Table of Contents
Izinkantolo zisebenza njengezindawo ezibalulekile zokuvikela amalungelo okukhuluma, ukuchaza izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo nokumisa imingcele yokukhuluma emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Ngokuhlola ngokucophelela, izinkantolo zilinganisela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokuphikisana nezithakazelo zomphakathi, ukwakha uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemithetho olulawula indlela izakhamuzi ezixhumana ngayo, ukubhikisha, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi kuhlola izinkantolo ezinendima eziningi ezifezayo ekuvikeleni inkulumo ekhululekile, izimiso ezingokomthetho ezisebenzayo, amacala ayisisekelo achaza indlela esiqonda ngayo incazelo, nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezibhekeneyo enkathini yobuchwepheshe.
Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuvikelwa Kwenkululeko Yokukhuluma
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza ukuthi uhulumeni akumelwe "uvale inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokunyathelisa". Lesivikelo sesisekelo siye sasebenza njengesisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, simisa inkululeko yokukhuluma njengenye yenkululeko ethandwa kakhulu eUnited States. Ulimi olulula kodwa olunamandla ludinga ukuchazwa okukhulu kokwahlulela ukuze kuxazululwe izimo nezingxabano eziningi ezikhona emphakathini wanamuhla.
UMahluleli u-Orverell Holmes, Jr. wamemezela ukuthi "uvivinyo olungcono kakhulu lweqiniso amandla omcabango wokuzivumela ngokwawo ekuncintisaneni kwezentengiselwano." Lombono wemibono uyaqhubeka usekela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ubonakalisa ukholo oluyisisekelo lokuthi iqiniso livela ngengxoxo esobala nangokuphikisana ngokukhululekile nemibono ephikisanayo. Izinkantolo ziye zathembela ngokungaguquki kulesi simiso lapho zihlaziya imingcele ebekweyo.
Isivikelo somthetho-mthetho sokukhuluma sidlulela nangaphandle kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme samisa ukuthi ohulumeni bezwe kumelwe basekele uMthetho-sisekelo futhi bavikele amalungelo kuwo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma nezokunyathelisa, ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlobanisa," futhi kamuva imacala aqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazinga kahulumeni adingekile ukuze kusekelwe zonke iziNkampumiso Zokuqala. Lokhu kwanda kwesivikelo sokukhuluma esisemthethweni nohulumeni bendawo kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni isivikelo esingaguquki sokukhuluma kulo lonke elaseUnited States.
Inqubo Yokubukeza Ekwahluleleni Kwamacala Akhululekile
Kusukela eMpini Yezwe yokuqala, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikisana ngokuthi uhulumeni ungakwazi kangakanani ukuvimbela inkulumo. Lokhu kulwa okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukungezwani okungokwemvelo phakathi kokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi. Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlole ngokucophelela icala ngalinye ukuze zinqume ukuthi imingcele kahulumeni yokukhuluma ivunyelwe ngokomthetho noma imelela ukucusumbula okungavumelekile.
Ukuqonda Lokho Abafelokazi Abakuvikelayo Ekukhulumeni
Izinkantolo zivame ukubuza umbuzo: ukuthi iyini i-"pepeclock" yezinjongo zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ithole ukuthi inkulumo ingadlulela ngalé kwezwi elishiwoyo nelilotshiwe endaweni yokuziphatha okushiwo kuyo, lapho izenzo zithumela khona isigijimi esingokomfanekiso. Lencazelo enkulu iqaphela ukuthi leyo nkulumo inezici eziningi emphakathini wanamuhla.
INkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikela kakhulu kunamazwi esiwashoyo, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, inkantolo yabheka futhi inkulumo engasho lutho – ukushaya ifulege – njengenkululeko lapho isho ukuthi umthetho omelene "nophawu, uphawu, noma isifanekiselo" wephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kuqashelwa kwenkulumo engokomfanekiso kuye kwabonakala kubalulekile ekuvikeleni izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubhikisha namazwi, ekushiseni ifulege kuze kufakeni izibambo.
Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi imiyalezo engathandeki noma ephikiswayo ithola isivikelo esingokomthetho esifanayo nesenkulumo evamile, sivimbele uhulumeni ukuba anganqande ukukhulumela okuwumthetho - sisekelo ngenxa nje yokuthi iphazamisa ukusabela komphakathi.
Isekelwe ekuqukethe ngokuqhathaniswa nemingcele yokungathathi hlangothi
Umehluko phakathi kwemithetho esekelwe ku-ongaphakathi kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-osethiwene ufektha ufeza indima eyinhloko ezicabeni zenkululeko yokukhuluma, nemithetho esekelwe ku-okent elawula inkulumo esekelwe entweni yayo, kuyilapho imithetho equkethe okungaphakathi ilawula isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma. Lomehluko unquma izinga lezinkantolo ezihlolayo ezisebenza lapho kunqunywa imingcele yokukhuluma.
Uhulumeni unomthwalo onzima ekuvimbeleni imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe, ngoba zihlolwa ngokunembe, kuyilapho imithetho equkethwe ibukezwa ngaphansi kohlelo lokuhlola oluphakathi, okusho ukuthi zisengozini kakhulu ukusinda enkingeni. Lendlela elandelanayo yokuhlola kokwahlulela iqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele ebhekene nemiyalezo ethile noma imibono ibhekene nokuhlolwa okunzima kakhulu komthetho-mthetho.
Imithetho esekelwe ngokungenamfakela i-produstitution futhi ingathethelelwa kuphela uma uhulumeni efakazela ukuthi ihlonyiselwe ukufeza izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo, futhi umthetho wokukhuluma usekelwe ngokunenzuzo uma umthetho usebenza enkulumweni ethile ngenxa yesihloko esixoxwe noma iphuzu noma umyalezo oshiwoyo. Lesisiqobo sivikela ekucushweni kwemibono kahulumeni engamukeleki kodwa sivumela imithetho enengqondo yezimo ezizungezile.
Icala Lenkantolo Ephakeme Elathonya Amalungelo Okukhuluma
Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma amacala amaningi aye alolonga ngokuyisisekelo ukuqonda kwethu amalungelo okukhuluma. lezi zinqumo eziphawulekayo ziye zamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile eziqhubeka ziqondisa izinkantolo eziphansi futhi zizise isimiso somphakathi ngokuphathelene nokukhuluma.
Scheck v. United States novivinyo Olucacile Nelukhona Lwengozi
Isinqumo sikaSchencck saziwa kakhulu ngokudala "ingozi esobala nekhona" incazelo yokuthi inkulumo ingabekwa imingcele uma inikeza ingozi ecacile nekhona, futhi isinqumo sasisesokuqala ukuchaza isingathekiso sokumemeza ngokungeyikho "Fire" enkundla yemidlalo yemidlalo yemidlalo egcwele abantu. Lokhu kuhlola kwakuqala kwazama ukulinganisela amalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokumelene nezinkathazo zomphakathi, nakuba kamuva kungacwengisiswa futhi kuthathelwe indawo izindinganiso ezivikela kakhulu.
Schenck washintshwa kamuva nguBrandenburg v.O., owathi inkulumo ingavinjelwa uma ingabangela "isenzo esiqinile sokungabi namthetho" le mfundiso eholela ekuvikelweni okukhulu kwenkulumo ibonisa ukuqaphela okwandayo kwezinkantolo ukuthi inkulumo kufanele ibekelwe imingcele ezimweni eziphuthuma kakhulu.
