Isingeniso: Izinsika Ezifihlekile Zokubusa Kwendawo

Uma abantu becabanga ngohulumeni wendawo, amadolobha, namadolobhana amaningi ngokuvamile bakhumbula. Nokho, ungqimba olukhulu olungabonakali lwezokubusa lushintsha ukuphila kwansuku zonke emiphakathini enqamule i-United States: izifunda ezikhethekile. Ngokwe-Census Bureau, kunezifunda ezikhethekile ezingaphezu kuka-30 000 ezweni lonke, ezizenza zibe uhlobo oluningi kakhulu lukahulumeni wendawo. Lezindawo ngokunyenye zinikeza izinkonzo ezibucayi − ekusebenziseni amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza nomlilo ekulawuleni imiyane kanye nokuthutha () ukuthi ohulumeni abavamile abakwazi ukunikeza impumelelo noma ukuhambisa njalo.

Izifunda ezikhethekile zenzelwe ukugcwalisa izikhala ezikhethekile zenkonzo. Zisebenza ngokwazo, zinamandla ahlukene angokomthetho, futhi zinomthwalo wokulandisa ezakhamuzini ezikhonza kuzo. Ukuqonda amandla nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekuqondiseni umphakathi, ekuhleleni umphakathi, noma nje ufuna ukwazi ukuthi ubani ngempela ophethe ipaki lendawo noma isimiso sesimiso sendle.

Ukuchaza Izigodi Ezikhethekile

Isifunda esikhethekile siwuhlobo lukahulumeni wendawo osungulwe ngaphansi komthetho wezwe ukuba unikeze inkonzo ethile ekhethekile endaweni echazwe kahle. Ngokungafani namadolobha noma ama-areatrium, anikeza imisebenzi eminingi (imisebenzi, izindawo, izinkantolo, njll.), izifunda ezikhethekile zigxile emsebenzini owodwa noma emincane ehlobene nawo. Zinezishaya - mthetho, izimali, negunya elingokomthetho lokunyusa izimali, ukungena ezivumelwaneni, nokuthola impahla.

Izifunda ezikhethekile zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ohulumeni abangabonakali” ngoba izakhamuzi eziningi aziqapheli ukuthi zikhona,(nangoba zikhokha izintela ezikhethekile zesifunda noma intela. Zingazimela (zinezibhodi ezikhethiwe) noma zincike kuhulumeni ozimele (zilawulwa enye inhlangano). Imingcele yazo ayivamile ukuhambisana nedolobha noma imigqa yezifunda, engadala ukukhomba okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinhlobo Zezifunda Ezikhethekile

Izinhlobonhlobo zezifunda ezikhethekile zibonisa izidingo zemiphakathi ehlukahlukene. Nakuba ezinye izigodi zinikeza inkonzo eyodwa, ezinye zingahlanganisa izinkonzo eziningi ngaphansi kwenhlangano eyodwa. Ngezansi kunezigaba ezivame kakhulu.

Amanzi, Ukuhlanzeka, Nezifunda Ezingakhi

Lezi ziphakathi kwezifunda ezikhetheke kakhulu. Zinikeza amanzi okuphuza, zilungise amanzi angcolile, zilawule amanzi angcolile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziphathe imfucumfucu eqinile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izifunda zikamasipala (ama-MUD) eTexas noma izifunda ezivikela amanzi emazweni ogwadule.

Isivikelo Somlilo Nezinkonzo Eziphuthumayo

Izindawo eziningi zasemaphandleni nasemadolobheni zixhomeke ezifundeni ezivikela umlilo kuneminyango yomlilo yasemadolobheni. Lezi zifunda zigcina izikhungo zomlilo, izinto zokuthenga, kanye neziqasha abacimi-mlilo. Ezinye zinikeza izinkonzo zokwelapha.

Isikole Nezemfundo

Nakuba izifunda yaziwa kakhulu, empeleni ziwuhlobo oluphansi lwesifunda esikhethekile. Zibusa imfundo yomphakathi ezifundeni ezikhona. Izifunda zamakolishi zomphakathi nezikhulu zokuqeqeshela imisebenzi nazo zingaphansi kwale sigaba. Lezizifunda zinentela eqinile kanye nesibopho sokuxhasa izakhiwo nezinhlelo.

