Isingeniso

Isifungo sikamongameli wesikhundla siyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, isiko lomphakathi eliphawula ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwegunya futhi liqinisekisa ukubopha komholi ozayo eMthethweni. Nakuba umkhosi ngokwawo usekelwe kwimfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo, indima yokholo nenkolo sekuyisikhathi eside ihlangene nezinqumo. Kusukela ekuhlanganiseni okuzenzakalelayo kukaGeorge Washington “ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu” ekukhetheni amaBhayibheli amaningi akhona, ukuhlangana kwemisebenzi yenkolo nempikiswano. Lesi sihloko sihlola inhlonipho nemithetho engokomlando, nezici zokholo ezingokomthetho ezivumelwaneni zobumongameli, ukuhlola indlela isiko, inkolelo yomuntu siqu, nezimiso zomthetho eziye zaguqula ngayo lokhu kusetshenziswa okungavamile kwaseMelika.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Indinyana Evamile

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza amagama aqondile esifungo sobumongameli eSiphakamiso II, isiqephu 1, u-Claus 8: “Ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza okusemandleni ami angcono kakhulu, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States.” Ngokuphawulekayo, umbhalo awubhekiseli kuNkulunkulu, noma kunoma yimuphi umbhalo wenkolo. Ukukhetha “ukukhomba” kuhlanganisa ngokuqondile ukuhlalisa amaQuaker namanye amaqembu enkolo amelene nokufunga. Lesi sisekelo sezwe sigcizelela ukuthi inhloso yabasehhovisi lenkolo ethile, isimiso esiqiniswa nesimiso sesigaba sezenqabelo senkolo esingu-6 sezenqabela ihhovisi.

Ngempela, uMthetho-sisekelo awufuni ukuba umongameli abeke isandla eBhayibhelini, acele unkulunkulu, noma ahlanganise nanoma isiphi isici senkolo. Okuwukuphela kwemfuneko ukuthi isifungo sithathwe, ngokuvamile silawulwa uMahluleli Omkhulu wase-United States. Ukungabikho kolimi olungokwenkolo embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo kubonisa isibopho sokucabanga nokugwema inkolo ehlangene nombuso. Noma kunjalo, njengoba umkhosi waqala, izinkolo zaqala ukuvela, zakha ukungezwani phakathi kwencwadi yezwe yomthetho namasiko engokwenkolo akhona.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwezici Ezingokwenkolo

Isiko LeBhayibheli

Umkhuba wokufunga ngeBhayibheli usukela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esonto lesiNgisi, lapho kwakukholelwa khona ukuthi kuqashelwa ukunxusa isahlulelo saphezulu ngeqiniso lamazwi omuntu. Lapho uGeorge Washington ethatha isifungo sokuqala sobumongameli ngoApril 30, 1789, wabeka isandla sakhe eBhayibhelini elaliphethwe umongameli waseNew York. Lesisenzo, nakuba sasingadingeki, samisa isibonelo esiye salandelwa cishe yilowo nalowo mongameli olandelayo. IBhayibheli elisetshenziswa njalo liye laba nokubaluleka komuntu siqu noma okungokomlando: iWashington yayiyiBhayibheli leMasonic; uHarry S. Truman wasebenzisa iBhayibheli lamaKatolika (kusukela ekutholeni ikhophi yeNdluyalo emhlophe); futhi uJoe Biden wakhetha ukuba neBhayibheli elalikhona kusukela kuma-909. Abanye abaholi besebenzisa iBhayibheli i-Barback Ompack, bobabili u-Trunald, noma u-Trun u-Drun, noma u-Fralden, noma umqulu ngamunye.

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kweBhayibheli akuyona into ekhona emhlabeni wonke. UTheodore Roosevelt waqamba isifungo ngaphandle kweBhayibheli ngo-1901 ngemva kokubulawa kukaWilliam McKinley, ngoba akekho owayekhona ngokushesha. Kamuva wachaza lo mkhosi ngokuthi “akukho lutho ngaphandle kwesifungo esilula” futhi waphikelela ngokuthi ukuntula iBhayibheli akukukhubazanga ukufaneleka kobumongameli bakhe. Muva nje, uJohn Quincy Adams ufungile encwadini yomthetho kunokuba agcizelele isibopho sezwe. Noma kunjalo, iningi lamongameli liye lakhetha iBhayibheli, futhi umfanekiso kamongameli onesandla encwadini engcwele uyaqhubeka enguphawu oluhlala njalo lwesikhundla.

