Indima Yosizo Olungokomthetho Ekulungiseni Ukulingwa Okufanele

Usizo olungokomthetho luwumgogodla wanoma isiphi isimiso sobulungisa esifuna ukuba sibe nobulungisa ngempela. Iqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile alilona nje inzuzo ephakeme kodwa liyiqiniso elingokoqobo kumuntu ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziphi izimali zakhe. Ngaphandle kwalo, isikali sobulungisa simelana kakhulu nabampofu nabangaphansi, sibhidliza isisekelo somthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola umsebenzi obucayi wokusiza komthetho, ithonya laso ekulingweni okulungile, izithiyo okubhekene nezithiyo, nendlela engaphambili yesimiso esilungile.

Ukuqonda Usizo Olungokomthetho: Isisekelo Sobulungisa

Usizo olungokomthetho lubhekisela elungiselelweni lezeluleko ezingokomthetho, ukumelelwa, nosizo kubantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli noma ukungenela izinkantolo ngokwabo. Liyinkonzo eyisisekelo eklanyelwe ukuvala igebe phakathi komthetho nabaswele ngokwezomnotho. Usizo olungokomthetho lungahlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindaba zomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuvikela kobugebengu, izingxabano zomkhaya (njengokuthi ilungelo lokuwinwa kwezingane noma isehlukaniso), ukuxoshwa kwezindlu, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, izicelo zokukhoselisa, kanye namalungelo abantu. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu unethuba elibalulekile lokuzwa nokudlula esimisweni somthetho esiyinkimbinkimbi.

Usizo olungokomthetho alusona isimiso esisodwa kodwa iqoqo lezinkonzo ezinganikezwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: amahhovisi okusiza angokomthetho axhaswe obala, umsebenzi we-bono owenziwa abameli bomthetho, imithola-lwazi yezomthetho, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezisekelwe ngokomthetho. i-American Bar Association sekuyisikhathi eside iqaphela usizo olungokomthetho njengengxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sobulungisa, iphawula ukuthi iyasiza ekuvimbeleni izinkolelo ezingalungile, inciphisa ukulibala kwenkantolo, futhi ikhuthaza ukuthembela komphakathi emthethweni.

Izinkonzo Zosizo Ezingokomthetho

Izinkonzo zosizo ezingokomthetho azigcini kuphela ekumeleni inkantolo, futhi zihlanganisa:

  • [[[QUT:0] Iseluleko sezezimali nokwaziswa: Ukusiza abantu ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo nezibopho zabo.
  • Ukulungiswa kwekhasi: usiza ngokugcwalisa amafomu, ukubhala izincwadi, nokulungisa amabhukwana asenkantolo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuhlanganisa nokukhipha: okumelela amakhasimende ezindawo ezingaphandle kwekhonto kanye nesinqumo sempikiswano.
  • I-Referrals:[ ixhumanisa amakhasimende nezinye izinkonzo zomphakathi, njengosizo lwezindlu noma ukusekela impilo yengqondo.
  • Imfundo kanye nokuphuma: Izindawo zomphakathi zokufundela ukutshela abantu ngamalungelo abo angokomthetho.

Lendlela ebanzi iqinisekisa ukuthi akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi usizo olungokomthetho lusingatha izinkinga ezingokomthetho ezisheshayo kodwa futhi nezindaba eziyisisekelo zezenhlalo nezomnotho ngokuvamile ezibangela ukuchayeka ngokomthetho.

Indima Evelele Yosizo Olungokomthetho Ekulingweni Kwezigebengu

Ekumangalelweni kobugebengu, izigxobo zisindisa ukuphila. Umuntu obhekene namacala angalahlekelwa inkululeko yakhe, indlela yakhe yokuziphilisa, noma ngisho nokuphila kwabo. ISichibiyelo Sesithupha soMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. siqinisekisa ilungelo lokweluleka, necala eliyingqophamlando Gedeon v. Wainright [1963] wasungula ukuthi kumelwe kunikeze ummeli abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukukhokhela umbangi. Usizo olungokomthetho luyinqubo eyinhloko lelilungelo eligcwaliswa ngayo.

