu kungase kunganikezi isivikelo esihlosiwe. Abantu ngabanye kumelwe bavume ukuthi banelungelo labo ukugwema ukuzihlukanisa.

Abantu ngezinye izikhathi bacabanga ukuthi umuntu okhetha ukuthula kumelwe abe necala, nokho, umuntu ongenacala angase asebenzise ilungelo lokungafakazeli ngaye, futhi lapho umuntu omangalelwe ekhetha ukuthula, umshushisi akavunyelwe ukusikisela ukuthi ukuthula kommangalelwa kusho ukuthi umuntu unecala.

Indima Elapho ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu Singenela Khona

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu sigcizelelwa kunoma isiphi isenzakalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi singomthetho, ubugebengu, ukuphatha, ukwahlulela, noma isimemezelo, neSichibiyelo Sesihlanu sivikela kukho konke ukwambulwa lapho ubufakazi ngokunengqondo bungasetshenziswa khona ekumangalelweni kobugebengu futhi singaholela ekungeniseni kobunye ubufakazi obungase busetshenziswe ngokumelene nomuntu ngamunye.

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sidlulela ngalé kwenkantolo egabeni lobugebengu. Abantu bangacela amalungelo abo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu phakathi:

  • Ukuqulwa kwecala okuphambili
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala nokuhlolwa kweCongress
  • Izakhamuzi ezifaka ubufakazi lapho zingaholela khona emacaleni obugebengu
  • Izenzakalo Zokuphatha
  • Ukuphenywa amaphoyisa
  • Ukucwaninga emsebenzini kwangaphakathi (nokulinganiselwa okuthile)

Ukulinganiselwa Elungelweni Lokuzihlukanisa

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo esiqinile, asiphelele. Ilungelo lesiHlembu sesihlanu alidluliseli emaphepheni ebhizinisi alungiselelwe umuntu ngokuzithandela ngoba isici sokucindezelwa singekho. Ilungelo livikela ekuphoqeleleni ubufakazi obuwubufakazi kodwa alivikeli zonke izinhlobo zobufakazi ukuba zingavezwa.

Ukwaziswa okutholakala ekuhlolweni kokungadakwa, ukuhlelwa kwamaphoyisa, amasampula ezwi, nokunye okunjalo kuvunyelwe ngomthetho - sisekelo kuyilapho ubufakazi obutholakala ebufakazini obuphoqelelwe bungebona, futhi ngenxa yalokho, abantu abamangalelwa ngokuthi benza ubugebengu bavikelwe kubo noma, ngokunembile ngokwengeziwe, indlela amazwi abo angase asetshenziswe ngayo kubo.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu Nomthetho Wanamuhla

Izindinganiso Zokuphenyiswa Kwamacala

Ukugcinwa komthetho-mthetho kwanamuhla kumelwe kusebenzise izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho kucatshangelwa. Ukuzimisela komuntu okhona "esonzweni" ngezinhloso zesihlanu kuhilela ukuhlola ukuthi umuntu onengqondo angazizwa ekhululekile yini ukuphuma noma ukuqeda ukuhlangana namaphoyisa.

Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe banikeze izixwayiso uMiranda ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuphenywa isigwebo. Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekucininini noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezitholakalayo, okungalulaza icala lomshushisi. Lemfuneko ibonisa ukuqaphela kwezinkantolo ukuthi ukuhlolwa ngephutha kudinga ukugcinwa okucacile kwemiqondo.

Ukubusa Kobunene Kwezisebenzi Zomphakathi

Uma isisebenzi sicela umthetho weGarrity (ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi iSixwayiso Noma Amalungelo Omphakathi) ngaphambi kokuphendula lemibuzo, khona - ke izimpendulo ngeke zisetshenziswe ekumangaleleni isisebenzi ngobugebengu, futhi lesisimiso sasungulwa kuyiGarrity v. New Jersey, 385 U.S. 493 (1967), futhi umthetho ngokuvamile usetshenziswa ezisebenzini zomphakathi njengezikhulu zamaphoyisa.

Lemfundiso iyavuma ukuthi izisebenzi zomphakathi zingase zibhekane nokunqanyulwa ngenxa yokwenqaba ukubambisana nophenyo lwangaphakathi, ukwakheka kohlobo lokuphoqelelwa. umthetho weGarrity unikeza ukuthi nakuba abaqashi bengafuna izisebenzi ukuba ziphendule imibuzo noma zibone isiyalo, noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezenziwa ngaphansi kokucindezelwa okunjalo azinakusetshenziswa ngokumelene nesisebenzi ezigijimisweni zobugebengu ezilandelayo.