Brandenburg v.O. Nendinganiso Engenamthetho
Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yabanjwa eBrandenburg v. Ohio (11969), uhulumeni angasenqabela "ukukhuthaza"" `iwukukhuthaza noma ukuveza isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo" futhi "cishe ukukhuthaza noma ukuveza isenzo esinjalo" (njengenkulumo esixhwala isixuku esiyinxusa ukuba ihlasele isakhiwo esiseduze). Lendinganiso inikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokuqalwa kwesizwe kuyilapho ivumela imingcele ekhulumayo eyingozi ngokushesha.
EBrandenburg v.O. (192), lokhu kwafaniswa nendinganiso "yesenzo sokungabi namthetho esiqinile", neNkantolo Ephakeme ihlehlisa ukuvunywa kwecala leqembu leKu Klux Klan ngokuvumelanayo "lokuguqula ubudlova ... njengendlela yokufeza izinguquko zezombangazwe" ngoba izinkulumo zabo emhlanganweni zazingabonisi ubudlova obusheshayo, noma obuseduze. Lesinqumo sandisa kakhulu isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokuhlukanisa phakathi kwenkululeko engabonakali nesikhuthazo esiqondile.
Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa kwezombangazwe, ngisho nalapho kuhilela imibono eyimpikiswano noma ewujuqu, kuhlala kuvikelekile ngaphandle kokuba kubangele usongo olusheshayo lwesenzo sokungabi namthetho.
UDes Moines Namalungelo Abafundi
KuTinker .Des Moines Independent School Community, iNkantolo ePhakeme yakhipha isinqumo ngokumelene nesikole, futhi ngokombono wakhe omkhulu, uMahluleli uAbe Fortas wabhala ukuthi abafundi aba "bewachithi amalungelo abo angokomthetho enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangweni lesikole." lesi sinqumo esivelele saveza ukuthi abafundi balondoloza amalungelo omthetho ngisho nasezimisweni zemfundo.
INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa u-"Tinker Test", indinganiso okumelwe izikole zomphakathi zihlangane ngayo ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa ngokomthetho kwenkululeko yokukhuluma noma ukubonakaliswa kwabafundi, futhi ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekile kwabafundi besikole somphakathi kungalinganiselwa kuphela uma kusongela inqubo yemfundo, noma ukuphazamisa amalungelo abanye. Lokhu kuhlola ukulinganisela amalungelo akhululekile abafundi okukhuluma ezikoleni ezidinga ukulondoloza indawo yemfundo ehlelekile.
Inkulumo engaphazamisi, engenaluzwela, engokomfanekiso ayinakuhlolwa ngenxa nje yokuthi yenza abanye bangakhululeki, futhi ukugqoka izingalo okungokomfanekiso akunakuboniswa ukuthi kuphazamise ukuqeqeshwa kwesikole.
INew York Times Co. v. Sullivan Nezindinganiso Zokunqanda
Esinqumweni esihlanganyelwe yiJaji uWilliam J. Brennan Jr., amajaji amisa indinganiso entsha, ephakeme ye-libral, efuna abachazi ukuba bafakazele "inzondo engokoqobo," okusho amazwi alimazayo ashiwo ngolwazi olugcwele ukuthi yayiyinkohliso futhi ingalinaki iqiniso, futhi ngaphandle kokuba inkulumo ihlangabeze uvivinyo oludala, akukho mthetho kahulumeni ongaphazamisa inkululeko eqinisekisiwe yezindaba engokomthetho. Lesinqumo saguqula umthetho wesihlamba futhi sanikeza isivikelo esibalulekile sokunyathelisa.
Ezimweni lapho inkulumo ithinta isikhulu noma isibalo somphakathi, umkhakha okhuluma ngokunyundela kumelwe ubonise ukuthi isikhulumi sasebenzisa "inzondo engokoqobo," okungukuthi, ulwazi lokuthi leyonkulumo yayingaqondile noma inganakwa ngokuphathelene neqiniso layo noma inkohliso. Lokhu okukhulayo kuphawula ukubaluleka kwenkulumo - mpikiswano eqinile ngezibalo zomphakathi nangezindaba zomphakathi, ngisho nalapho lenkulumo - mpikiswano ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganisa izinkulumo ezingamanga ezishiwo ngokholo oluhle.
Ukushiswa Kwefulege ETexas n.
Inkantolo yayikholelwa ukuthi isithakazelo somceli sokuvimbela ukwephulwa kokuthula asikusekelanga ukuqiniseka kophendula ngoba ukuziphatha kwakhe kwakungasongeli ukuphazamisa ukuthula, futhi isithakazelo somceli sokugcina ifulege njengesibonakaliso sobuzwe asizange sithethelele ukuqashelwa kwecala ngokuhileleka kwezombangazwe. Lesi sinqumo esiphikisayo saqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nenkulumo engokomfanekiso ecasulayo ithola isivikelo somthetho-mthethweni lapho iveza isigijimi sezombangazwe.
Icala elishiswayo libonisa isibopho sezinkantolo sokuvikela inkulumo engathandeki, ngisho noma inkulumo enjalo icasula imizwa yokushisekela izwe ethandwa kakhulu. Ngokumisa kuqala izimiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngenxa yezinkathazo ezingokomfanekiso, iNkantolo Ephakeme yagcizelela umqondo wokuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sikhona ngempela ukuze sivikele inkulumo ephikiswayo nenenzondo ebekela inselele izindinganiso ezivamile.
INtshonalanga Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette neColship Speech
Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi abantu abanakuphoqeleka ukuba basho amazwi abangawakholelwa, imisa isimiso sokuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikela ilungelo lokungakhulumi kanye nelungelo lokuveza imibono yakho. Lokhu kuqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela kokubili ukukhuluma nokuthula kuthinta inkululeko yomuntu siqu nonembeza.
Isimiso esimelene nenkulumo ephoqelelwe siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke uphoqelele abantu ukuba bakhulume imiyalezo abayilahlayo noma bahlanganyele ezenzweni ezingokomfanekiso eziphula izinkolelo zabo.
Izingxenye Zokukhuluma Okungavikelwe Nokulinganiselwe
Nakuba izinkantolo ziwavikela ngamandla amalungelo okukhuluma, ziyaqaphela futhi ukuthi izigaba ezithile eziwumngcingo zokukhuluma ziphelelwa isivikelo noma zithola isivikelo esiphansi.
Indlela Ewumqondo Yokuvimbela Inkulumo
Nakuba imingcele esekelwe ekuhlonishweni kwenkulumo evikelwe ngokungekhona umthetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivumela imingcele engaphakathi kwenkulumo ewela ezigabani ezimbalwa ezilinganiselwe, kuhlanganise nezithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana, ukuhlambalaza, ukukhohlisa, ukuphamba, amazwi okulwa, ukusongela kweqiniso, kanye nokukhuluma okuwuphawu olubalulekile ekuziphatheni kobugebengu. Lemikhakhakha imelela izindawo lapho izinkantolo ziye zanquma ukuthi ukubaluleka kwenhlalo yenkulumo kuncishiswe izithakazelo eziphikisanayo.
Ngokuvamile iNkantolo ichaza lezi zigaba njengezihlamba, ukuhlambalaza, ukukhwabanisa, ukugqugquzela, amazwi okulwa, izinsongo zeqiniso, inkulumo ebalulekile ekuziphatheni kobugebengu, nezithombe ezingcolile zobulili zezingane.
Izinqumo zamuva kakhulu zeNkantolo zibonisa ukungathandi ukuhlanganisa noma yiziphi izigaba ezintsha zenkulumo ngaphandle kokuthambekela kokuchaza izigaba zenkulumo ezingekho ngaphandle kwemisuka emidala emiswe emthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lendlela engaguquki yokwandisa ukuhlukahluka iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sihlala siqinile futhi leyomingcele emisha ibhekene nokungabaza okukhulu kokwahlulela.