Ngaphandle kosizo olungokomthetho, ummangalelwa angaphoqelelwa ukuba asebenzise imithetho eminingi ebanzi, izindinganiso ezisobala, kanye nezimpikiswano zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi kuphela. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela emiphumeleni engalungile. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa basengozini enkulu kakhulu yemisho elula kakhulu [ ethatha imisho elula kakhulu noma ikwehliswe amacala kunaleyo engamelelwanga. Abameli abanikeza usizo olungokomthetho banga:

  • [ Ukuqinisekisa ukuqonda amalungelo: Chaza ukusolwa, imiphumela engenzeka, kanye nezikhuseli ezikhona.
  • Ubufakazi obungekho emthethweni: ukuthatha uhambo oluyifafa lokucindezela ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphenya okungemthetho noma ukuphenya okuhambisana nokuphenya.
  • [[[I-QUTY:0] Isinxephezelo esigunyaziwe: siqinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isicelo silungile futhi asibangelwa ukuphoqelelwa noma ukungazi.
  • Uphenyo olucophelelayo: Kuhlanganisa iziteshi zobufakazi, kubukezwe imibiko yamaphoyisa, futhi kuvulwe ubufakazi bokukhuthuza.
  • Iprojecte efanelekayo ukuqamba icala: ofakazi besiphambano se-examine, ubufakazi obukhona, futhi benze izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho.

Ithonya likhulu kakhulu emiphakathini esengozini, njengentsha, abantu abagula ngengqondo, nabangezona izikhulumi zesiNgisi. Kulamaqembu, usizo olungokomthetho aluzuzisi nje kuphela; ngokuvamile luwukuphela kwento ekhona phakathi kwabo nomphumela ongalungile kakhulu. I-American Civil Liberates Union iphawula ukuthi amaphutha afakwa ejele [ ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuntula izimpawu ezingokomthetho ezifanele ngabampofu.

Usizo Olungokomthetho Nelungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi: Ukubheka Imbulunga Yonke

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile libekwe emthethweni wezizwe zonke, kuhlanganise neSiphakamiso 10 seSimemezelo soMhlangano Wamalungelo Abantu neSiphakamiso 6 se - European Convention on Human Rights. Lamathuluzi aqaphela ukuthi icala alinakuba lungile uma iqembu elilodwa lithuliswa ngokuphumelelayo ubumpofu. Usizo olungokomthetho alusona isenzo sokupha; luyisibopho samalungelo abantu.

Emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke aye athatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokufeza lesibopho. EUnited Kingdom, i-Legion Agency Adgency engekho emthethweni nensiza-mthetho yomthetho, nakuba ukunqanyulwa kwemali kunciphile. ECanada, amapulani osizo olungokomthetho esifunda anikeza izinkonzo kokubili ezindabeni zobugebengu nezemikhaya. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, usizo olungokomthetho luphansi kakhulu, lushiya izigidi ezingenalo ikhasi lokuphepha. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime[FLTY[F:1] luye lwaqokomisa ukuthi usizo olungokomthetho lubalulekile kwi-Constivate Development Revelopment, ikakhulukazi 16 ehlose ukuthuthukisa ukuthula nokuhlanganisa imiphakathi yabantu izinhlangano ezifinyelela ekulungeni lobulungisa bonke.

Okwenza Usizo Olungokomthetho Lungahambisani Neqiniso

Ngaphandle kosizo olungokomthetho, isimiso sokulingana ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube yisithembiso esiyize. Umshushisi, osekelwa imithombo kahulumeni, uthola inzuzo enkulu kunommangalelwa ongamelelwanga. Icala liba umncintiswano wengcebo kunokuba lifune iqiniso. Ezimweni zomphakathi, ukungalingani kungabonakala ngisho nangokwengeziwe: umninindlu nommeli angavele azitholele ummeli ophansi azimelele. Umphumela yisimiso esijezisa ubumpofu, hhayi ububi.

  • [ Ingozi ekhuphukayo yokuqiniseka okungalungile: Abamangalelwa abangamelelwanga cishe bangabamangalela ngecala, ngisho noma bengenacala, ngenxa yokwesaba noma ukudideka.
  • Ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokwahlulela: Ngaphandle kommeli ukuba aphikise ngebheyili, abamangalelwa abaningi abampofu bahlala ejele izinyanga eziningi ngaphambi kokuba icala labo lizwakale.
  • Izivikelo ezifanele: I-proligitantss pro ayivamile ukuqonda imithetho ecacile noma izenzakalo ezimisiwe, ngokuvamile eziholela ekwahlulelweni okungagqibeki noma ezinqunyweni ezimbi.
  • Ukwethenjwa komphakathi okuye kwasuswa: Lapho isimiso sobulungisa sibonakala sithanda abacebile, ukuthemba komphakathi kuncipha, futhi ukuzinza komphakathi kuyasongelwa.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinhlelo Zosizo Ezingokomthetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo okubucayi, usizo olungokomthetho luvame ukuba sesimweni esibucayi. Isidingo sezinkonzo singaphezu kakhulu kwemithombo ekhona, siphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba zixoshe amakhasimende noma zinikeze usizo olusheshayo kuphela. Izinselele ezinkulu zihlanganisa:

Ukukhokha Imali Enele

Isithiyo esisodwa esikhulu kunazo zonke ukuncishiswa okungamahlalakhona. Usizo olungokomthetho luxhaswa ngenhlanganisela yezimali ezinikezwa uhulumeni, izimali ezikhokhwa yinkantolo, neminikelo. Ezinhlalweni eziningi, imali iye yancishiswa phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, kuyilapho inani labantu abafanelekela izinkonzo liye landa ngenxa yokungalingani kwezomnotho nokungalingani kobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, iNhlangano yaMankonzo engokomthetho [ ibika ukuthi amaMelika angaphansi ayizigidi ezingu-50 athola usizo olungokomthetho, kodwa izinhlelo ze-LSC zithola ngokwanele ukuhlangabezana cishe nesidingo esingu 20% kuphela. Leligebegasi libizwa njalo ngokuthi igebe elibizwa "igebebebebe."

Ukunqwabelana Kwezinkinga Nokutubeka

Abameli abanikeza usizo olungokomthetho baphakathi kochwepheshe abasebenza ngokweqile emkhakheni wezomthetho. Abaningi bathwala amacala athwele abathengi abayikhulu noma ngaphezulu, bashiya isikhathi esincane sokuhlola ngokubhekisisa noma ukunaka komuntu siqu. Lomqulu ophezulu ungaholela ekutubekeni, ekuphendukeni kakhulu, nasekuzibonakaliseni okuphansi. INhlangano ye-American Bar ibeke izindinganiso zokuthola isilinganiso sokungawasebenzisi kahle amacala, kodwa lokhu kuvame ukunganakwa ngenxa yokungatholi mali.

Imibono Eyiphutha Yomphakathi

Kunenkolelo esakazekile yokuthi usizo olungokomthetho lungenxa "yokusekela" noma ukuthi luwuhlobo lwenhlala - kahle. Eqinisweni, amakhasimende amaningi angokomthetho asebenza abantu abaye bawa ngezikhathi ezinzima, izisulu zobugebengu, noma abantu ababhekene nobunzima obungokomthetho. Ama-Mishchologue angaholela ekuphikisweni kwezezombangazwe ngokuxhasa ngemali, ngokunye ukusekela ukuswelakala kwemithombo.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuhlelwa Ngokukhethekile

Izindaba ezingokomthetho ziya ziba yinkimbinkimbi, zidinga ulwazi olukhethekile ezindaweni ezinjengomthetho wokufuduka, umthetho wentela, noma ukuhlangana kwezokwelapha. Izinhlangano eziningi zosizo olungokomthetho azikwazi ukuqasha ochwepheshe, zilinganisela ikhono lazo lokusingatha amacala athile ngokuphumelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhluka kwemithetho kungabangela ukuba izinkonzo zithunyelwe emngceleni wezwe noma wezwe.

Ukuhlola Amacala: Umphumela Obonakalayo Wosizo Olungokomthetho

Nazi izibonelo ezintathu ezibonisa indlela usizo olungokomthetho olungashintsha ngayo ukuphila.

Ukukhishwa Kwecala Komuntu Onecala

Ngo- 1991, uDavid Johnson (igama elishintshiwe) waboshwa ngecala lokuphanga angalenzi. Wayengenakukwazi ukukhokhela ummeli wangasese futhi wabelwa umlweli womphakathi othwele icala elicijile. Naphezu kobufakazi obungenamandla, wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-15. Ngemva kokukhonza iminyaka eyisithupha, inhlangano yokusiza engokomthetho yathatha icala lakhe i-probono, yenza ukuhlola okusha, futhi yathola umenzi wangempela. uJohnson wasulwa ecaleni futhi wakhululwa. Ngaphandle kosizo olungokomthetho, wayezochitha enye iminyaka eyishumi egwetshwe ngenxa yobugebengu ayengazange abubophe.

Isulu Yobudlova Basekhaya Ivikelekile

UMaria Torres wabaleka nomyeni wakhe owayemxhaphaza nabantwana bakhe ababili, wayengenamali futhi enesiZulu esincane. Ummeli wasiza ifa lehele ukuba limvikele, athole imvume yokuhlala isikhashana futhi ahambe enkantolo. Ummeli wabuye wamxhumanisa nendawo yokukhosela nezisebenzi zezenhlalakahle. Umthetho ovikelayo wanika uMaria ukulondeka ukuze aphinde aphile. Usizo lwasemthethweni alunikezanga ummeli kuphela indlela ephephile.