Ukuhlangana KweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu Namanye Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo Sesine Siyavikela

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sisebenza ngokuvumelana nezinye izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi iSichibiyelo sesine esinqabela ukuphenya okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Ubufakazi obutholakalayo bephula iSichibiyelo sesine bungakhishwa ekuqulweni kwecala, futhi izigebengu ezinkulu azinakuphoqelela ukukhishwa kobufakazi obutholakala ngokuphenywa okungekho ngokwemithetho.

Isinqumo Sesithupha Sinelungelo Leseluleko

IsiHluzi seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuziphindiselela sihambisana nesiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seSihla Yesithupha selungelo lokunikeza iseluleko. Uma sekuqaliswe amaqhinga obugebengu, iSichibiyelo sesithupha sinikeza ezinye izivikelo ezingaphezulu kwalezo ezinikezwa nguMiranda. Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinguquko kubalulekile kubo bobabili odokotela abangokomthetho nezakhamuzi abafuna ukuqonda amalungelo abo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Efanele

INkantolo yaqhubeka ivikela kakhulu kulokhu kulungiswa nge-Adry Procession Clause yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Lemfundiso ehlanganisayo iye yandisa isivikelo esikhulu seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokusetshenziswa kohulumeni bendawo, hhayi nje uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe.

IziNguqulo Zesihlanu Nezeshumi Nane Zomthetho - sisekelo waseUnited States ngayinye isebenzelana nokuqondisa ubulungisa futhi ngaleyondlela inqubo efanele isebenza njengesivikelo ekuncishweni kokuphila okungenasisekelo, inkululeko, noma impahla kukahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza izimemezelo ezifanele zokunikeza iziqondiso ezine: inqubo efanele (ngenqubo yomthetho neyobugebengu), inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwemithetho engacacile, ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho engacacile, kanye nemoto yokuhlanganiswa kweBhili Lamalungelo Amalungelo Abantu.

Ukuqamba nokudla Impahla Okubalulekile

Ukuqonda Ukuthi UClaus Uthathani

I-Pie Plaske imelela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuvikela amalungelo empahla, siqinisekisa ukuthi lapho uhulumeni esebenzisa amandla akhe ezindawo ezivelele, abanikazi bempahla bathola imbuyiselo efanelekile. Le lungiselelo liyaqaphela ukuthi nakuba uhulumeni kungase kudingeke ukuba athole impahla yangasese ngenjongo yomphakathi, ngeke enze kanjalo ngaphandle kokubuyisela umniniyo ngokulahlekelwa kwabo.

Umqondo "wokusetshenziswa komphakathi" uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ekuqaleni kwakuhunyushwa kancane ukusho impahla eyosetshenziswa umphakathi ngokoqobo, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi izinkantolo ziye zamukela incazelo ebanzi ehlanganisa ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho nezinye izinzuzo zomphakathi.

Ukuhlasela

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu seSiphendulo sanamuhla siqaphela ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi izimiso zikahulumeni zingaba "ukuthatha" ngisho nalapho uhulumeni engaphangi impahla ngokomzimba. Uma imithetho iba yimingcele kangangokuba iphuca abanikazi bempahla yonke imisebenzi yabo ezuzisayo ngokomnotho, izinkantolo zingafuna imbuyiselo ngaphansi kokuthatha uClaus.

Lendawo yomthetho iyaqhubeka iguquka njengoba izinkantolo zilinganisela izinzuzo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ezimelene namalungelo abanikazi bempahla. Impikiswano enjengemithetho yendawo ezungezile, imingcele yokuhlala, nokusebenzisa indawo kuphakamisa imibuzo ka-Claus.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile NgeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Inganekwane: Abantu Abanecala Bangena ESichibiyelweni Sesihlanu Kuphela

Enye yemibono ephambene ephikelelayo nelimaza kakhulu ukuthi abantu abanecala kuphela abacela amalungelo abo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Eqinisweni, abantu abangenacala banezizathu eziningi ezizwakalayo zokusebenzisa lesivikelo. Izinkulumo zingaqondwa ngokungeyikho, zithathwe ngokwemongo, noma zisetshenziswe ukwakha amacala afanayo. Isichibiyelo sesihlanu sikhona ngempela ngoba abasunguli baqaphela ukuthi ngisho nabantu abangenacala badinga ukuvikelwa emandleni kahulumeni okuphenya.