Ukushukumisa Nesenzo Esingenamthetho
Ukushukumisa — inkulumo ethi "eqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka ikhuthaza noma ifeze isenzo esinjalo" — ayivikelekile ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, nendinganiso evela eNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1969 eBrandenburg v.Ohio. Lokhu kuncishwana kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba avimbele inkulumo ebangela ingozi ngokushesha kuyilapho evikela ukuphikisa kwemibono eyimpikiswano.
EBrandenburg v.Ohio, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ukusekela ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo noma ukwephulwa komthetho "ngaphandle kokuba lapho ukulwa okunjalo kuqondiswe khona ekuvuseleleni noma ekukhiqizeni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka kuvuselele noma kubangele isenzo esinjalo," kusho ukuthi uhulumeni angajezisa "ukumiswa' kokuveza'isenzo sokungalungi okuseduze,'kungenza kanjalo,' kodwa ngokuvamile angase angakwenqabeli noma ajezise“ ukulahlwa kokusetshenziswa kwempoqo noma ubudlova." Lomehluko ungavikela inkulumo yezombangazwe lapho ukhuluma ngezinsongo zeqiniso zomphakathi.
Ukuvukela Namazwi Amanga
Amanga okulahla (abizwa ngokuthi "libel" uma ebhalwe kanye "onyelayo" uma eshiwo) ukuqamba amanga ngaphansi kwesifungo, nokukhohlisa nakho kungajeziswa, futhi kwezinye izimo, ngisho namaphutha angathathi ngokungathi aqashelwe angaholela emacaleni, nakuba lawo manga adlulela emangeni kuphela; ukuveza umbono kungase kungajeziswa ngisho noma umbono ubhekwa njengongalungile ngokokuziphatha. Loluhlelo luvikela idumela neqiniso kuyilapho lulondoloza impikiswano eqinile nombono.
Ukulahla kuyisisho samanga sokuthi (1) kuxhunyaniswa nengxenye yesithathu; (2) kwenziwa ngesimo esidingekile somthwalo wecala wengqondo; futhi (3) kulimaza idumela lomuntu, futhi ukuze kuhlanekezelwe, inkulumo kumelwe ibe ukugomela iqiniso (kunokumane nje ube nombono noma ihaba elingenampendulo) futhi ikwazi ukuqinisekiswa ukuthi iwuphutha. Lezimfuneko eziqondile ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho awulona ithuluzi lokuvimbela ukugxekwa noma impikiswano engokomthetho.
Ukuqaphela ukuthi "amanga athile angenakugwenywa uma kuzoba nokubonakaliswa kwemibono esobala nenamandla engxoxweni yasobala nangasese," iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yalahla ukukhishwa kweSichibiyelo sokuqala kwezinkulumo ezingamanga. Lokhu kuqaphela kulinganisela isidingo sokuvikela iqiniso nedumela eliyiqiniso lokuthi ukunemba okuphelele akunakwenzeka enkulumweni eqinile yasobala.
Ububi Nezithombe Ezingcolile Zezingane
Sekuyisikhathi eside izinkantolo ziqaphela ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwezithombe kuyi - Internet kuphelelwa isivikelo, nakuba ukuchaza lokho okuwukungcoliswa kuye kwabonakala kuyinselele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa ukuhlola okuqondile kokunquma ukuthi izinto ezibhaliwe zingcolile yini, kudinga ukucabangela izindinganiso zomphakathi, ukuthi umsebenzi ukhanga yini ezithakazelweni eziphambili, nokuthi awunalo yini inzuzo enzulu engokwesayensi, engokobuciko, noma engokwesayensi.
Izinkantolo ziye zanquma ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zezingane, uhlobo lwenkulumo yobulili eveza izingane ezihileleke ekuziphatheni okuxekethile ngokobulili, azinalo ilungelo lokuvikelwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.
Amazwi Alwayo Nosongo Lwangempela
INkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukuveza ukuthi amagama abizwa kanjalo "alwayo" ahlukile eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala ngo-1942, nakuba emashumini eminyaka alandela iNkantolo iye yanciphisa imfundiso yamagama alwayo. Lokhu kuveza ukungabaza okwandayo kwezinkantolo ngemithetho evimbela ukumelana nenkulumo ecasulayo nokuqaphela ukuthi amagama alwiwayo angasetshenziswa kabi ukuze kuvinjelwe inkulumo engathandeki.
Izinsongo zangempela zimelela olunye uhlobo lwenkulumo engavikelekile, okuhlanganisa izinkulumo lapho umuntu ocabangelayo engachaza khona ukukhulumisana njengokubonakaliswa okungathi sína kwenhloso yokushaya umuntu othile noma iqembu ngokungemthetho. Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlukanise ngokucophelela phakathi kokusongela kweqiniso nokukhuluma kwezombangazwe noma inkulumo yobuciko ukuze kugwenywe inkulumo ehlasimulisayo evikelwe.
Ukuhloniphisa Ukuziphatha Kwesigebengu
KuGiboney v. Empire Study & Ice Co. (1949), iNkantolo Ephakeme yathatha iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ayinikezi sivikelo ku "inkulumo noma ukubhala okusetshenziswa njengengxenye eyisisekelo yokuziphatha ngokwephula umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni," njengesidingo somphangi sokudubulana ngebhamu noma ukuphanga, uzungu lobugebengu, noma ukucela ukwenza ubugebengu obuthile, nakuba ukuvinjelwa okungaqondakali komthetho kuhlala kuyisici esivikelelwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izigebengu azinakufaka isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma ezinhlangothini ezibalulekile zemisebenzi engekho emthethweni.
Isimo Sokukhuluma Ngenzondo
Akukho okuhlukile ngenxa yenkulumo ebizwa ngokuthi eyobutha, futhi izinsongo zobuhlanga azivinjelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala kanye nezinye izinsongo, futhi ukugxeka kobuhlanga ngokomuntu siqu kungase kujeziswe kanye namanye amazwi okulwa, kodwa inkulumo enjalo ingase ingajeziswa ngokukhethekile ngoba iwubandlululo, isigaba sobulili, noma imelene nenkolo ethile.
E-United States, inkulumo yenzondo ithola isivikelo esiqinile ngaphansi komzamo weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esisekelwe embonweni wokuthi akuyona indima efanele kahulumeni ukuzama ukuvikela abantu emibonweni nasemibonweni abayitholi ingamukeleki, ingathandeki, noma ngisho icasula kakhulu, futhi kunalokho, indima kahulumeni iwukuvikela kakhulu inkululeko yabantu yokukhuluma ngomzamo wokuvumela amazwi ombono ongathandeki nowenqabayo futhi akhuthaze ukuphikisana okukhulu ezindabeni zokukhathazeka komphakathi ngisho nalapho impikiswano enjalo ibangela ukudabuka ubuhlungu, intukuthelo, noma ukwesaba. Lokhu kuveza inkulumo ekhululekile ngenxa yenduduzo engokomzwelo, ukuthemba izakhamuzi ukuba ziphikise imibono emibi nabantu abangcono.
Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu
Uhulumeni uvame ukulinganisela isikhathi, indawo, noma indlela yokukhuluma, uma imingcele ingahlobene nalokho inkulumo ekushoyo futhi ushiye abantu benezindlela ezanele zokuveza imibono yabo. Lemingcele equkethwe ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba alawule izikhala zomphakathi futhi avimbele izingxabano kuyilapho elondoloza amathuba okuveza imibono yabo.
Izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela isikhathi, indawo, nezindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi azisebenzi njengezaba zokucubungula okusekelwe ekuhlolweni. Imingcele esemthethweni kumelwe ifeze izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile, ihlonyiselwe ukunikeza lezozithakazelo, futhi ishiye eminye imikhondo evulekile yokuxhumana. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase livimbele amahora umsindo okhulisiwe ongase usetshenziswe ngawo ezindaweni zokuhlala ngaphandle kokwephula amalungelo okukhuluma, uma nje imingcele isebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abakhulumayo kungakhathaliseki isigijimi sabo.
Iyunivesithi ingase ilawule isikhathi, indawo nendlela yokukhuluma ukuze iqiniseke ukuthi ayiphazamise imisebenzi evamile yaseyunivesithi. Lesi simiso sidlulela nasezinhlanganweni zomphakathi ezihlukahlukene, sizivumele ukuba zilondoloze ukuhleleka futhi zifeze imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko kuyilapho zihlonipha amalungelo okukhuluma.
Imibandela Ekhethekile Yokuhlaziya Ukukhuluma
Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene nokucabangela lapho zihlola iziphakamiso zenkululeko yokukhuluma ngomongo oqondile, ziqaphela ukuthi ubuhlobo bukahulumeni nenkulumo buyahluka kuye ngokuthi kunjani futhi kuyini indima kahulumeni.
Impahla Kahulumeni Nezindawo Zomphakathi
Uhulumeni unendawo enkulu, kodwa unamandla angenamkhawulo, okulawula inkulumo esebenzisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni. Izinga lamandla lixhomeke ekutheni indawo injani kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okungokwesiko emsebenzini oyimfihlo.
Inkulumo ezindaweni ezizinziswe uhulumeni nasemapaki (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "izindawo zomphakathi ezivamile") ivikelekile ekucindezelweni kukahulumeni njengaleyo ebekwe endaweni yesikhulumi, futhi kungokufanayo nangabafundi abafundisa umphakathi, okungenani uma inkulumo ingeyona ingxenye yezingxoxo zekilasi noma izabelo zekilasi. Lemfundiso yomphakathi iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke angazifaki izikhulumi ezikhaleni ezisetshenziswa ngokwesiko ezinkulumweni zenkulumo yasobala.
Ngokuvamile ukukhuluma kwezwe likahulumeni noma ezakhiweni zikahulumeni kungase kube okulinganiselwe, uma uhulumeni engacatshangeli ngesisekelo sombono wenkulumo.
Izinhlangano Zemfundo
INkantolo Ephakeme yaphawula ukubaluleka kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala emakolishi namayunivesithi ombuso: "Amakolishi namayunivesithi asesifundazweni awagonyiwe ekuthatheni iSichibiyelo Sokuqala... izenzakalo zaleNkantolo aziwuvumeli umbono wokuthi... iSichibiyelo Sokuqala Akumelwe sisebenze ngenkani emakolishi kunasemphakathini." Lesisimiso siveza ukuthi izinhlangano zemfundo ephakeme kumelwe zihloniphe amalungelo aphakeme okukhuluma ngenkululeko ephakeme.
Abafundi abaqalayo, abaphezulu, nabafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme bangase balayiswe ngokusho izinto eziyingozi kakhulu ekuphazamiseni inqubo yemfundo noma ukusebenzisa ingcaca esikoleni. Izinkantolo ziyaqaphela ukuthi amalungelo abafundi abasebasha okukhuluma angase alinganiselwe kakhulu kunawabafundi abadala noma abafundi basekolishi, okubonisa umthwalo wemfanelo okhethekile wezikole ezikoleni wokulondoloza indawo ezungezile yemfundo efanele.
Abafundisi abacasuli iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokulawula indlela kanye nalokho okuqukethwe yinkulumo yabafundi emikhankasweni yesikole ecacile, uma nje izenzo zabo zihlobene ngokufanelekile nezinkathazo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho. Lendinganiso ivumela izikole ukuba zilondoloze izindinganiso zemfundo kuyilapho zivimbela ukucusumbulwa kolwazi olusemthethweni lwenkulumo yabafundi.
Umsebenzi Kahulumeni
Ngokwesibonelo, izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingaxoshwa ngenxa yokusho izinto eziphazamisa ukusebenza kahle komqashi. Izinkantolo zilinganisela isilinganiso sezisebenzi zomphakathi ezikhululekile ekukhulumeni ngokumelene nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekulondolozeni imisebenzi ephumelelayo nokuziphatha okufanelekile emsebenzini.
Ubufakazi bomphakathi obufungelwe ngaphandle kwengxenye yemisebenzi yabo evamile bufanele ukuvikelwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kuvikela kuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingahlanganyela ekuququzelweni kwamacala futhi zikhulume ezindabeni zomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela, ngisho nalapho ubufakazi bazo bungase buhlazise noma bugxeke abaqashi bazo.
Ibutho Lezempi Nejele
Ngokuqondene nempi yase-United States, uhulumeni unamandla amakhulu kakhulu okuvimbela ukukhuluma kwezikhulu zempi, ngisho noma uvimbela okunjalo kungangasebenzi kuwesibaya, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa lesi simiso esinqunywe eduze esihlanu kuya kwezintathu, Parker v. Levy (1974), lapho iNkantolo yayiphethe isosha ngokuyisisekelo yayiwumphakathi okhethekile ovela emphakathini wesizwe, owawufuna iziqondiso eziqinile. Lokhu kuqaphela izidingo eziyingqayizivele zezempi kuvumela ukuba imingcele engekho emthethweni.
Uma uhulumeni esebenza njengomqondisi wamajele, unamakhono amakhulu okulinganisela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kweziboshwa, futhi ngokuyinhloko noma yimuphi umngcele "ohlobene ngokunengqondo nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho" uyasebenza. Lokhu kuqaphela kwezinkantolo ukuthi abaphathi bejele badinga ukuvumelana ukuze balondoloze ukulondeka nokuhleleka ezimweni eziyingozi ngokwemvelo.
Ukusakaza Ithelevishini Nokuzivumelanisa Nemithombo Yezindaba
Uhulumeni unegunya elithile elithé xaxa lokuvimbela ukusakazwa kwenkulumo emsakazweni nakuthelevishini, ngoba uhulumeni ubhekwa njengomnikazi wezindiza, kungase kunqume ukuthi obani abasakaza izindiza futhi, ngokwezinga elithile, lokho labo basakazi abakushoyo.
Izinkantolo ziye zasekela imithetho ehlukahlukene yokusakaza engavumelani nezimiso uma isetshenziswa ekunyatheliseni imithombo yezindaba noma i-inthanethi yokuxhumana, kuhlanganise nemingcele equkethwe yikho kanye nezimfuneko zokungaguquguquki. Nokho, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha futhi izimpawu zokuntuleka kwemithetho zincipha, izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zihlola izinga elifanele lomthetho wezindawo zemithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene.
Indima Yezinkantolo Ekulinganiseni Izithakazelo Eziyindinganiso
Izinkantolo kumelwe ziwalinganisele njalo amalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokumelene nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokuphepha komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuzifihla, idumela, namalungelo abanye.
Izinkinga Zokulondeka Kombuso
Izinkantolo zibhekene nezinselele ezinzima kakhulu lapho izinkulumo ezikhululekile ziphikisana nezindaba zokuphepha zesizwe.