Izifunda zezokuthutha

Lezi zinhlangano ziqondisa imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izithuthi zomphakathi, izikhumulo zezindiza. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izikhulu zezokuhamba zesifunda (njenge-Bay Adela Rapid Transit District) nezigodi zemigwaqo zendawo ezinakekela imigwaqo engalungiswanga. Ezinye zinamandla okukhokha izintela zikaphethiloli noma intela yezentengiselwano.

Amapaki, Ukuzijabulisa, Nezigodi Ezingokwesiko

Izigodi zasemapaki ziphethe izindawo ezivulekile, imidlalo, izikhungo zemidlalo, nezikhungo zomphakathi. Izifunda zempucuko zingasebenzisa imitapo yezincwadi, iminyuziyamu, noma ukwenza izindawo zobuciko.

Impilo Nezigodlo

Le miphakathi inikeza izinkonzo zempilo zomphakathi, iphethe izibhedlela, futhi inikeza abantu abadinga usizo lwezempilo. Ezifundazweni eziningi, izifunda zesibhedlela zenzelwe ukuxhasa nokunakekela izibhedlela zesifunda noma zesifunda ebezingase zisondele.

Imithombo Yemvelo Nezindawo Zokulondoloza Imvelo

Izindawo ezilondoloza inhlabathi namanzi, izigodi ezinisela ngamanzi nezikhungo ezilawula izikhukhula zisiza ekulawuleni imvelo, ekuvimbeleni ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, nasekunciphiseni izingozi zezikhukhula.

Amandla Atholakala Ezifundeni Ezikhethekile

Izifunda ezikhethekile zithola igunya lazo ngombuso onikeza izimiso namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba imibuso ihluka kakhulu, okulandelayo kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kuvamile.

Ukukhokha Intela Negunya Lemali

Izifunda eziningi ezikhethekile zingaphoqa izintela zempahla, izinqumo ezikhethekile, intela yomsebenzisi, noma intela yokuthengisela ngaphakathi kwemingcele yazo. Kwezinye izimo, intela ilawulwa umthetho kazwelonke noma imvume yamavoti. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvota kweCalifornia ngo-218 kudinga imvume yomvoti ezintelani eziningi ezintsha ezihlobene nempahla ezibekwe yizifundazwe ezikhethekile. Lokhu kuhlawulwa kwezindawo kuvumela izifunda ukuba zikhokhele izinkonzo ngaphandle kokuncintisana nedolobha noma izimali zesifundazwe.

Ukuphoxeka Kwesibopho

Ukuxhasa izakhiwo ezinkulu zenhloko - dolobha − njengokwakha isikhungo sokulambisa amanzi angcolile, isikole esisha, noma isiteshi somlilo − izifundazwe ezikhethekile zingafaka izibopho zesibopho esivamile noma izibopho zemali. Izibopho zesibopho ezivamile zisekelwa ngamandla entela esifunda futhi ngokuvamile zidinga imvume yomvoti. Izibopho zemali yemali zikhokhelwa inzuzo yeprojekthi (umz., izikweletu zamanzi). Lekhono lokuboleka isakhiwo sezemisebenzi esisebenza ezindaweni ezihlala amashumi eminyaka.

Amandla Alawulayo Namaphoyisa

Izifunda eziningi ezikhethekile zinegunya lokwamukela futhi zisebenzise imithetho. Izigodi zamanzi zingamisa imingcele yokunisela phakathi nesomiso; izigodi ezivalela omiyane zingangena ngasese ukuze zilawule izindawo zokuzalela; iziphethu zomlilo zingaphoqelela imithetho yomlilo nemithetho yokugcina izinto eziyingozi. Lemibuso ilinganiselwe ekuthunyweni okuyinhloko kwesifunda futhi akumelwe ingqubuzane nombuso noma imithetho yendawo.