Inkulumo ethi “Ngakho Ngisize UNkulunkulu”

Inkulumo ethi “Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu” mhlawumbe iyisici esingokwenkolo esiphikiswa kakhulu kulomkhosi wesifungo. Nakuba sivela ezifungweni eziningi ezingokomthetho e-United States (kuhlanganise nalezo zamajaji ohulumeni nofakazi basenkantolo), uMthetho-sisekelo awuyihlanganisi esifungweni sobumongameli. Ukusetshenziswa kwakuqala kwamazwi kamongameli kuyaphikiswa. Inganekwane isho ukuthi uGeorge Washington wanezela isifungo esingokomthetho ngokuzenzakalelayo. Nokho, ukulandisa kwamanje kusukela ngo-1789 akukuqinisekisi lokhu; umbhalo wokuqala othembekile kamongameli omemezela ukuthi “Ngakho uNkulunkulu uvela kuChester. u-Arthurth A. Ukunikezelwa kukamongameli ngo-1881. Ngekhulu lama-20, inkulumo yayisiko, futhi umongameli abaningi baye baphinda futhi bakwenza ngemva kweJajinist Justicel.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, la mazwi aye anzima kakhulu kumthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukufakwa kwayo kuphula iSivumelwano sikaClaus seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esinqabela uhulumeni ukuba angayivumeli inkolo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi iwumkhombo wenkolo onciphile, ingxenye yesiko elikhona isikhathi eside kunokuba kube uhulumeni osekelana. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikawubekeli ngokuqondile lo mthetho, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zawusekela njengomthetho, ngokuvamile ziveza indlela engokomlando nenqubo yokuzithandela yalo mkhosi.

Imithandazo Yokukhuluma Nezikhombo Eziphawulekayo

Ngaphandle kwesifungo ngokwaso, amongameli abaningi baye bahlanganisa ulimi lwenkolo namakheli abo okuvula. Ikheli lokuqala likaGeorge Washington lahlanganisa izikhombo eziningi ku- “Lowo onguMninimandla onke olawula indawo yonke” kanye“ noMzali onomusa wohlanga lwesintu.” Ikheli lika-Abraham Lincoln lesibili lokuqalisa lidume ngokujula kwalo kwezenkolo, libhekisela ekwahluleleni kukaNkulunkulu kokubili eNyakatho nase-Ningizimu phakathi neMpi Yomphakathi. uFranklin D. Rooselt ucingo lokuthandaza ngeD-Suku noJohn F. Kennedy ukuba “ake ukuthi izwe lakho lingakwenzeli kanjani wena.” Liye lahlanganiswa nezihloko zenkolo. Muva nje, abefundisi baye bamema abefundisi ukuba bayise ukuhlangana nokunikezelwa kwemikhosi, ukumiswa kwemikhosi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezenezehlakalo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zezinhlayiya ZobuPresidenti

I - Oath Yokuqala YaseGeorge Washington (1789)

Ukwamiswa kwe-George Washington kwamisa isikhunta sazo zonke izinto ezalandela. Wabeka isandla sakhe phezu kweBhayibheli elivela eMasonic Lodge No. 1 eNew York. Umphengululi uRobert Livingston wanikeza isifungo. Ngemva kokuphindaphinda amagama angokomthetho, iWashington kuthiwa yanezela ukuthi “Ngisize uNkulunkulu” futhi yalinga uqagela iBhayibheli. Ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngempela kuxoxwe, kodwa indaba iye yaba yingxenye yenganekwane yaseMelika. IBhayibheli leMasonic Livings lasetshenziswa kamuva abanye amongameli abaningana, kuhlanganise noDwight D. Eishowater, uJimel Carter, noGeorge H. Bush.

I - Oath kaTheodore Roosevelt (1901)

Ngemva kokubulawa kukaMongameli McKinley, uTheodore Roosevelt waphuthuma eBuffalo, eNew York, ukuba afunge ngesikhundla. Lomkhosi wawuqhutshelwa ekhaya lomuntu, futhi alikho iBhayibheli. Umahluleli uJohn R. Hazel wanikeza isifungo somthetho-sisekelo, futhi uRoosevelt akasebenzisanga iBhayibheli noma wanezela noma yiluphi ulimi lwenkolo. Lesisenzakalo sibonisa ukuthi amalungu enkolo ayisiko, awaphoqelelwa. Kamuva uRosevelt wathatha isifungo sesibili, esingokomthetho ngokwengeziwe eHoweni emhlophe ngeBhayibheli, kodwa isifungo sakhe sokuqala sasisebenza ngokungenakuphikiswa ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo.