Amacala angokomlando ahilela ukuvinjelwa kwezincwadi, ukwaziswa okuhlelwayo, nokungavumelani nempi abonisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kombono wokwahlulela ngemingcele yokulondeka kwesizwe ngokuphathelene nokukhuluma. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zashukumiseleka ekuvikeleni inkulumo ngokwengeziwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zifuna uhulumeni ukuba abonise ukulimala okuqondile, okuseduze kunokuba amukele izingozi eziningi ezingase zivele.
Ukuba Wedwa Nokudunyiswa Kwabantu
Impi phakathi kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu inikeza izinselele eziqhubekayo ezinkantolo. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela impikiswano eqinile ngezibalo zomphakathi nangezindaba zomphakathi, abantu banezithakazelo ezingokomthetho ekuvikeleni imfihlo yabo nedumela labo ekudalulweni kwamanga noma okungathandeki. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi iziphi izithakazelo zomuntu siqu ezidlula izindinganiso zokukhuluma zomuntu siqu, zicabangela izici ezinjengokuthi yini ihilela umuntu wasobala noma umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziphathelene nezindaba zomphakathi, nokuthi zitholakele ngokomthetho yini.
Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kuye kwaziqinisa lezi zingxabano, njengoba ukwaziswa kusakazeka ngokushesha nangokungenasiphelo kuyi - Internet. izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zisungula izindlela zokuxazulula izithombe ezingcolile zobulili, ukuziphindiselela nezinye izinto eziyimfihlo zanamuhla kuyilapho zilondoloza isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngenxa yezindaba ezingokomthetho nenkulumo yasobala.
Inkulumo Yezentengiselwano
Inkulumo yezentengiselwano inendima ekhethekile njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, futhi nakuba kungekho ukunqaba okuphelele, abasekeli bomthetho bayiqaphela njenge "nesivikelo esinciphile," nalemfundiso yesivikelo esilinganiselwe sokukhangisa ngenxa yokulinganisela okuzuzwe ngefa ezincazelweni zesimiso, okungukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zenkulumo (ngokwesibonelo, ngokwezombangazwe) zibaluleke kakhulu. Isilinganiso esiphakathi sesivikelo sivumela uhulumeni ukuba ulawule ukukhangisa noma ukudukisa kuyilapho uvikela ulwazi lwezentengiselwano oluyiqiniso.
Uhulumeni futhi ungase unqande inkulumo yezentengiselwano ekhohlisayo noma ekhohlisayo, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokubangela indinganiso yokuhlola ephakathi esetshenziswa emingceleni eminingi yezentengiselwano. Lokhu kuphawula isithakazelo esinamandla sikahulumeni ekuvikeleni abathengi ekukhwabaniseni nasekukhohliseni ezigcawini.
Umbono Womhlaba Wonke Ngezinkantolo Nenkululeko Yokukhuluma
Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ngokuyinhloko esimisweni somthetho waseMelika, izinkantolo kwezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi zifeza nezindima ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile. izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke nezinkantolo zesizwe ezingokomthetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke zilwa nezingxabano ezifanayo phakathi kwamazwi nezinye izindinganiso, nakuba ngokuvamile zifinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ezisekelwe emasikweni ahlukile angokomthetho nasemongweni yamasiko.
Ngokwesibonelo, i - European Court of Human Rights, ichaza iSiphakamiso 10 se - European Convention on Human Rights, evikela inkululeko yokukhuluma. Izinkantolo zaseYurophu zivame ukuvumela imingcele emikhulu kakhulu ekunqabeni kwenkulumo yenzondo nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kunokuba izinkantolo zaseMelika zingavumela, zibonise okuhlangenwe nakho nezindinganiso ezihlukene ezingokomlando. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo eCanada, eAustralia, kanye namanye amazwe avamile aye asungula izindlela zawo zokulinganisela inkululeko ngokumelene nezithakazelo zokuncintisana ezinjengesilinganiso nesithunzi.
Lokhu kushintsha kwezizwe zonke kubonisa ukuthi nakuba isivikelo sokwahlulela senkululeko yokukhuluma siyisici esivamile sezimiso zentando yeningi, izindlela eziqondile zokuvikela zixhomeke embhalweni womthetho - sisekelo, ongokomthetho, nasezindinganisweni zamasiko. Ukuqhathanisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwahlulela kungazisa izimpikiswano ngesilinganiso esifanele sesivikelo sokukhuluma nendima yezinkantolo ekuvikeleni inkulumo.
Izinselele Zesikhathi Esidlule Ezinkantolo Ezibhekene Nazo Emacaleni Angemthetho
Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla nezimiso zomphakathi ezihlanganisa izinkantolo ziletha izinselele ezingazange zibonwe ekusebenziseni izimiso ezingokwesiko zokukhuluma ezimweni ezintsha. Ukuxhumana ngemishini, iziteshi zezokuxhumana, ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, nokushintsha isimo sengqondo ngenkulumo echaphayo kudinga izinkantolo ukuba zivumelanise izimfundiso ezimisiwe kuyilapho zilondoloza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukushintsha Indlela Yokulungisa Imithombo Yezindaba Nezimo Zomphakathi
Ukuvela kwama-templine ezokuxhumana kuye kwadala imibuzo enzima mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezinkampanini ezizimele ezilawula ingxenye enkulu yenkulumo yanamuhla. Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela ukucusumbula kukahulumeni, asililinganiseli ngokuqondile ikhono lezinkampani ezizimele lokulinganisela izinto ezisezitejini zazo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi ukuhileleka kukahulumeni esiteji kunquma nini ukulinganisela komthetho kushintshela ekubeni kube yizenzo zomthetho - sisekelo.
Izindaba zamuva nje ziye zakhuluma ngokuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ziyawephula yini uMphetho wokuqala ngokuvimbela abagxeki bezembutho zezokuxhumana, ukuthi izindawo zokuhlola zingadingeka yini ukuze kunikezwe yonke imibono, nokuthi zingawalinganisa kanjani amalungelo abo abasebenzisi bepulatifomu okukhuluma ngokukhululekile mayelana nezinzuzo zabasebenzisi ekungeneni kwemishini ye-athom. Lamacala adinga izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise izinkantolo ezingokwesiko ezisezingeni elivamile nezobuchwepheshe ezazingekho lapho kusungulwa lezo zimfundiso.
Ukungaqondi Nezindaba Ezikhohlisayo
Ukwanda kwemininingwane engahambisani ne-inthanethi namaphutha e-inthanethi kuye kwabangela ukuba kuqashwe kakhulu. Izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise indlela phakathi kokuvikela izimakethe zemibono nokulungisa umonakalo wangempela emikhankasweni ehlangene, ukugxambukela kwamanye amazwe kokhetho, nokunye okunganembile kwezokwelapha. Inselele isekuthuthukiseni izindinganiso ezivumela uhulumeni ukuba alungise umonakalo omkhulu ngaphandle kokwenza amathuluzi okuhlola imibono engathandeki noma ephikisanayo.
Izinkantolo zigomele ngokuthi inkulumo engamanga ithola isivikelo esiqinile seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ingekho ingozi ekhethekile enjengokuhlambalaza noma ukukhwabanisa. Lendlela ibonisa ukungaqiniseki ngekhono likahulumeni lokuthola iqiniso nokukhathalela ukuthi izikhulu ezinika izikhulu amandla okujezisa "izindaba eziqanjiwe" ngokungagwegwesi ziholele ekucindezeleni ukungavumelani okungokomthetho nokugxekwa.
Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanywe Ngezindlela Ezijulile
Intuthuko ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa i-fektha ukusungulwa kwamavidiyo omgunyathi angokoqobo, amakhasethi emisindo, nezithombe ezingasetshenziswa ukusakaza ulwazi noma ukulimaza idumela. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi amapulani akhona asebenza kanjani kokuqukethwe yi-Al futhi ukuthi imingcele emisha iyadingeka yini ukuxazulula umonakalo oyingqayizivele obangelwa yile sayensi. Inselele ihlanganisa ukuvikela ukusungulwa nokusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kwe-Al kuyilapho ivimbela izinhlelo ezilimazayo ezingase zilulaze inkulumo yedemokhrasi noma ziphazamise amalungelo abantu ngabanye.
Izimpi Zokukhuluma ZaseKampas
Izimpikiswano eziphathelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma emakolishi ziye zakhula eminyakeni yamuva, lapho izinkantolo zisingatha izingxabano phakathi kwezibopho zekhono eliqinile nezibopho zezinhlangano zokuhlukahluka nokufakwa. Icala lihilela izikhulumi eziphikisanayo, ukuphikisa kwabafundi, amaqembu okuphendula ngokukhetha, nezimiso zokukhuluma. Izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise izimiso ezimisiwe mayelana nokuthola imvume yomphakathi nokucwasaca ngokuqaphela izinkonzo zemfundo zabafundi namalungelo abafundi ukuze bafunde ezindaweni ezizungezile ezikhululekile ekuhlukunyezweni.
Ngokuvamile lamacala aphikisana ngokuphikisana, njengoba ababhikishi begomela amalungelo abo okuveza imizwa kuyilapho bezama ukuvimbela abanye ekukhulumeni. izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi ukubhikisha kungawuphazamisa kanjani umthetho nalapho amayunivesithi engabeka imingcele ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhleleka ngaphandle kokucwasa imibono.
Inkulumo Engaziwa Kuyi - Internet
Inkantolo yathi futhi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo engaziwa, sikhipha isinqumo esivuna abashisekeli bamalungelo abantu ababefuna ukusakaza ipheshana elingaziwa ngobandlululo, futhi lenkantolo yacaphuna umlando omude wokunyathelisa imibono engaziwa noma ebhalwe ngezincwadi ukuze kutholakale ukuphepha nezinye izizathu, ithi ukuvinjelwa kwawo wonke amapheshana angaziwa kwakukukhulu kakhulu futhi kungeyona isizathu esihle sokunqoba inkululeko yokukhuluma.
Izinkantolo zivame ukunikeza izicelo zokuveza izikhulumi ezingadumile kuyi-web site ngokuhlambalaza nezinye izindaba. Kumelwe zithuthukise izindinganiso ezivikela amazwi asobala angaziwa kuyilapho zivumela izisulu zokulimala kwangempela ukuba zifune ukuvuselelwa. Lokhu kulinganisela kudinga ukucatshangelwa kokunakekela amandla okusho okungokomthetho, ukubaluleka kokungaziwa komkhulumeli, kanye nokutholakala kwamakhambi ahlukile.
Inqubo Yokudluliselwa Komthetho - sisekelo
Ukuqonda indlela amacala akhululekile okukhuluma ahamba ngayo phakathi kwesimiso senkantolo kukhanyisa izinqubo ezingokoqobo izinkantolo ezivikela ngazo amalungelo okuveza. Ukubekwa koMthetho - sisekelo kuhilela izigaba eziningi, ezisukela ekukhononeni kokuqala ngokufaka izikhalo nokubukezwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme okungase kuhlolwe.
Ukuma Nokulunga
Ngaphambi kokuba izinkantolo zikhulume ngezimfanelo zokuzisholo, kumelwe zinqume ukuthi abachaphazeli bamele ukumangalelwa nokuthi icala liyimpikiswano elungile yini. Ukuma kudinga abaqondisi ukuze babonise ukulimala okuqinile, ukuqulwa, nokuvuselelwa. Lezimfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zinquma izimpikiswano zangempela kunokuba zinqume imibuzo engaqondakali nokuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela ziyoba nomphumela ongokoqobo.
Ezimweni ezikhululekile, ngokuvamile kuphakama izimpikiswano lapho abamangaleli bebekela imithetho abangakayephuli noma befuna ukuvimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho engase ingasebenzi kubo.Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi usongo lokuphoqelelwa kwamandla omthetho luqinile yini futhi luseduze yini ukuze kuthethelelwe ukungenela kokwahlulela noma ukuthi icala libi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Iziphazamiso Zokuqala Neziphazamiso Eziphambili
Icala lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile livame ukuhlanganisa izicelo zokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokukhuluma lapho kubekwa icala. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlola okukhethekile ngaphambi kwezenzo zokuvimbela ukunqanda ukukhuluma ngaphambi kwalokho, (hhonol) ukuqaphela ukuthi imingcele enjalo iwusongo olukhulu lokuveza inkululeko. Ukumelana ngokuqinile nemingcele yangaphambili kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ubhekene nomthwalo onzima lapho ufuna ukuvimbela ukunyatheliswa noma ukuvezwa kusengaphambili.
Lapho zihlola izicelo zokukhululeka kokuqala, izinkantolo zicabangela amathuba empumelelo ezinzuzo, ukulimala okungalungiseki, ukulinganisela kokungalungi, nesithakazelo somphakathi. Emacaleni okukhuluma ngokukhululekile, izinkantolo ziyaqaphela ukuthi imingcele yokukhuluma ngokuvamile ibangela ukulimala okungalungiseki okungenakulungiseka okungadalelwa ngokulimaza kamuva, okwenza ukukhulula kokwandulela kube okubaluleke ngokukhethekile.
Izinselele Zobuso Nezasezikhona
Izinselele zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kungaba ubuso, iphikisa ngokuthi umthetho awuvumelani kuzo zonke izicelo, noma usebenza, uphikisa ngokuthi umthetho awuvumelani nomthetho ngokwendlela osetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile. Izinselele zobuphicine zibhekene nezithiyo eziphakeme, njengoba abachazi kumelwe babonise ukuthi akukho zimo umthetho okhona ngaphansi kwazo. Njengoba izinselele eziqanjiwe zigxile emaqinisweni akhethekile amacala, zivumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede izicelo ezithile kuyilapho zishiya umthetho ungekho umthetho uqinile ngenxa yezinye izinjongo.
Ukukhetha phakathi kobuso nezinselele eziphazanyiswayo kuthinta icebo lokukhululeka kokwahlulela kanye nobukhulu bosizo lokwahlulela. Ukungasebenzi kobuso kunikeza isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu sokukhuluma kodwa kudinga ukuhlangana nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezifuna imali eshibhile. Njengoba izinselele eziphakanyiswayo zingaba lula ukuphumelela kodwa zinikeze isivikelo esilinganiselwe, okungashiya abanye besengozini yemingcele efanayo.
Ithonya Lokumisa Ukwahlulela Ngokungakhululeki
Ukuhlelwa kwezinkantolo kuthonya imfundiso yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, njengoba abahluleli beletha amafilosofi ahlukahlukene ezindaba zokwahlulela nezimpendulo ezichazayo zemibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo.
Amafilosofi okwahlulela ahlukene aveza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokwencazelo yaso yomphakathi yasekuqaleni, kuyilapho izazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphilayo ziphikisana nencazelo evumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Lokhu kungafani kwezindlela kungaholela eziphethweni ezihlukene ngokuphathelene nokubaluleka kwesivikelo sokukhuluma nemingcele kahulumeni.
Izinqubo zemibono zezinkantolo nazo ziyayithinta imiphumela emacalani enkululeko yokukhuluma, nakuba kungezona ngaso sonke isikhathi ezinqunyelwayo.