Inganekwane: Ungakhetha Ukungena Esichibiyelweni Sesihlanu

Nakuba abantu bengakhetha ukuthi bangawacela nini amalungelo abo eSichibiyelo Sesihlanu, lapho sebeqalile ukuphendula imibuzo ephathelene nendaba ethile, bangase badele ilungelo labo ngokuphathelene naleso sihloko. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile azivumeli ofakazi ukuba baphendule eminye imibuzo bese zenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo ehlobene nayo ngezizathu zeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu, njengoba lokhu kungase kuvumele ofakazi ukuba banikeze umbono odukisayo.

Inganekwane: Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Sinikeza Ubunye Ngokuphelele

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela ekuphoqeleleni ukuzilimaza, kodwa asikuvumeli ukugonyelwa ekuhloleni noma ukuquliswa icala. Uhulumeni ungasakwazi ukuphishekela amacala asekelwe kobunye ubufakazi, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukunikeza ukuzivikela kungaphoqelela ubufakazi ngokususa ithuba lokuzigoma.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu Ekuqhutshekeni Kombango

Ukunxusa Icala Lesihlanu Emacaleni Angaphakathi

Nakuba iziphakamiso zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu zokuziveza ngokwaso zikhomba ngokuqondile emacaleni obugebengu, abantu bangacela lesivikelo emicimbini yomphakathi lapho ubufakazi babo bungase bubachaye emacalani obugebengu. Nokho, ngokungafani nasemacalani obugebengu, ngezinye izikhathi incazelo ephambene ingathathwa ekuceleni kweqembu iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ekumangalelweni komphakathi.

Lokhu kudala inkinga kubantu ababhekene nezindaba zomphakathi nezigebengu. Ukwenqaba ukufakazela icala lomphakathi kungase kulimaze isikhundla sabo kulelocala, kodwa ubufakazi bunganikeza ubufakazi bokumangalelwa kwecala. Izinkantolo nabameli kumelwe baziqondise ngokucophelela lezi zinkathazo eziphikisanayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwesimiso Senhlangano

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinelungelo lokuzilahla lomuntu ngamunye, hhayi lezinkampani noma ezinye izinhlangano. Amabhizinisi awanakucela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ukuba senqabe ukuveza amarekhodi noma amaphepha, ngisho noma lezo zincwadi zingayimelela inhlangano noma izikhulu zayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukugxila kwalesi sici ekuvikeleni isithunzi somuntu ngamunye nenkululeko yokuzibusa.

Impicabadala NeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Indima Yemibungu Emikhulu

Lezi zindikimba zezakhamuzi ezivamile zihlola ubufakazi obunikezwa abashushisi futhi zinqume ukuthi kukhona yini isizathu esanele sokuletha amacala angokomthetho.

Inkantolo enkulu ihluke kakhulu ekuqulweni kwecala. Abamangalelwa banelungelo lokufika noma lokunikeza ubufakazi, futhi imithetho yobufakazi ayiphucukile. Naphezu kwalokhu kuphikisana, ofakazi ngaphambi kokuba izigebengu zigcine amalungelo azo eSichibiyelo Sesihlanu futhi banganqaba ukuphendula imibuzo engase ibabangele ukuba bahlulele.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Amakhulu Ejury

Nakuba izigebengu ezinkulu zinamandla amakhulu ophengululo, azinakulinganiselwa. Izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe zihloniphe amalungelo ofakazi eSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuziphikisa futhi azinakuphoqelela ukukhiqizwa kwamaphepha angenza ubufakazi bungabi nacala. Kumelwe futhi bahloniphe isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli nasekudumazekeni.

Ukuzijwayeza Izingozi Ezimbili

Lapho Ingozi Igcotshwa

Ukuqonda lapho izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziqala kubaluleke kakhulu. Enkantolo yamajaji, izingozi zifakwa lapho ijaji lifungelana. Enkantolo yamabhentshi, zinamathela lapho inkantolo iqala ukuzwa ubufakazi. Ngaphambi kwalamaphuzu, abashushisi ngokuvamile bangawalahla amacala futhi bawalahle ngaphandle kokwephula isivikelo esiyingozi.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa

Umngcele obalulekile wesivikelo esiphindiwe sengozi ephindwe kabili imfundiso ehlangene yobukhosi. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, ababusi abahlukene − njengohulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni wezwe − bamangalela ukuziphatha okufanayo ngaphandle kokwephula u-Docter Jeopardy Claus. Lemfundiso isalokhu iphikisana, futhi abagxeki abaphikisayo bayilulaza isivikelo esiyisisekelo ekumangalelweni kaningi.