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Four Terms (1933-1945)

Franklin Roosevelt wafunga kane, isikhathi ngasinye esebenzisa iBhayibheli futhi kuhlanganise nezikhombo ezingokwenkolo emakhelini akhe okuvula. Ukunikezelwa kwakhe kokuqala ngo 1933 kwaqokomisa inkonzo yomthandazo ngaphambi komkhosi, futhi wamemezela ngodumo ukuthi “okuwukuphela kwento okumelwe sesabe ukuthi yesatshwa yona ngokwayo.” Ekunikezelweni kwakhe kwesine ngo- 1945, wagubha i-White House porco esikhundleni se-Capitol ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe II, FDR wasebenzisa iBhayibheli lesiDashi elivela emlandweni womkhaya wakhe. Isibonelo sakhe sibonisa indlela amongameli abasenza ngayo isifungo ngayo ngokwabo ngokwabo ngesikhathi belondoloza isakhiwo esibalulekile sezwe.

I - Catholic Faith kaJohn Kennedy (1961)

Ukhetho lukaJohn F. Kennedy njengomongameli wokuqala ongumKatolika waphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokwethembeka kwakhe eVatican. Phakathi nokumiswa kwakhe, wasebenzisa iBhayibheli lamaKatolika futhi waduma wathi, “Ungabuzi ukuthi izwe lakini lingakwenzelani, buza ukuthi yini ongayenza ezweni lakini.” Wakugwema futhi ukusebenzisa inkulumo ethi “Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu” esifungweni, nakuba ahlanganisa izikhombo zenkolo ekhelini lakhe. Indlela kaKennedy yahloshwa ngokucophelela ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ukholo lwakhe alunakuphazamisa imisebenzi yakhe engokomthetho.

AmaBhayibheli Amabili KaBabama (2009, 2013)

UBarack Obama wasebenzisa amaBhayibheli amabili esifungo sakhe sokuqala: elinye elalika - Abraham Lincoln (iBhayibheli laseLincoln” nelakuMartin Luther King Jr. Ukukhetha kwakhe kwakusho izinto eziningi, kumhlanganisa nezibalo ezimbili ezisemqoka endabeni yobunye namalungelo omphakathi eMelika. Ngo-2013, wasebenzisa iLincoln Bible kuphela. U-Obama wahlanganisa “ngakho - Nkulunkulu” amagama awenezelwa uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Roberts phakathi nempinda. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni u-Rolds akhubeke lapho ebhala lamazwi ngokungafanele, enza ukuba kube ikhefu. Isenzakalo saqokomisa ukuthi u-Lincoln Bible.

UDonald Trump u - 2017

UDonald Trump wasebenzisa amaBhayibheli amabili: iBhayibheli lakhe siqu kusukela ebuntwaneni neLincoln Bible, eqhubeka nesiko lokusebenzisa iBhayibheli likaLincoln elaqalwa ngu-Obama. UTrump futhi wayeneBhayibheli elaliphethwe umkakhe uMelania. Waphetha isifungo ngokuthi “Ngisizeni kanjalo uNkulunkulu,” ekhuluma ngokuzwakalayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamaBhayibheli amaningi sekuye kwaba ukuthambekela kwanamuhla, okuvumela amongameli ukuba baphawule ukwethembeka okuphindiwe okuphindiwe (hngsty infestries) nokuqhubeka komlando.

IBhayibheli Lomkhaya KaJoe Biden (2021)

UJoe Biden wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elalisemkhayeni wakhe isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, elathathwa ukhokho wakhe omkhulu lapho ethutha esuka e-Ireland. IBhayibheli likhulu futhi liboshwe ngesikhumba, futhi umlando womkhaya wakhe ubhalwe ngaphakathi. UBiden wasebenzisa futhi isifungo esihlukile sobuKatolika. Wabeka isandla sakhe eBhayibhelini ukuze afake isifungo futhi wanezela ukuthi “Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu.” Ukukhetha kukaBiden kwagcizelela ifa lakhe lamaKatolika ase-Ireland nendaba yomkhaya wakhe, wasebenzisa lomkhosi ngenhloso yakhe, ehlonipha isiko.