Izindlela Zokwelapha Nokuphoqelelwa Ezindabeni Zokukhuluma
Lapho izinkantolo zithola ukuthi uhulumeni uye waphula amalungelo okukhuluma, kumelwe ziqambe amakhambi afanele ukuze kulwelwe lawomalungelo futhi kuvinjelwe ukuphulwa kwesikhathi esizayo. Izindlela zokunqanda amacala okukhuluma mahhala zingahlanganisa iziyalo ezivimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho engagunyaziwe, ukulimaza imiklomelo yokuphula umthetho esikhathini esidlule, nezahlulelo zokulahla imithetho noma imithetho ephikiswayo.
Ukukhululeka okungadingekile kubaluleke kakhulu emacaleni akhululekile okukhuluma, njengoba kuvimbela ukuphulwa okuqhubekayo nokuvezwa esikhathini esizayo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zikhiphe imiyalo yezobuciko yokulungisa ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho ngaphandle kokuvimbela imisebenzi kahulumeni engokomthetho ngokungadingekile. Ukukhululeka okungadingekile kusebenza kuphela emicimbini phambi kwenkantolo noma kuthinta kakhulu ukuvikelwa okungokoqobo kwamalungelo okukhuluma.
Imiphumela yokulimala ezicathulweni zamahhala isebenza kokubili ekukhulumeni nasekuvimbeleni. Nakuba imbuyiselo yemali ingeke ikulungise ngokuphelele ukulahlekelwa kwamathuba achazayo, ukulimala kunganikeza ezinye izinxephezelo zokuphulwa komthetho-mthetho odlule futhi kubangele izisusa zokuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zihloniphe amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, izimfundiso ezifanelekayo zokuvikela izikhulu ezizimele zivikela ekulibaziseni, zivimbeleni imiphumela yokuvinjelwa kwesuti yomthetho-mthetho.
Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwezinkantolo Namanye Amagatsha
Izinkantolo azisebenzi ngokuzehlukanisa lapho zivikela amalungelo okukhuluma. Izinqumo zazo zisebenzelana nezenzo zezemithetho nezikhulu ze-athoric, zidala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Imithetho imisa imithetho okumelwe ibukezwe, kuyilapho izikhulu eziphethe ziqinisa leyo mithetho futhi ziyivikele enkantolo. Lenhlangano ithonya ukuthuthuka kwemfundiso yenkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nesivikelo esingokoqobo senkululeko yokukhuluma.
Lapho izinkantolo zichitha imingcele yokukhuluma, izishaya - mthetho zingasabela ngokumisa imithetho ebukeziwe eklanyelwe ukusingatha izinkathazo zomthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho zisaphishekela izinhloso zazo ezingokomthetho. Lengxoxo phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishaya-mthetho ingaveza ukuthuthukisa okukhulu kwezimiso zokukhuluma, njengoba igatsha ngalinye lisabela ezenzweni zomunye. Nokho, lingaholela futhi ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo lapho izishaya-mthetho zizama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuvimbela inkulumo ngezindlela izinkantolo zithola ukuthi ayivumelani nemithetho esemthethweni.
Izinqumo zokuqondisa izigwegwe ezingokomthetho zithinta nesivikelo esingokoqobo sokukhuluma ngenkululeko. Abashushisi nezinye izikhulu basebenzisa ukuhlakanipha lapho benquma ukuthi bazomisa imingcele yokukhuluma, futhi ukukhetha kwabo kungahlonipha noma kululaze izindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo. Izinkantolo zingase zihlole izinqumo zokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa ngokuphulwa komthetho - sisekelo, kodwa azikwazi ukulawula ngokuqondile ukuqashelwa kwezinkantolo ezimweni eziningi.
Indima Yezinhlangano Ezifundisayo Nezici Ezimfushane
Ukuzikhulumela ngokukhululekile kuhilela ukuhlanganyela ngezinhlangano zezezimali ezifaka imemus curiae (umngane wenkantolo) izinkulumo ezimfushane eziveza izimpikiswano nemibono eyengeziwe. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yeSikhungo Samalungelo Abantu Ngamanye Nezinkulumo, nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zemithombo yezindaba zihlanganyela njalo emacalani enkululeko yokukhuluma, zinikeza izinkantolo ulwazi nezimiso okungalé kwalokho amaqembu ngokwawo akuvezayo.
Izinkulumo ezimfushane ze - Amicus zingazithonya ngokuphawulekayo izinqumo zokwahlulela ngokuqokomisa imiphumela engokoqobo yemithetho ehlukahlukene engokomthetho, ngokunikeza ubufakazi obungokweziphakamiso ngokuphathelene nesimiso sokukhuluma, nokubonisa ukusekela okukhulu izikhundla ezithile. Izinkantolo zivame ukucaphuna izimpikiswano ezimyus emibonweni yazo, futhi ukuba khona kwezinkulumo eziningi ezimí nakancane kubonisa ukubaluleka okukhulu kwamacala angelé kwamaqembu aseduze.
Lezinhlangano zikhetha ngokucophelela amacala okuletha phambi kwezinkantolo, zifune amaqiniso alungile namakhothamela uzwela ukuze zimise izenzakalo eziwusizo. Ngemikhankaso yokuhlanganisa, amaqembu amaqembu afundisayo angandisa kancane kancane isivikelo sokukhuluma noma avikele amalungelo amisiwe.
Izinkinga Ezingokoqobo Zokungakhulumi
Ukuqonda lezi zici kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani izindaba ezihilela inkululeko yokukhuluma zibaluleke ngaphezu kwezimiso ezingekho emthethweni.
Ithonya Lenkulumo Yezombangazwe
Isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile senza ukuba kube nempikiswano eqinile yezombangazwe nokugxekwa kukahulumeni, okubalulekile ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi. Izinqumo zeNkantolo ezivikela ukubonakaliswa kwezombangazwe ziqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi, zisekele izinguquko zesimiso, futhi zigcine izikhulu zinesibopho sokulandisa. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiqinile sokwahlulela ngenkulumo yezombangazwe, uhulumeni angavimbela ukuphikisana nokugxekwa.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sabonakala siyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu lomzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi ngawo - 1950 nawo - 1960, futhi izenzo ezivusa amadlingozi zababhikishi nabashisekeli zaholela ekwandeni okukhulu kwesimiso sokuQonda Sokuqala Sezinqumo, ukwandisa izimiso zokukhuluma ezikhululekile. Lesi sibonelo esingokomlando sibonisa indlela ukuvikelwa kwenkulumo okusiza ngayo izinhlangano zezenhlalo noshintsho lwezombangazwe.
Imiphumela Emithonjeni Yezindaba Nemithombo Yezindaba
Inkululeko yezindaba ihlala iyinkululeko eyigugu nebalulekile, iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangagxeka izikhulu zomphakathi, badalule ukonakala kukahulumeni, futhi basakaze izinto cishe kunoma iyiphi indaba ongayicabanga, ezikhululekile kakhulu ekuvinjelweni nakwezinye izinhlobo zokucusumbula. Izinqumo zenkantolo ezivikelayo zicindezela inkululeko enikeza inkululeko yokuhlola izincwadi nokulandisa kohulumeni, kufeza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yentando yeningi.
Indinganiso yangempela yonya eyamiswa kuyiNew York Times v. Sullivan, ngokwesibonelo, iye yenza ukuba ukubika ngobudlova ezikhulwini zomphakathi nasezindabeni zomphakathi kunikeze isivikelo kumasudi okuhlanjalazwa aklanyelwe ukupholisa ihlazo. Ngaphandle kwalesivikelo sokwahlulela, izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba zingahileleka ekuzivikeleni ngokweqile ukuze zigweme ukubiza okubizayo, zinciphise ukwaziswa okutholakala ezakhamuzini.