Izici Ezihlukile Nokulinganiselwa

Isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sengozi asivimbeli zonke izenzakalo ezilandelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa enxusa isiqinisekiso ngokuphumelelayo, uhulumeni angalilungisa icala. Ngokufanayo, uma icala likhishwe ngokungafanele ngenxa yokubonakala kwesidingo (njengejaji elilengisweyo), abashushisi bangaliletha icala futhi. Laba ababodwa baqaphela ukuthi isivikelo esiphindwe kabili kumelwe silinganiswe mayelana nesithakazelo somphakathi ekumangaleleni ubugebengu namaqiniso asebenzayo enqubo yokuqulwa.

Inqubo Efanele: Isivikelo Seprocedual Nesezicathulo

Izimfuneko Ezinqunyiwe Zohlelo

Inqubo efanelekile engokwenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ulandela izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba unciphe abantu ngokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Okunye, lokhu kudinga ukuqashelwa kwamacala noma izenzo umuntu abekwe zona kanye nethuba lokuzwiwa. Izinqubo ezithile ezidingekayo ziyahluka kuye ngokuthi inzalo injani futhi ingozi yokuncishwa iphutha.

Ezicabeni zobugebengu, inqubo efanelekile ihlanganisa isivikelo esiningi: ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko nelungelo lomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Lezi zinqubo zisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukungakhethi okuyisisekelo esimisweni sobulungisa sobugebengu.

Izivikelo Eziyisivikelo Ezifanele

Inqubo eyisici esiyinhloko elawulayo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kuhulumeni, kungakhathaliseki izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo. Lemfundiso iye yaphikiswana, ngoba idinga izinkantolo ukuchaza ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo afaneleka njengo "sici sesisekelo" futhi afanelwe isivikelo esikhudlwana.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela iziqondiso eziyisisekelo ezingokomthetho zamalungelo ahlanganisa inkululeko yesivumelwano, amalungelo obuzali, amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, kanye nokuzibusa komzimba.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Nobuchwepheshe

Ubufakazi Bezinombolo Nokuzishintshanisa

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye badala izinselele ezintsha zeSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Izinkantolo ziye zaphikisana nemibuzo enjengokuthi abantu bangaphoqelelwa yini ukuba banikeze ama-password noma ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini eyimfihlo ukuze bavule imishini eyimfihlo. Lamacala adinga izinkantolo ukuze zihlukanise ubufakazi obufakazelwe (obuvikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sesihlanu) nobufakazi obungokoqobo (ngokuvamile obungavikelwe).

Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zathi ukunikeza igama lokungena kuwubufakazi ngoba kudinga ukuba umuntu axhumane nolwazi.

Ukukhulumisana Ngemishini Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ukwanda kwezokuxhumana ngama - computer kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela izigwebo zeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu ezisebenza ngayo kuma - email, emibhalweni yemiyalezo, nasezikhungweni zezokuxhumana.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Nokuqhathaniswa

Isivikelo Esifanayo Kwezinye Izimiso Ezingokomthetho

Izizwe eziningi zentando yeningi ziyaziqaphela isivikelo esifana naleso esikwiSichibiyelo sesihlanu, nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihlukahluka. Ilungelo lokumelana nokuzihlukanisa livela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezibhalweni zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke nasemithethweni yobuzwe emhlabeni wonke. Nokho, indlela ye-United States yokuvikela lezisivikelo ihlala ihlukile ezicini eziningi.

Ukungafani Kwendlela Yokusebenza

Amanye amazwe avumela ukuba kuthathwe izimpawu ezingathi sína ekuthuleni kommangalelwa kalula kakhulu kunasezinkantolo zaseMelika. Amanye anikeza isivikelo esiqine kakhulu emongweni othile. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kubonisa amasiko angokomthetho ahlukene kanye nezilinganiso ezihlukene phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kanye nezithakazelo zomphakathi ekulawuleni ubugebengu.

Ukufundisa Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nemfundo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu kubalulekile ukuze kube isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Izakhamuzi eziwaqondayo amalungelo azo omthetho - sisekelo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba ziwasebenzise lapho kudingeka futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimpikiswaneni zentando yeningi ngokuphathelene nesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu.

Izinhlelo zemfundo akufanele zigcizelele nje izici ezingokomthetho zeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu kodwa futhi nezindinganiso zaso eziyisisekelo: umbono wokungabi nacala, umthwalo kahulumeni wobufakazi, ukubaluleka kwezinqubo ezingakhethi, nokuvikelwa komuntu ngamunye ngesithunzi ekuphoqelweni uhulumeni.