Impikiswano Engokomthetho Neyomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlukana Kwesonto NoMbuso

Ukufakwa kwezici zenkolo esifungweni sobumongameli kuye kwabekelwa inselele ezisekelweni zeSichibiyelo sokuqala. Ukumiswa kweSiphakamiso uClaus kuyayenqabela uhulumeni ekwenzeni noma yimuphi umthetho “ohlonipha ukumiswa kwenkolo.” Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuba noMahluleli oMkhulu (isikhulu sikahulumeni) unikeza isifungo esihlanganisa ukuthi“Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu” noma sihlanganise iBhayibheli elilingana nokuvunyelwa kwenkolo nguhulumeni. Abavikeli baphikisa ukuthi lomkhosi uyisiko esidala esingavumelani nesithi uMthetho-sisekelo uvumela ngokuqondile ukuvunywa kwalabo abafuna injongo. Inkulumo mpikiswano ithinta imibuzo ebanzi ngendima yenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi nangezinga elingokomlando elingakusekela ngalo umbhalo womthetho.

Kubekwe amacala amaningana. Ku-Newdow v. Bush (2005], umshisekeli ongakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu uMichael Newdow wabekela inkulumo inselele ethi “Ngakho Nkulunkulu” njengoba isetshenziswa ezifungweni zenkantolo nasesifungweni sikamongameli. INight Griest Court of Apples yanquma ukuthi uNewdow akami ukubekela inselo kamongameli inselele ngoba akakwazi ukubonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa kukaMongameli Bush kuleyo nkulumo kwakumlimaza. Amanye amacala aye axoshwa ezinkonzweni ezifanayo. Njengamanje, akukho nkantolo ekhiphe isinqumo esiphula umthetho.

Indlela Yokuthola Isigubhu Kunokuba Uthuke

UMthetho-sisekelo uvumela umongameli ukuba avume “aqinise” kunokuthi“isithembiso.” Lomusho ukhona ukuze avumelane nabamelene nenkolo, njengoQuaker, abakholelwa ukuthi izifungo zinxusa isahlulelo saphezulu futhi ngakho-ke zenqatshelwe ngombhalo. Nakuba kungekho mongameli okhethelwe ukuqinisekisa, ukukhetha kuyaqhubeka. Ngokwenkolelo, umongameli wesikhathi esizayo angasithatha isifungo ngaphandle kweBhayibheli futhi ngaphandle kolimi olungokwenkolo, avume esikhundleni sokufunga. Lokhu kuyoba umthetho ophelele futhi ngeke kufune shintsho emikhosini. Ukukhetha kungabangela ukuphikisana komphakathi kodwa kungabekwa ngokomthetho.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokungahloniphi

Izincwadi Ezikhuluma Ngenkolo Ekwakhiweni Kwawo

Umbono womphakathi ngezinkolo ezisemthethweni wobumongameli uye washintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwenhlolo-ngo-2021 ye-Pew Research Center, cishe amaphesenti angu- 64 amaMelika akholelwa ukuthi kuyamukeleka ukuba umongameli asebenzise iBhayibheli phakathi nesifungo, kuyilapho u 24% athi akubalulekile noma ukuthi akanawo umbono. Ukusekela inkulumo ethi “ngakho - ke uNkulunkulu” iphakeme kakhulu, njengoba abantu abadala abangu - 72% bethi bayakhululeka. Nokho, lamanani ayabafihla kakhulu: amaMelika angewona angokwenkolo amelene ngokuqinile nezici ezinjalo zenkolo, kuyilapho amaMelika aqaphela kakhulu ukuthi awawasekeli kakhulu. Izizukulwane ezintsha ziyawasekela kakhulu ngezimpawu ezingokwenkolo ezingoko zikahulumeni. Lemiqondo isikisela ukuthi isiko lingase libhekenesikhathi esizayo.

