Inselele Ephikelelayo Yokwehlukaniswa Kwamazwe Asemadolobheni AseJapane

Izwe laseJapane sekuyisikhathi eside lilolongwa yizigebengu zezentengiselwano zezezombangazwe zasedolobheni ezimancane, igalelo elithonya yonke into kusukela emiphumeni efunwa ngogesi kuya ekuhleleni imali. Njengoba kunamaphesenti angaphezu kwayi-35 abantu abagcwele eTokyo, izikhulu zasemaphandleni zibhekene nokuncipha kwamanani abantu, asebekhulile, nokuncintisana kwezomnotho. Amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlongoza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubhekana nale nkinga, nokhombangozeli besakhelo olusakheka ngokujule kakhulu. Ukuqonda ukuthi amaqembu aseJapane abhekene kanjani nalezi zimo ezihlukene kunikeza ukuqonda ukuqina kwezwe okubanzi kwezentengiselwa phambili kwezomnotho kanye nesimiso sawo sesikhathi esizayo.

Umagazini awumusha. Ukukhula kwezomnotho kwangemva kwempi kwasusa izigidi zabalimi namadolobhana okudobayo zaya ezikhungweni zezimboni nasemakhonzweni, ukuthambekela okwanda kakhulu kwezomnotho zama-800. Namuhla, amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-60 omasipala aseJapane abhekwa ngokuthi “izindawo ezinabantu abaningi,” lapho inani labantu liye lehla khona ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwayishumi leminyaka edlule. Ngokungafani, amagumbi angama-23 aseTokyo ayaqhubeka ebona inetha ekhuphuka kakhulu kwentsha, ikhamuzi nezakhiwo zemvelo kuyilapho idinda izikole zasemaphandleni, izibhedlela, nezimiso zomphakathi.

Ukuqonda Ukujula Kokwehlukana

Ukuchithwa Komzimba Nokukhula

IJapane yasemaphandleni ibhekene nenhlekelele yamanani abantu encike kakhulu. NgokweNational Institute of Population and Social Security Research, ngo-2045, abangaphezu kwengxenye yomasipala aseJapane angaba neminyaka engaphezulu kuka-60. Izifunda ezinjenge-Akita, Shimane, neKochi kakade sezinamazinga okuguga angaphezu kwa 40%, kuyilapho izinga leTokyo lingaphezu nje kwa23%. Lokhu kuhlukana kunemiphumela eqondile yezombangazwe: abadala, abavoti basemaphandleni bathambekele ekufakeni phambili inzuzo yempilo, impesheni, izimali zemali, nezindawo zokusebenza, kuyilapho abasebasha abavoti beboshelishi basedolobheni bagxila ekunakekeleni abantwana, ukunyakaza, ukunyakaza, kanye nemishini yobuchwepheshe.

ITimes [ yaseJapan [ ifaka ubufakazi bokuthi izifunda zasemaphandleni ziphoqelelwa kanjani ukuqinisa izikole, izibhedlela ezivaleleke eduze, futhi zinciphise ezokuthutha zomphakathi (ukuvala zona kanye izinkonzo ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe izakhamuzi. Lomjikelezo wokuncipha wenza kube nzima kakhulu nganoma isiphi isiphakamiso esisodwa sokunqanda ukuthambekela.

Ukuhlukana Kwezomnotho

Inzuzo yomkhiqizo yasedolobheni iye yadlula inzuzo yasemaphandleni ngesilinganiso esikhulu. Umkhiqizo wesifunda wasemaphandleni uphindwe ka-1,8 ngokuphindwe kanye kweyasemaphandleni njenge-Aomori noma iNagasaki. Nakuba amabhizinisi amancane kuya ku-50 emaphandleni elwa nokuswelakala kwemisebenzi kanye nezinkinga ezilandelanayo, izinhlangano ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka zinqwabelana ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni. [[FLT: 0] UNPIPon.com[ ibika ukuthi indlunkulu yezebhizinisi yaseJapane ikhona ezifundeni ezintathu nje ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni zedolobhakazini: Tokyo, Osaka, neNagoya. Le zinhlangano ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka zibulawa imfuculo yezentengo nentela, futhi ziyanda kakhulu phakathi kohulumeni bendawo bendawo yendawo yendawo yendawo.