Ukuthola Impahla Nokuqamba Okugqamile

Izigodi ezikhethekile zingathola indawo yezindawo ezinjengezindawo zokulalisa amathangi amanzi, izindawo zokwelapha, amapaki, noma amaphasishi okuthutha. Eziningi zinamandla okuthenga indawo yemisebenzi yomphakathi, ngaphansi kwemfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokulunga. Nokho, lombuso ngokuvamile ulawulwa kakhulu futhi ungadinga ukuvunyelwa ebhodini lesigodi ngemva kwezikhululo zomphakathi.

Igunya Elivamile

Izifunda ezikhethekile zingangena ezivumelwaneni zefemu ezizimele, abanye ohulumeni, noma izinhlangano ezingatholi nzuzo ukuze zinikeze izinkonzo, zihlanganyele izimali, noma ziphathe izakhiwo. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela izifunda ukuba zikwazi ukusungula, njengokuthola indawo yokulungisa ipaki noma ukuhlangana nesikhulu sesifunda sokusekela ukugcinwa komthetho.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezifunda Ezikhethekile

Ngobukhulu bamandla kuvela umthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile. Izifunda ezikhethekile kumelwe zisebenze phakathi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho futhi zihlangabezane namathemba omphakathi empumelelo, ukubonakala, nokulandisa.

Ukubeletha Nemisebenzi Yenkonzo

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wanoma isiphi isifunda esikhethekile uwukunikeza izinkonzo ezasungulwa ukulungiselela ukunikeza intukuthelo yomphakathi, isenzo esingokomthetho, noma ngisho nokulahlwa yisigebengu sendlu ngesikhathi sokusabela okwamukelekayo, izigodi kumelwe zimise izinga lokusebenza nemiphumela. Ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezinga eliyisisekelo lenkonzo kungaholela ekuthukutheleni komphakathi, ekuthatheni isinyathelo esingokomthetho, noma ngisho nasekuphazanyisweni yisishaya-mthetho.

Ukuphathwa Kwezimali Nobuphathi

Izifunda ezikhethekile kumelwe zilungise imali yonyaka, zinamathele ezimisweni zemali ezamukelekayo, futhi zinikeze izimali ezinhlanganweni zesifunda. Ukuphatha okufanelekile ngokwezimali kubaluleke kakhulu ikakhulukazi lapho izifunda zinezikweleti zesibopho noma ziphatha izimali ezinkulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimali − njengeBell embi kakhulu, ihlazo lase California elihilela ukukhokha izikhulu zedolobha, nakuba lingaqedi ukuthenjelwa umphakathi. Izifunda eziningi zifuna ukuba izifunda zibe namakomiti azimele okuhlola izimali kanye nokukhokhela umphakathi iholo eliphambili.

Ukuvumelana Nombuso Nomthetho Wesifunda

Izifunda ezikhethekile ezisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso semithetho. Izigodi zendawo ezungezile kumelwe zivumelane ne-Cease Water and Clean Air Act; izigodi zezokuthutha zilandela umnyango we-Divince wemithetho yokuphepha yezokuthutha; izigodi zasesibhedlela kumelwe zihlangane ne-HIPAA. Ukuhluleka ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zezemfihlo. Ukungavumelani nenkokhelo, ukulahlekelwa yimali, noma ukulahlekelwa yizinguquko ezingokomthetho kuyinselele eqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi kumazwe amancane anezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokwenza Umphakathi Ubone Ingaphandle

Ngenxa yokuthi izifunda ezikhethekile azivamile ukubonakala kakhulu kunamadolobha noma ama-autrial, ukuthembisana ngokuthandana kubalulekile. Izifunda zesigodi kumele zibe nemihlangano yasobala (ihlolwe yimithetho yomhlangano), zinyathelise izinqumo nemizuzu, futhi zinikeze amathuba okuphendula obala. Ezinye izifundakazi zinikeza amathuba okuphuma ezimpondweni ze-video eziphilayo futhi zilondoloze amawebhusayithi okuxhumana nabantu anezincwadi zemali, imininingwane yemisebenzi, kanye nokuxhumana kwamalungu. Amagodi anezibhodi amisiwe kungadingeka asebenze kanzima ukuze akhe ukwethenjwa, ngoba izakhamuzi azikwazi ukuvotela amalungu ebhodi.