Imiphumela Yokukhuluma Ngamunye
Izinqumo ezikhishwa inkantolo ezivikela imizwa yomuntu ngamunye zisiza abantu ukuba bakhulume, baveze imibono yabo engathandeki futhi bahlanganyele enkulumweni yasobala ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso sikahulumeni.
Ukungenela kwenkantolo emacaleni anjalo kulwela amalungelo abantu ngabanye futhi kumisa izenzakalo ezivikela abanye ezimweni ezifanayo. Umphumela owengeziwe walezi zinqumo wenza kube nomphakathi okhululekile owengeziwe owedlula isivikelo esingokomthetho.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Ziyasebenza Ezicabeni Zokukhuluma
Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kusenza siqonde indlela izinkantolo eziyisingatha ngayo indima yazo njengabavikeli benkululeko esobala.
Umbono Wokungathathi - hlangothi
Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi uhulumeni engase alawule inkulumo esekelwe ezindabeni noma ezinhlotsheni, ngeke ithande noma igxeke imibono ethile kulezo zigaba.
Ngisho nalapho uhulumeni elawula izigaba zenkulumo ezingalondekile njengenhlamba noma amagama okulwa, ngeke ikwenze lokho ngezindlela ezihlukanisayo ezisekelwe embonweni. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yokukhuluma ifeza izinjongo ezingokomthetho kunokuba isebenzise imibono ethandwayo.
Ukudla Ngokweqile Nokungakhululeki
Izinkantolo zichitha imingcele yokukhuluma egcwele kakhulu, ehlanganisa izilinganiso ezinkulu zenkulumo evikelwe kanye nanoma yikuphi ukusho okungavikelekile ezikuhlasela ngokusemthethweni. Imfundiso egcwele isinkwa iyaqaphela ukuthi imingcele ebanzi iyazi ukuthi inkulumo evikelwe kakhulu iqinile, njengoba abantu begwema inkulumo engase yehleleke ngokwezinga lomthetho ngisho noma ekugcineni ingathola isivikelo somthetho.
Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo zikhipha imingcele yokukhuluma engacacile ehluleka ukunikeza isaziso esicacile samazwi enqatshelwe. Imithetho eqinile ithulisa inkulumo ngokubangela ukungaqiniseki ngalokho okuvunyelwa izikhulu futhi imenze ukuba kuqashelwe ukugcinwa okungokomuntu siqu. Imfundiso engacacile idinga ukuba imingcele yokukhuluma icace ngokwanele ukuthi abantu abavamile bangaqonda ukuthi yini eyenqatshelwe nokuthi izikhulu eziphoqelelayo zinesiqondiso esanele sokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kobugebengu.
Ukuphonsa I - narrow
Lapho uhulumeni ebekela inkulumo imingcele ukuze kufezwe izithakazelo ezibalulekile, izinkantolo zifuna ukuba imingcele ihlotshaniswe kancane ukuze kufinyelelwe lezozithakazelo ngaphandle kokuvimbela ngokungadingekile ukukhulumela okuvikelekile.
Ukuhlaziya okuncane komthungo kucabangela ukuthi kungaba yini izikhokhi ezingasibekele kakhulu ezingafinyeleli izinjongo zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokubeka imingcele enkulu. Uma uhulumeni engafeza imigomo yakhe ngezindlela zokuveza umthwalo omncane, izinkantolo ziyokwenza imingcele ebanzi engathi ayilinganiswanga. Lemfuneko iphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba enze ngokucophelela imithetho yokukhuluma futhi acabangele ezinye izindlela zokuzivimbela.
Imithombo Yokuqonda Umthetho Wokukhuluma
Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo indlela izinkantolo ezivikela ngayo amalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma, imithombo eminingi yemali inikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile nokuhlaziya. U.S. ikhomu yewebhusayithi yemfundo [ inikeza izinto ezifundisayo ngokuphathelene namalungelo e-omnummental judiary ne-profectricture. [[FLT] i-[FLT] ibhekisa phambili ekukhulumeni ngenkululeko ye-Intelligence Union [[FL]] izinhlangano ezinjengezentelligences [FFO:] eMPromption [F] ephakathi kwezentenetic State. [Foct7] eMvu yomthetho ovamile]
Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwesivikelo Sokwahlulela Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma
Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo okukhuluma ngokumelene nohulumeni. Ngokuchaza ngokucophelela amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, ukusebenzisa izenzakalo ezimisiwe, nokuthuthukisa izimfundiso ezintsha zokuxazulula izinselele ezivelayo, izinkantolo zilondoloza ukulinganisela okuntekenteke phakathi kwenkululeko esobala nezithakazelo zomphakathi ezincintisanayo. Umsebenzi wazo uqinisekisa ukuthi izigcawu zihlala zivulekile, ukuthi ukungavumelani nokugxekwa kungachuma, futhi uhulumeni ngeke avimbele inkulumo ngenxa nje yokuthi ithola umyalezo unzima noma ucasula.
Isivikelo sokwahlulela senkululeko yokukhuluma asisona esiphelele, futhi akufanele sibe njalo. Izinkantolo ziqaphela izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ekuvimbeleni ukulimala kwangempela okunjengobudlova, ukunyundelwa, nokukhwabanisa. Inselele isekuhlukaniseni phakathi kwemingcele efeza lezi zinjongo ezingokomthetho nalezo ezilingana nokucusumbulwa kwemibono engamukeleki. Emashumini eminyaka yokungavumelani ngecala, izinkantolo ziye zasungula izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokwenza lokhu kuhlukanisa kuyilapho zilondoloza isivikelo esiqinile sokuveza.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha futhi kuvela izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana, izinkantolo zibhekana nezinselele eziqhubekayo ekusebenziseni izimiso ezingokwesiko zokukhuluma ezisezindabeni ezintsha.
Ekugcineni, indima yezinkantolo ekulweleni amalungelo okukhuluma ibonisa isibopho esiyisisekelo sokuzimela umuntu ngenkululeko yakhe nombuso wentando yeningi. Ngokuvikela ilungelo lokukhuluma, lokubhala, lokubhikisha, nokuphikisa, izinkantolo zivumela ukuphikisana okusobala nokuphana kwemibono ebalulekile ukuze umphakathi ukhululeke. Le misebenzi yokwahlulela idinga isibindi, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo kumelwe zivikele amazwi angathandeki ekucindezeleni abantu abakhulu. Idinga futhi ukuhlakanipha, njengoba izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele izindinganiso eziphikisanayo nezithakazelo kuyilapho zilondoloza isisekelo esiyinhloko senkululeko yokukhuluma.
Umsebenzi oqhubekayo wezinkantolo ezinkantolo ezikhuluma ngenkululeko ubonisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo adinga ukuqapha njalo nokuvikela okusebenzayo. Amalungelo awakho nje njengezimiso ezingabonakali kodwa ngokulwela kwawo ezicabeni eziqondile ezihilela abantu abangokoqobo nezimo eziqinile. Isinqumo ngasinye sokwahlulela esivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma sinezela empucukweni enkulu edlula inkantolo ukuze ihlele indlela esikhuluma ngayo, impikiswano, nokuhlanganyela ekuphileni kwentando yeningi. Uma nje izinkantolo ziqhubeka zifeza indima yazo njengabavikeli benkululeko, ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile liyohlala liyiqiniso eliphilayo kunokuba nje lisithembiso esingokomlando.