Ulwazi Oluwusizo Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Nakuba abantu abaningi bengeke babhekane namacala obugebengu, ukuqonda amalungelo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu kuhlala kubalulekile. Lezi sivikelo zingasebenza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekumisweni kwezimoto kuya ekuhlolweni emsebenzini. Ukwazi ukuthi lamalungelo angawabiza nini futhi kanjani kungavimbela abantu ukuba bangazilimazi ngokuzisho izinto ezimbi.

Izimpikiswano Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nokulondeka kwesizwe, ubuphekula, nokulawula ubugebengu zivame ukuhlanganisa iziphetho zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi iziphetho zeSiphendulo sesihlanu ziphazamisa ikhono lomthetho lokuhlola nokuqungatha ubugebengu ngokuphumelelayo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lezisivikelo zibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili enkathini yokwanda kokuhlola nokwekhono lokuhlola kukahulumeni.

Ukuguqula Ubulungisa Besigebengu

Imithetho yobulungisa yamanje elungisa izinhlangano zomthetho ivame ukubiza izimiso zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Ukukhathazeka ngokuvuma amanga, amasu okuphenya, kanye nezinkolelo ezingalungile kuye kwavuselela ukugxila ekubalulekeni kwesivikelo sokuzivikela. Abasekeli benguquko baphikisa izivikelo eziqinile zokuvinjelwa kwezentengiselwano kanye nokugcinwa ngamandla kwamalungelo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu akhona.

Amalungelo Endawo Nentuthuko Ezomnotho

I-Pieting Claussce iyaqhubeka ibangela impikiswano, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nobubanzi "bokusetshenziswa komphakathi" nokuthi isiphi isithiyo esifanelekile "imbuyiselo efanelekile". Ukuphikisana ngemisebenzi yentuthuko yezomnotho, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, kanye nokusebenzisa izwe kuvame ukuphakamisa imibuzo yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokuphathelene nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwamalungelo empahla ngayinye nezithakazelo zomphakathi.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Ezakhamuzini

Isikhathi Sokuhlola I - Athoriney

Uma uthintwa abashaya umthetho, ubhekene namacala obugebengu, noma ubizelwa ukuba ufakaze phambi kwabahluleli abakhulu noma kunoma isiphi isenzakalo esingokomthetho, ukuxoxa nommeli kubalulekile. Ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho angakusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo Sesihlanu futhi akucebise ngendlela yokuwasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi awuke wenza lutho olungalungile, ukukhuluma nababelwa umthetho ngaphandle kweseluleko somthetho kungaba yingozi. Izinkulumo zingaqondwa ngokungeyikho, futhi izincazelo ezibonakala zingenacala ngezinye izikhathi zingadala izinkinga ezingokomthetho. Isichibiyelo sesihlanu sikhona ukuze sivikele wonke umuntu, hhayi labo abanecala kuphela.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Uma ukhetha ukubiza amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesihlanu, yenza kanjalo ngokucacile futhi ngokucacile. Ukuthula kungase kunganele; kufanele usho ngokucacile ukuthi ucela iSichibiyelo sakho sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzilahla. Uma usejele, kufanele unxuse ilungelo lakho lokunikeza iseluleko.

Uma ucela lamalungelo, umthetho akumelwe uphenyelwe. Nokho, ungakhetha ukuwalahla lamalungelo futhi ukhulume namaphoyisa uma uthanda. Noma imuphi umuntu onjalo kufanele abe ngowazi, ohlakaniphile, nozimisele. Uma uzizwa ecindezelwa noma ephoqelelwa, kungenzeka ukuthi umxhaphazi wakho akasasebenzi.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Phakathi Nokuhlangana Kwamaphoyisa

Akuyona yonke inqubo yokusebenzelana namaphoyisa edinga izixwayiso zikaMiranda. Uma ungekho ejele, kusho ukuthi umuntu onengqondo angazizwa ekhululekile ukuphuma e-(-police) angabuza imibuzo ngaphandle kokunikeza izixwayiso. Nokho, usenalo ilungelo lokwenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo, ngisho nasezimweni ezingagunyaziwe.

Uma amaphoyisa ecela ukusesha indawo yakho, unelungelo lokwenqaba imvume (nakuba kungenzeka basafuna uma benophawu noma okunye ukulunga okungokomthetho). Uma uboshiwe, kufanele ufunde amalungelo akho eMiranda ngaphambi kwanoma ikuphi ukuphenywa kwemvume. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, noma yiziphi izinkulumo ozenzayo zingavalwa enkantolo.