Ukuhlela Nokunakekela Okuthatha Isikhathi Eside

Izifunda ezikhethekile kumelwe zihlele ikusasa. Izifunda zamanzi zidinga ukulindela ukukhula kwenani labantu nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu; izigodi zasepaki kumelwe zilondoloze isisekelo sokuguga; izifunda-kazi zezokuthutha kumele zibikezelele ukugibela nokusekela imali. Amapulani okuthuthukisa izakhiwo zokuphatha impahla, namapulani ahlelelwe izinhlelo ezivamile. Izigodi ezide zokuhlela isikhashana ngokuvamile zibhekene nobunzima obungalindelekile cishe obufana nokuqhekeka kwephayipi elikhulu noma izakhiwo zepaki eziwohlokile ezibizayo.

Indlela Yokuhlelwa Nokubuswa: Indlela Izigodi Ezikhethekile Eziba Ngayo

Ukwakha isifunda esikhethekile kuhilela isicelo esivela kuzakhamuzi noma kumnini-mhlaba endaweni ehlongozwayo, kulandelwe ukuqulwa kwecala nokwenyulwa kwasobala esifundeni noma esifundazweni. Lenqubo ilawulwa umthetho kahulumeni, okungadinga ukuvota noma ukubukezwa kwekhomishane yombuso yendawo (njengaseCalifornia). Ezinye izizwe zivumela izifunda ukuba zakhiwe ngesenzo esilula sokushaya umthetho ngezinjongo ezithile, njengokudala igunya lesifunda lokuhamba.

Uhulumeni uvame ukubekwa ebhodini elikhethiwe labaqondisi, kodwa ezinye izigodi zisebenzisa amabhodi amisiwe (isinye, amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha angasebenza njengebhodi yesifunda samanzi). Amalungu ebhodi asebenza ngokunyakazisa futhi avame ukunikezwa izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe. Imithwalo yemfanelo yawo ihlanganisa ukumisa inqubo, ukugunyaza izimali, ukumisa izimali, nokuqasha umphathi jikelele noma umqondisi wesikhulu ukuba asebenze usuku lonke. Izifunda ezinkulu zingase ziqashe amashumi amaningi noma amakhulu ezisebenzi; izifunda ezincane zingaba nezisebenzi eyodwa kuphela noma zithembele ngokuphelele kumakhiwo.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Okubhekene Nezigodi Ezikhethekile

Naphezu kwendima yazo ebalulekile, izigodi ezikhethekile zinezimpikiswano.

Ukuxhasa Ukuguga

Izifunda eziningi ezikhethekile zincike kakhulu ezintelani zempahla, ezizwelana nokuncitshiswa kwezindawo. Phakathi nokuncitshiswa kwezindawo ezinkulu, izifunda eziningi zabona inzuzo yehla njengoba nje imfuno yezinkonzo inyuka. Ezinye izifunda zivimbela ukukhuphuka kwentela yempahla (umz., ukubekwa kwezakhiwo 13) zaseCalifornia, ziphoqelela izifunda ukuba ziphendukele ekuvoteleni intela yemali ekhokhwayo evunyelweyo noma intela eyandayo, okunganzima kwezombangazwe. Amagodi anegunya elikhulu lentela avame ukuzinziwa, kodwa amanye alwela ukugcina izinkonzo eziyisisekelo.

