Izikhulu zezikhulu zisebenza njengesisekelo sokulunga ekuthuthweni kwabantu nase vhisa ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho. Lezi zenzo zinikeza abantu i-fonsium ehlelwe ukuba bancintisane nezinqumo zikahulumeni ezithinta ngokuqondile ilungelo labo lokungena, lokuhlala, noma ukuthola isikhundla ezweni. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala kuklanyelwe ukuba kutholakale kalula kakhulu kuyilapho kusekela izikhungo zezezomthetho eziningi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi icala ngalinye lithola ukucatshangelwa komuntu ngamunye. Kungenxa yezimemezelo, ukuqonda amakhemisi nokubaluleka okuhlelelwe yilezindaba kungasho umehluko phakathi komphumela ophumelelayo nokwephulwa ngempoqo.

Ziyini Izindlebe Ezilawulwayo?

Icala lomphathi liyicala elingokomthetho eliqhutshwa yinxusa legatsha eliphethe i-EOIR eUnited States. Emongweni wokufuduka, lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala kuqondiswa umahluleli womthetho olawulayo (ALJ) noma ijaji elivela kwamanye amazwe eliyingxenye yenkantolo ekhethekile, njengeHhovisi Lezempathiso Zokuqondisa I-Immigation Review (EOIR) eUnited States. Injongo iwukubukeza izenzo zenhlangano − njengokuphika imvume, ukuxosha, noma iziyalezo zokuvikela, noma izicelo zehholo, futhi ukunquma ukuthi lezozenzo zivumelana yini nomthetho kanye namaqiniso aleli cala.

Lenqubo iwubufakazi obuqanjiwe kodwa iqinile kunecala lobugebengu noma inkantolo yomphakathi. Kokubili ummangaleli (noma ummeleli) nohulumeni (ovame ukumelelwa ummeli ovela enkampanini yokufuduka) unikeza ubufakazi, ubiza ofakazi, futhi wenza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Isikhulu sezindlebe sibe sesikhipha isinqumo esibhaliwe esingase sidluliselwe equlwini esiphezulu noma kwezinye izimo, enkantolo kahulumeni. Imithetho yobufakazi ivame ukukhululeka kunasenkantolo, ivumela ukuba kufakwe izincwadi nabufakazi obanzi, nakuba amahemu angase abhekane nezinselele.

Izikhulu zezikhulu zikhona emazweni amaningi, hhayi nje i-United States. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Orient-taier Tribunal ye-United Kingdom (Immigration ne-Asylmum Chamber) izwa izikhalo ezimelene nezinqumo zeHhovisi, kuyilapho i-Immigration ne-Board yase-Canada iphatha ukuzwa ngokuvikelwa kwababaleki nokungaxeginyi. I-omgane ye-oral, kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala sifana: umenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi uhlola ubufakazi nomthetho ukuze ufinyelele umphumela olungile.

Ukubaluleka Kwezindlebe Zezisebenzi Ezilawulayo Ezimweni Ezishintshayo

Izilinganiso zokuthunyelwa kwabantu ziphakeme kakhulu − ngokuvamile zihilela imibuzo yobunye bomkhaya, ukuphepha komuntu siqu, kanye nokuziphilisa. Ukulalela kwezisebenzi kunikeza isivikelo esibucayi ezinqumweni zokuphatha ezizeqisayo noma ezinephutha. Ngaphandle kwe-forum enjalo, umuntu angasuswa ezweni noma anqatshwe imvume esekelwe ekuhlolweni kwesikhulu sikahulumeni, ngaphandle kwethuba lokuphikisa isinqumo noma ukunikeza ubufakazi obuphikisanayo. Ukuzwa kwecala lokulandisa ngecala, njengoba uhulumeni kumelwe avikele isinqumo sakhe phambi komahluleli ongakhethi.

Kulabo abafuna isikhoselo, ukuzwa ngokuvamile kuyithuba lokuqala neliwukuphela kwethuba lokunikeza ukulandisa okuningiliziwe koshushiso. Ukuzimisela kokungafezeki, okusemqoka ezicatweni zesiphephelo, kwenziwa kuthembeke kakhulu uma umenzi wesinqumo ebona isimo somenzi wesicelo futhi ehlola ukuvumelana kobufakazi babo ngokuhlola okunqamule imvume. Ngokufanayo, ekunqabeni imvume yokucela, umfaki anganikeza ubufakazi obusha obungathathwanga ekusebenzeni kokuqala, njengezincwadi ezilungisiwe zemali noma izincwadi zemisebenzi, okungaphazamisa ukulahla okungalungile.