Ikusasa Lesichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezixubile Nezinselele Ezintsha

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buguqula, izinkantolo zizobhekana nemibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela iziphetho zesihlanu ezisebenza ngayo. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, izimiso eziphambili zokuqapha, ukuqoqwa kwemitapo ye-biographic nezinye izinto ezintsha ziyovivinya imingcele yemfundiso ekhona. Izinkantolo kuzodinga ukuvumelanisa izimiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu naleminyo emisha kuyilapho zilondoloza isivikelo esiyisisekelo sokulungisa.

Incazelo Yokwahlulela Eqhubekayo

INkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi ziyaqhubeka zicwengisisa futhi zithuthukise iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seNguquko sesihlanu. Amacala amuva aye akhuluma ngezindaba ezinjengezinga lesivikelo sikaMiranda, ukusetshenziswa kokuthatha u-Claus ezinyathelweni zokuqondisa, nemingcele yenqubo efanelekile. Lezi zinqumo zihlela indlela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu esisebenza ngayo futhi sithinta amalungelo abo bonke abantu baseMelika.

Intuthuko Yemithetho Nemithetho

ISishaya-mthetho nezikhulu zikahulumeni zicabangela njalo umthetho ohlanganisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Kusukela ezinqubweni zobugebengu kuya ekushicilelweni kwemithetho yempahla, abamisi-mthetho kumelwe basebenzise iziphakamiso zomthetho-mthetho kuyilapho bekhuluma ngezimiso zamanje. Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo sesihlanu kubalulekile ekuhloleni lezi zihlongozo kanye nethonya lazo emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo KweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siseyisisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka ihlanziwe. Isivikelo sayo ekuzihlukaniseni, ezingozini ezimbili, nasekuncishweni kokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla okungenayo inqubo efanele sibonisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezidlula noma isiphi inkathi noma isimo esithile.

Kulenkathi yokwanda kombuso kahulumeni, amasu ayinkimbinkimbi ophengululo, kanye nezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho, iziphetho zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu zibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu sisebenza kahle, ukuthi abantu balondoloza isithunzi nokuzimela ekusebenzelaneni kwabo nohulumeni, futhi amalungelo empahla athola isivikelo esifanele.

Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo sesihlanu kunika izakhamuzi amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo azo ngokuphumelelayo nokuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nokwahlulela ngokulunga kobugebengu, inkululeko yomphakathi, kanye nobukhulu obufanele bamandla kahulumeni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uchwepheshe, noma umane nje uyisazi esithembisene, ulwazi lwalesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo lubalulekile ukuze kuqondiswe isimiso sethu esingokomthetho futhi kulondolozwe inkululeko elawula ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika.

Iziphakamiso ezinhlanu zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe uhlelo olubanzi lwesivikelo olulinganisela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ezithakazelweni ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni. Kusukela ekuhloleni kwabahluleli abakhulu amandla abamangaleli kuya ekunqabeni kokubekwa kabili kwengozi, kusukela elungelweni lokuzimela ngokwabo kuya ekuqinisekisweni kwenqubo efanele, nakusuka ekufuneni imbuyiselo yokuthatha izimiso ezibanzi zokulunga nobulungisa, lemiyalo yesihlanu iyaqhubeka ibumba umthetho nezimiso zaseMelika ngomphakathi ngezindlela ezijulile.

Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha namathuba ekhulwini lama - 21, izimiso ezibekwe esiGuqulweni sesihlanu zizoqhubeka zisiqondisa. Ngokuqonda nangokokwazisa lezisivikelo, sihlonipha ukuhlakanipha kwabasunguli kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ahlala enenjongo futhi ephumelela ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu asisona nje isiqinisekiso esingokomlando kodwa sisiqinisekiso esiphilayo senkululeko esifuna ukuba siqhubeke sinakwa, inhlonipho, futhi siqaphe.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nesimiso somthetho-mthetho waseMelika, vakashela i- Constitution e-Library of Congress, uhlola imithombo yezolwazi e Inhlangano yolwazi eCornell Law School , noma ubukeze izinto ezivela e-[FLT:] uMthetho-Mpalment [[[[FLT:]]] we-FLT]. Le mithombo enegunya inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi mayelana neSigqi sesihlanu seSigqi nezinye izinhlelo zomthetho, isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde futhi zisebenzise amalungelo azo ngokuphumelela.