Ukungaqashelwa Nokuntuleka Komlando

Ngenxa yokuthi izigodi ezikhethekile zindizela ngaphansi kwerada, umvoti ovotayo okhethweni ngokuvamile uphansi kakhulu. Ukuhlola kwango-2018 kwathola ukuthi umvoti ovamile okhethweni olukhethekile we-overeji wayengaphansi kwe 10%. Lokhu kuthembisana okuphansi kungavumela amaqembu amancane enzalo − njengabathuthukisi, abasebenzisi bamanzi, noma amaqembu okwakha. Ukubona kude futhi akulingani: amawebhusayithi amaningi esigodi aphelelwe isikhathi noma antula amaphepha agxekayo. Izinguquko ezifundazweni ezinjengo-Oregon zigunyaze ukutholakala kalula kakhulu ekubikeni i-ilayini.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezigaba

Ezindaweni ezihlukene, kungase kube khona izigodi eziningi ezikhethekile ezihlukene, ngayinye inendawo yayo yentela, indawo yenkonzo, nebhodi. Lokhu kuhlukana kungaholela ekungeniseni i-ifficiencie, ukungalingani kwezinga lenkonzo, nobunzima bokuhlela imizamo yesifunda (njengokulawula okuncishisiwe noma ukuhlanganisa ukuthutha). Abanye abashisekeli benguquko bakhuthaza ukuhlanganisa izifunda ezincane zibe yizinhlangano ezinkulu, kodwa izakhamuzi ngokuvamile zimelana nokulahlekelwa ukulawula kwendawo.

Umthwalo Wokuqondisa

Izifunda ezikhethekile kumelwe zivumelane nohlu olukhula njalo lwezimfuneko zikahulumeni nendawo ezungezile. Ukuhlola ukuma komhlaba, imithetho yezisebenzi, izenzo zomhlangano ezivulekile, nemithetho yokuthola izakhiwo kumane kuyizindawo ezimbalwa. Izifunda ezincane ezinezisebenzi zengxenye yesikhashana zinganqotshwa ngamaphepha amaphepha kanye nezindleko zokukhokhwa. Ezinye izifunda zinikeza izinhlelo zosizo lwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa izifunda eziningi zisazama ukuhambisana ngaphandle kokukhuphula izindleko.

Ukuhlolwa Komphakathi Nezinyathelo Ezingafanele

Amahlazo aphezulu ezifundeni ezimbalwa aye angcolisa umbono womphakathi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa inkinga ka-2014 eFlint, eMichigan, lapho umphathi wesimo esiphuthumayo kahulumeni (empeleni isifunda esikhethekile) aholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi (noma isinxephezelo sesikhulu esiphezulu esiphezulu esisezindaweni ezithile zamanzi zase California. Ukuhluleka okunjalo kugcizelela isidingo sokuqondisa okuqinile, izindinganiso zokuziphatha, kanye nokuhileleka komphakathi.

Isiphetho: Isilinganiso Esingenakuxazululwa Kodwa Esibheke Isindlali Sikahulumeni Esisibukayo

Izifunda ezikhethekile ziyimpendulo ewusizo ezidingweni zemiphakathi ehlukahlukene nekhethekile. Zinikeza ulwazi oluqondile, ukusekela imali okunikezelwe, nokuvumelana nezimo ohulumeni abavamile abangakwazi ukuvumelana nazo. Kodwa izinselele zabo ezingaqondakali nezibusayo zidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlala emaphethelweni asemaphandleni e-Mud, esifundeni esivikela umlilo sasemaphandleni, noma egunyeni eliphethe amapulatimende akhethekile athinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke.

Kubafundisi bezimiso zomphakathi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ezibophayo, ukuqonda izigodi ezikhethekile akusona nje isiqalo semfundo. Kuyisinyathelo esiwusizo sokubona ngcono, ukulandisa, nokulawula kwendawo okungcono. Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka ikhula futhi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, ukushintsha kwezakhiwo zokuguga, nokucindezeleka kwezindawo ezisezingeni eliphezulu , izifunda ezikhethekile ziyohlala zingamathuluzi abalulekile ebhokisini lamathuluzi kahulumeni lendawo. Isihluthulelo siwukuqinisekisa ukuthi zisebenza ngokukhanya okufanayo, ukungaguquguquki, nokusabela esikulindele kuzo zonke izinhlangano zomphakathi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola U.S. ukwaziswa kwe-Cunivation Bureau ezifundeni ezikhethekile, izifunda ezikhethekile zesizwe [ ingcebo, kanye ne-UCerbey Center ye-Law, i-Energy & i-evironment’s ukucwaninga ngezifunda zamanzi .