Izikhulu zezikhulu zikhuthaza ukuvumelana kwenqubo yokufuduka. Uma amajaji edingida izinqumo, akha indikimba yezenzakalo eziqondisa izivumelwano zesikhathi esizayo. Lokhu kunciphisa umehluko phakathi kwezikhulu ezihlukene noma izifunda, kuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abasendaweni efanayo bathola imiphumela efanayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zinqumo zilawula ukuchazwa kwezimiso nezimiso, zithonya indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo phakathi kwesimiso.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokukhishwa Kwezindlebe

  • Isinqumo somenzi we-Neutral: Ukulalela kuqhutshwa isikhulu esingakhethi noma umahluleli ongahileleki phambili ecaleni. Lokhu ukuzimela kubalulekile ukuze kuqhubeke kahle. E-U.S., abahluleli abafudukayo bamiswa yi-Attorney General futhi basebenza ngaphansi kwe-EOIR, ehlukanisiwe ne-U.S.ishishishishini ne-Immigtion Services (USCIS).
  • Umbukiso wokufaka: Kokubili umfaki wesicelo nohulumeni bangathumela amabhukwana, ofakazi, futhi banikeze ubufakazi. Umahluleli angabuza futhi ufakazi ukuze acacise amaqiniso. Ubufakazi bungahlanganisa amapassport, izitifiketi zokuzalwa, izimemezelo zezokwelapha, imibiko yezokwelapha, noma imibiko yesimo sezwe.
  • Uphawu lwe-Legal: Abameleli banelungelo lokumelelwa ummeli noma ummeleli osemthethweni ngezindleko zabo siqu. Nakuba kungewona wonke amazwe aqinisekisa iseluleko somthetho esikhululekile ekuchosheni kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, amaningi avumela i-probono noma izinhlangano ezingazuzisi ukuba zisize. Ukumelelwa kolwazi kungathuthukisa kakhulu amathuba empumelelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi bunikezwa ngokuthonya futhi izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zihlelwe kahle.
  • Ukufa: Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, umahluleli ubhala isinqumo esihlanganisa okutholakele, iziphetho zomthetho, nohlelo. Isinqumo ngokuvamile sinikezwa kokubili futhi singahlanganisa iziyalezo zamalungelo okudlulisa. Kwezinye izifunda, isinqumo sikhishwa ngomlomo esiphethweni sokuqulwa kwecala kodwa kamuva sincishiselwe ekubhaleni.

Inqubo Yokuzwa Eqondiswayo

Ukuqonda ukuhanjiswa kwecala lokuphatha ngenyathelo kuyasiza ekususeni okuhlangenwe nakho futhi kuvumele abafaka isicelo ukuba balungiselele ngokuphumelelayo. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwezwe nangohlobo lwendaba, isimo singenzeki.

Ukulungiselela Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, umfaki wesicelo uthola iNotice of Shoo okanye incwadi efanayo echaza amacala noma izizathu zokuphika. Lesaziso sisho usuku, isikhathi, nendawo yokuthethwa kwecala, kanye nesisekelo esingokomthetho sesenzo sikahulumeni. Umfaki-sicelo kufanele aqale ukuqoqa ngokushesha ubufakazi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izincwadi eziqoqiwe ezisekela ukuzisho kwabo − njengezitifiketi zomshado zezicelo zomkhaya, amarekhodi emisebenzi yemvume yokusebenza, noma imibiko yezokwelapha yesivikelo sokusiza abantu.

Kubalulekile ukubhala noma yiziphi izincwadi ezisekelayo enkantolo futhi unikeze amakhophi kummeli kahulumeni ngaphambi kakhulu kokuqulwa kwecala, ngokuvamile phakathi nosuku olucacisiwe. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekukhishweni kobufakazi obungakhishwayo. Izikhankasi eziningi zilungiselela ukuchaza izimpikiswano zazo ezimfushane noma iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho. Uma zimelelwe, ummeli uzoqhuba ingqungquthela nekhasimende elithatha ukuzwa ukuze abukeze, alindele imibuzo, futhi asebenzise ubufakazi.

OFakazi kumelwe babonwe kusengaphambili. Kwezinye izimo, ofakazi abangochwepheshe − njengochwepheshe bezokwelapha noma ochwepheshe bezifo zamazwe − angabizwa. Umfaki wesicelo kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi bonke ofakazi bayatholakala ngosuku lokuzwa futhi aqonde inqubo yokufakaza, kuhlanganise nethuba lokuhlola ukunqamuka kukahulumeni.