Impintshane Igwema Isikhathi Esiwuhlupho

IJamal eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ubudala yaboshwa ngenxa yecala lezidakamizwa elingenabudlova. Wayengenazo izigwebo ezibhaliwe ngaphambili kodwa wabhekana nesigwebo esinzima kakhulu esiphoqelelwe esasizomthumela ejele elikhulile. Ummeli ongokomthetho ofaka imvume engokomthetho ekhoselweni lentsha waphikisa ngempumelelo ukuthi uJamal kufanele aqulwe enkantolo yentsha, lapho athola khona izinkonzo zokubuyiselwa kokwelashwa esikhundleni sokuboshwa. Namuhla, uJamal usekholiji. Usizo lwasemthethweni lwamnika ithuba lesibili.

Ikusasa Losizo Olungokomthetho: Ukubuyiselwa Nokubusa Kwamanga

Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo, usizo olungokomthetho kumelwe luziphendukele.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Ngokwengeziwe

Ukufuna ukukhokha imali eqinile, elungiselwe ukunyuka kwamandla emali kugxeka. Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zidinga ukusebenza namaqembu ebhange, amaqembu omphakathi, nezishayamthetho ukuze zenze icala lokuthi usizo olungokomthetho longa imali ekugcineni incishisiwe ngokunciphisa izindleko zokuboshwa, ukuvimbela ukungabi namakhaya, nokuqinisa imikhaya. Imali ngayinye efakwe ekunikezeni usizo lwasemthethweni ingabuyisela amadola ambalwa emalini egciniwe ezweni. Imikhankaso yokwazisa umphakathi ibalulekile ekulweni nombono ophambene nomthetho.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemithombo Ye - Internet

Amathuluzi e-digital angasiza ekusizeni ibhuloho legebe lobulungisa. I-Online parts enikeza iziqondisi ezizisizayo, ama-template, ama-temptect, kanye nama-Al agunyaziswe ngokomthetho angasiza abantu abanezinkinga ezilula ezingokomthetho. Imithola-metacial inganikeza izingxoxo ezikude, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezinezigconomfunda. Nokho, ezobuchwepheshe kumele zisetshenziswe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe isimiso esinesilinganiso lapho amakhasi esakhasi esikhona esathola khona abameli abambalwa abasemadodeni lapho abampofu besamukelekile ezimisweni ezisebenza.

I - Pro Bono Ne - Law School Clinics

Ukuhlanganisa izibopho ze-bono ezivela ezimbonini zomthetho zomuntu siqu nasezikoleni zomthetho kunganezela usizo lomthetho. Izindawo eziningi zidinga abameli ukuba benze amahora amaningana e-probo, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kubuthakathaka. Izikole zomthetho zingasizana nezindawo zosizo ezingokomthetho ukuze zinikeze imitholampilo lapho abafundi abaqondisi besingatha khona izimo ezingokoqobo, bazuze okuhlangenwe nakho lapho bekhonza umphakathi.

Izinkonzo Zezomthetho Zokuvuselelwa

Izisebenzi eziphumelela kakhulu zosizo olungokomthetho zahlanganisa izinkonzo zomthetho nezinkonzo zezezenhlalakahle. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubambisana kwezokwelapha kubeka abameli ezibhedlela ukuze baxazulule izindaba ezinjengezindlu noma umshuwalense othinta impilo. Ummeli we-tenant-defensi angase futhi axhumane nekhasimende ekutholeni usizo lokuqasha noma ukuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi. Lendlela yokusebenza esemthethweni iqaphela ukuthi izinkinga ezingokomthetho azivamile ukuba zibe khona ngokuzehlukanisa.

Isiphetho

Usizo olungokomthetho alusona isidingo sokunethezeka; luyisidingo kunoma yimuphi umphakathi obheka ubulungisa, ukulingana, nokubusa komthetho. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iholo, uyakwazi ukufinyelela isilinganiso esingokomthetho esifanelekayo, sisekela isithembiso sokuqulwa ngokulunga kwabo bonke. Izinselele azinzima kakhulu . .Izinkinga zinzima kakhulu, ukuthweswa umthwalo omkhulu, nokunganaki komphakathi okungamelwe kunganakwa. Isimiso esiphika ubulungisa kwabampofu asisona neze isimiso sobulungisa. Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, kumelwe siqinise usizo olungokomthetho ngezimali, ukusungula, nokubuyiselwa kabusha kwesimiso sokunikezelwa kobulungisa okumelwe nakancane kuthengiselwe ukuthengiselwa esingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.