Imibono Engeyiyo Engokwenkolo

Kungabakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, abakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu akakho, kanye nezinye izakhamuzi ezingezona inkolo, ukuba khona kwamaBhayibheli nolimi “uNkulunkulu” ngesifungo kungazwakala kuhlukile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lo mkhosi kufanele ubonise ukuhlukahluka kwenkolo yesizwe futhi uhloniphe isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokungahlolwa. Abanye baye bahlongoza ezinye izindlela, njengokusebenzisa umthetho-sisekelo esikhundleni seBhayibheli, noma ukushiya ukuthi“ ungisize mina uNkulunkulu”. Abefundisi ngezinye izikhathi baye bafuna ukuveza ukuthi: uBack Obama, ngokwesibonelo, bahlanganisa iqembu elihlukene lenkolo ekunikezeleni kwakhe, kodwa basasebenzisa iBhayibheli. Ukuphikisana phakathi kwesiko nomthetho nomthetho.

Imikhuba Yanamuhla Nezindlela Ezihlukile

Izifungo Zezwe Neziqu Zaso

Eminyakeni yamuva, izikhulu zikahulumeni nohulumeni eziningana ziye zakhetha ukwenza izifungo ngaphandle kwemikhakha engokwenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amalungu oMkhandlu aye aqinisekisa esikhundleni sokufunga, esebenzisa ikhophi yoMthetho-sisekelo noma incwadi engeyoyonkolo. Nakuba kungekho mongameli osekwenzile kanjalo, ikhona, ukukhetha. Umongameli wesikhathi esizayo angakhetha ukuqinisekisa, esebenzisa incwadi yentando yawo, futhi akukho ncwadi engakho konke, futhi akakho incwadi ethi “Ngisize uNkulunkulu”. Ukuthatha okunjalo kungaba okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kodwa okunengqondo ngokomthetho.

ECanada, ngokwesibonelo, undunankulu angakhetha ukufunga ngeBhayibheli noma avume isiqinisekiso esiqotho. EFrance, isifungo somongameli asihlanganisi nanoma yikuphi ukubhekisela kwenkolo. Ngakho i-United States ilokhu ihlukile ngokuncika kwayo ezifanekisweni zenkolo emcimbini wayo wezenkolo ophakeme kakhulu. Izimo zanamuhla ngokuphathelene nenkolo kanye nobuningi zingasheshisa ushintsho.

Imikhuba Yokuhlangana Kwenkolo Neyokuhlanganisa

Abaholi baye bafuna kakhulu ukwenza ukunikezelwa kube nokuhlanganisa okwengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunikezelwa kwamuva kuye kwahlanganisa imithandazo evela ezinkolweni ezihlukahlukene − ubuKristu, ubuJuda, ubuSulumane, ubuHindu, kanye nezinye. UGeorge W. Bush wahlanganisa nokufundwa kweQuan kwesinye sezenzakalo zakhe zokuqala. UBack Obama wabonakalisa ukulahlwa ngo-Gandend Rick Warren kanye nokukhuliswa nguReverend Rassend, u-Averend Joseph Walleny, kanye nomculo ka-Aretha Franklin. UJoe Biden wahlanganisa nomthandazo wompristi ongumKatolika nesibusiso ngoRabi ongumJuda. Lokhu kubonisa ukuqaphela ukukhula kwenkolo yesizwe.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Isiko Nokuziphatha Okuvamile

Isifungo sikamongameli sesikhundla siwuphawu olunamandla lokuqhubeka nokubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Indima yokholo nenkolo emkhosini ilokhu iyimpikiswano eyinkimbinkimbi nexazululayo. UMthetho-sisekelo wasungula ngamabomu isifungo sezwe esingafuni siqinisekiso esingokwenkolo, kodwa cishe wonke umongameli uye wakhetha ukuhlanganisa izici zenkolo −a Bible, umthandazo, noma inkulumo ethi “Ngisize uNkulunkulu.” Lamasiko abonisa izimpande ezingokomlando kanye nokholo lomuntu siqu lwabaholi bawo, kodwa aphakamisa nemibuzo ebalulekile ngokuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezakhamuzi ezingakholwa.

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uba nomehluko futhi uthanda izwe, ukuphikisana ngezimpawu ezingokwenkolo esifungweni kuyoba kukhulu. Abanye bazophikisa ngokuthi isiko kufanele lilondolozwe njengesibonakaliso sefa lesizwe. Abanye bayofuna ukuba kube nomkhosi wezwe oqinile obonisa umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo futhi uhloniphe izinkolelo zawo wonke amaMelika. Ngokuyinhloko ukukhetha kuxhomeke kumongameli ngamunye, onganquma ukuthi alandele isiko noma adwebe indlela entsha. Okuhlala kusemqoka kwesifungo: isithembiso esiqotho sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, umthetho ophakeme wezwe.

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