Owezwayo Uwedwa

Ngosuku lwecala, umahluleli uqala ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi obani amaqembu kanye nabameleli bawo. Uhulumeni uveza icala lakhe kuqala, eveza izizathu zokuba isicelo siphiwe noma umuntu asuswe. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukuveza ubufakazi bekhodi kanye nokubiza ofakazi. Ummemezeli (noma ummeli) angaqasha ofakazi bakahulumeni ukuba baphikise ukuthembeka kwabo noma ukuthembeka kwamazwi abo.

Ngemva kokuba uhulumeni uhleli, umfaki wesicelo uveza icala labo. Leli ithuba lomfaki-sicelo lokulandisa indaba yabo, aphendule izimangalo zikahulumeni, futhi anikeze ubufakazi obusekelayo. Umahluleli angabuza imibuzo ukuze acacise ukungavumelani noma ukuhlola izindawo ezingambozwenga ngokuphelele abameli. Uhulumeni ube usunethuba lokunqamule umfaki-sicelo nanoma yimuphi ofakazi abavikelayo. Ukulalela kuphetha ngezimpikiswano zokuphetha, lapho uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa khona ukuma kwazo futhi luqokomisa ubufakazi obuyinhloko.

Yonke inqubo iqoshiwe noma ibhalwe phansi, kusungulwe umbhalo ongokomthetho ongabukezwa lapho kudluliswa isikhalo. Umahluleli angathatha icala ngaphansi kweseluleko noma akhiphe isinqumo ngomlomo ngokushesha. Emacaleni amaningi anzima, umbono obhaliwe uthunyelwa kamuva. Ubude becala buhlukahluka kusukela ehoreni kuya ezinsukwini eziningana, kuye ngenani lofakazi kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bezindaba ezingokomthetho.

Isinqumo sangemva kokuzwa

Uma umahluleli esekhipha isinqumo, bobabili bamukela ikhophi. Uma isinqumo sisihle, ofaka isicelo anganikezwa usizo olufunwayo − njengesiphephelo, ukulungisa isimo, noma ukususwa. Uhulumeni angasadlulisela isinqumo esihle endikimbeni ephakeme, nakuba lokho kungajwayelekile. Uma isinqumo singesihle, ofaka isicelo unelungelo lokudlulisa isikhalo equlwini esiphethe (umz., iBhodi le-Immigration Applications eU.S.) noma enkantolo kahulumeni.

Uma isikhalo sisalindile, isinqumo sokuqala singase singaphoqelelwa. Uma kususwa, lowo muntu uvame ukukhululwa ngesibopho noma ngenkathi yokudlulisa isikhalo. Kubalulekile ukufaka isikhalo ngokushesha futhi ufake wonke amaphepha adingekile. Ummeli angaluleka ngokuthi kungaphumelela yini ukudluliswa nokuthi kufanele kucelwe ukususwa.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zokuthutha Izindlebe

Izehlulelo zezisebenzi zivela ngezindlela eziningana ezihlukene ezisemthethweni wokufuduka. Uhlobo ngalunye lunemithetho yalo ehleliwe nezindinganiso ezisobala.

Ukususwa Kwezindlebe Noma Ukukhishwa Kwezindlebe

Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuqulwa kwecala lokufuduka. Uhulumeni uqala amagqubu ngokumelene nomuntu ongadingi ukususwa ngenxa yokuphulwa kwemvume, izinkolelo zobugebengu, noma ezinye izizathu. Izwe langaphandle lingavikela ekususweni ngokufaka isicelo sokucela usizo njengesiphephelo, ukungasisusi, noma ukususwa. Umthwalo wobufakazi ushintsha phakathi kwamaqembu kuye ngokuthi abhekene nempikiswano. Ukuzwa kufinyelela isiphetho ngokukhipha noma ngokunikeza usizo.

E-United States, ukususwa kwezindlebe kulawulwa i-Immigation and Nationality Act nezimiso ezitholakala ku-8 C.F.R. 76 1003. Umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi umuntu uqonda amacala nemiphumela yesinqumo esibi. Ukwehluleka komahluleli ukulandela izinqubo ezifanelekile kungaba yizizathu zokushintsha ekudluliseni.

Ukulungisa Izindlebe Zezimo

Abantu abase bekhona kakade e-United States bangafaka isicelo sokuhlala ngokulungisa isimo. Uma i-USCIS iphika isicelo, umfaki wesicelo ngezinye izikhathi angacela ukuqulwa phambi komahluleli ofudukayo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka uma ukuphika kusekelwe ezisekelweni ezingamukeleki, njengokudingiswa kwangaphambi noma ukukhwabanisa. Ukuzwa kuvumela umfaki ukuba aphikise ukutholwa nokungamukeleki.

Ukukhangwa Ukuphika

Izikhulu zezikhulu ze-offaice zenza izikhalazo zezikhulu zamazwe angaphandle azinazo izikhalo zokuphatha ngenxa yemfundiso yokungaboni. Nokho, ezimweni ezithile ukuphika okusekelwe ezisekelweni ezingaqondakali ezidinga ukulahlwa kwe-adiversper /an izicelo zingacela ukuqulwa phambi kwe-Ofisi yophendlo (AO) ngaphakathi kwe-USCIS noma indikimba efanayo. Le ngxoxo isekelwe kakhulu ephepheni, kodwa eminye imingcele ivumela ukuphikisa komlomo.

Ezigabani ezithile zemvume yokungena, njengemvume yokungena yamalungu omkhaya, isicelo esilahliwe singadluliswa eBhodweni Lezokudlulisa Amacala. Ibhodi ibukeza irekhodi de novo (elisha) futhi ingakuqeda ukuphika uma ubufakazi buhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho.

Ukumelela Ngokomthetho Nobufakazi

Ukuba khona kweseluleko somthetho kungawushintsha kakhulu umphumela wecala lokuphatha. Izibalo ezivela kuMnyango woMahlulelo wase-U.S. zibonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi abantu abamelelwe basengozini ephindwe kaningana yokuwina amacala abo kunalawo abonakala engamelelwa. Ama-Atttorney aqonda imithetho ye-procedrol, izindinganiso ezicacile, nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho; futhi angavikela umfaki-sicelo ekuphenyweni futhi aqinisekise ukuthi umbhalo ugcinwe ngokufanelekile ukuze udluliselwe ekudluliseleni.

Kubantu abacela ukukhokhelwa abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, amazwe amaningi anikeza usizo olungokomthetho noma izinkonzo ze-probono. Izinhlangano ezingangeni nzuzo, imithola-mpilo yezemfundo yezomthetho, kanye nezinhlangano ze-barbar izinhlelo zempahla eziyinzuzo. Kwamanye amazwe, njenge-United Kingdom, usizo olungokomthetho luyatholakala ezinhloboni ezithile zecala lesivikelo nasezenhlalweni yokufuduka, nakuba izimali ziye zancishiswa eminyakeni yamuva.

Izinhlobo Zobufakazi Ezithotshelwa Kaningi

  • Amabhukwana acacile: Amapassport, izitifiketi zokuzalwa, amakhadi e-ID esizwe.
  • Amarekhodi omkhaya:[ Izitifiketi zomshado, izimemezelo zesehlukaniso, izitifiketi zokuzalwa kwezingane.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ubufakazi be-' izincwadi zomsebenzi, ukukhokha izikhawu, ama-paric entela, amafomu we-W-2.
  • [ Iziqopha-mlando ezingokobunzululwazi: Imibiko yasesibhedlela, izitatimende zodokotela, ukuhlola impilo yengqondo (ikakhulukazi ezokusiza).
  • Imibiko ye-' Izibalo zemo-mmongo':[ Imibiko yamalungelo abantu, izihloko zezindaba, ama-affidavit avela kochwepheshe ezimweni ezweni lakubo.
  • [[UMTH:0] Affidavits:[ izitatistiki ezibhalwe ku-ofakazi nofaka isicelo, ezichaza izenzakalo ezihlobene kanye nokusekela ukulandisa.

Kubalulekile ukuhlela ubufakazi obucacile futhi ubudlulise ngokulandelana okunengqondo. Uhlu lokuqukethwe kanye nezinombolo zisiza umahluleli ukuba athole izinto ngokushesha. Ukuhunyushwa kwezincwadi zezilimi zangaphandle kumelwe kuqinisekiswe. Kwezinye izifundazwe, imibhalo yokuqala kumelwe itholakale lapho kuqulwa, nakuba amakhophi avame ukwamukelwa kusengaphambili.

Ithonya Enqubweni Yokufuduka Nabantu Abahlukahlukene

Izehlulelo zezisebenzi zenza okungaphezu kokunquma izindaba ngazinye. Zithonya ukusungulwa komthetho wokufuduka nesimiso. Uma abahluleli benikeza izinqumo zezesivumelwano, bachaza imithetho nezimiso ezingaqondakali, banikeza isiqondiso ezikhulwini zezinhlangano nasemphakathini. Lezi zincazelo zingaphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba zishintshe imikhuba yazo noma zifune izinguquko zemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uchungechunge lwezimemezelo ezithi “iqembu lezenhlalo elihlukene” izincazelo ezisemthethweni wesivikelo ziye zaguqula kanjani izibalo ze-U.S. uhulumeni uhlola iziphakamiso ezisekelwe ebulilini noma ekushushiseni kwamaqembu.

Kubantu ngabanye, ukuzwa okuphumelelayo kungasho umehluko phakathi kokudingiswa nokuphila okusha ezweni eliphephile. Ukuzwa kunikeza ithuba lokwelapha kubantu abaningi abacela ukuzwa. Ikakhulukazi ababaleki kanye nama-aslaee·to) ukulandisa indaba yabo ehlelweni elihleliwe futhi bathole indida elungile. Ngokuphambene, isinqumo esibi singaholela ekulahlekelweni isikhundla, ukuhlukaniswa nomkhaya, noma ukubuyela ekushushisweni. Ithonya elingokwengqondo lenqubo yokuzwa alinakugqitshwa; abaningi abacelayo babhekana nokukhathazeka okubalulekile, kodwa ukwazi ukuthi banezwi eliphelele nelilungile kunganikeza ukuvalwa okuthile.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwezindlebe Zezisebenzi

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, amacala abaphathi abhekene nokugxekwa okuningi. Okokuqala, ukucindezela kokuthweswa kwecala ezinkantolo zokufuduka kukhulu. E-United States, iqophelo lamacala liye ladlula isigidi, libangela ukuba kubekwe amaza eminyaka eminingi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abafaki-zicelo bangase baphile ngokusemthethweni, bengakwazi ukusebenza noma ukuhlela ikusasa. Okwesibili, abahluleli abavela kwamanye amazwe ngokuvamile abanaso inkululeko yeSiphakamiso III eU.S., njengoba bemiswa ama-Attor General futhi bengenza izingcingo ezingabangela ukucindezela kokuphika amacala. Okwesithathu, ukuntula izimpawu ezingokomthetho eziqinisekiswe ukuthi abantu abaningi bahamba ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi somthetho kuphela, kuholela ekuphumeleni okungalungile.

Imingcele engokwesayensi ikhona futhi. Imithetho yobufakazi ingadida, futhi umthwalo wobufakazi ubekwa kulowo ofaka isicelo, ongase angabi nakho ukuthola izincwadi ezivela ezweni lakubo. Uma evunywa, kungaba nzima ukubekela inselele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzwa kwezindlebe kungasabisa, ikakhulukazi kubantu abaye babhekana nobuhlungu noma ushushiso. Ezinye izifunda zomhlaba ziye zazama ukunciphisa izinselele ngokunikeza “amanani angekho-mfashini” ukuzwa kwemikhakha, njengabantwana abangahambisani nomthetho, lapho umahluleli edlala indima yokuqulwa.

Ukuze bathuthukise lesi simiso, abasekeli batusa ukuba kube nezimali eziyandayo zezinkantolo zokufuduka, banikeze iseluleko somthetho esikhululekile kubantu abasengozini, futhi baqiniseke ukuthi amajaji azimele ngempela. Izinguquko emazweni anjengeCanada, asebenzisa izikhulu ezikhethekile zesivikelo ukuze zilungiselele amacala, zinikeza isibonelo esingase sinciphise ukuncishiswa kwemidanti.

Isiphetho

Izindlebe zezisebenzi ziyinqubo ebalulekile yokusekela inqubo edingekayo ekuthutheni abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe nasezinqumweni ze-vsav. Zinikeza isimiso esilungiselelwe kahle lapho abantu bengaphikisana khona nezenzo zikahulumeni, ubufakazi obukhona, futhi bathole izinqumo ezicatshangelwe nezabaqondisi abangakhethi. Nakuba isimiso singesona esingenawo amaphutha aso, imishini evimbela izimali, kanye nokumelelwa okungalinganiyo . Kubenzi bemithetho, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nabafaki-zicelo ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indima nomsebenzi walezi zindlebe kuyisihluthulelo sokuhambisa izwe eliyinkimbinkimbi lomthetho wezokufuduka. Ekugcineni, inqubo yokulalela okunenzuzo iqinisa umthetho nezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu osuswe noma ophucwa imvume ngaphandle kwethuba elibalulekile lokuzwa.

[[Umthetho:0] Imithombo:[[[Umthetho:1]