Izolimo, amahlathi, nokudoba, kanye nomgogodla wemisebenzi yasemaphandleni − manje ilandisa ngengxenye engaphansi kwesithathu% yeGDP yaseJapane. Naphezu kwenkokhelo yokusiza, izizukulwane ezisha zibonisa isithakazelo esincane ekuthatheni amapulazi emikhaya. Ngenxa yalokho, ezomnotho eziningi zasemaphandleni ziye zathembela kakhulu emisebenzini yomphakathi futhi zathutha imali kuhulumeni ophethe, zakha ukuncika okumelwe amaqembu ezombangazwe aphumelele ngokucophelela.

IMalapportum Nomfanekiso

Isimiso sokhetho saseJapane ngokomlando siye sawathatha kakhulu amavoti asemaphandleni kunawasemadolobheni, ikakhulukazi eNdlu yoBuilpors (indlu engaphezulu). Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme ngo 2015 ikhipha isinqumo sokuphoqelelwa ukuba kuphinde kuqashwe, izigodi zasemaphandleni zisajabulela inzuzo encane. Lokhu kunciphiswano kunikeza ama-contituence asemaphandleni ithonya elingalinganisiswe eLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), eye yathola ukusekelwa okunamandla kwezelimolimo, ukudoba, nezindawo zokwakha.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukwenza isimiso ngokuvamile kuncike ethakazelweni zasemaphandleni , imisebenzi emikhulu yezesisekelo, izimali zokusekela, kanye nezimali ezinikezwa abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezithelwe phansi.

Izigaba Zezombangazwe Nezindlela Zazo Zokuxoxa

I - Liberal Democratic Party: Imfundiso Yokuzitika Nezombangazwe Ezivamile

I-LDP, eye yabusa iJapane kakhulu ngemva kwenkathi yempi, incike kakhulu emaphandleni ayo. Icebo layo eliyinhloko lihlanganisa ukuxubana kokudluliswa okuqondile, imisebenzi yomphakathi, nemisebenzi yesifunda. i-PURDEON Revitation Grant[ [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[1] [i-Cho Sosei - Fukin] inikeza izimali zempuphu ehlela ama-injini, ivumela ukuba izimali zemisebenzi efanelaniswe izidingo zendawo. futhi ikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwe-regionationtion"[FLT][FLD:3] njengendawo yokuqala yesizwe, imisa umfundisi onikezelwelweyo nemisebenzi.

Ngaphansi komphathi omkhulu uShinzo Abe, uhulumeni wamisa iNkathi yokuVuselela iNkathi yesifunda , eyakhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuba athuthele endlunkulu nasezindaweni zogcino-lwazi emaphandleni ngezisusa zentela nangeziphakamiso. Muva nje, iKishida “iSikhungo Esisha seMalimenti" zihlanganisa isisekelo sokusakaza ukukhula ngokuphindwe kabanzi, ngezindlela ezifana ne “ idolobha eliphethe insimu yensimu.[ imisebenzi ehlose ukwakha i-interlated internat ephezulu ye-internialgrationssssss ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ukukhanga izisebenzi ezikude.

Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi indlela ye-LDP igxile kakhulu ekusebenziseni imali yengulube futhi ayinayo inguquko yezimiso. Imisebenzi yomphakathi, nakuba imisebenzi ethandwayo, ngokuvamile ihluleka ukuveza umsebenzi oqinile wezomnotho. Ama-Reuters [FLT] athola ukuthi ukuthengwa komphakathi emphakathini ezindaweni ezikude kwakuphindwe kabili kunalokho eTokyo, kodwa umphakathi uyaqhubeka uncipha.

IQembu Lomthetho - sisekelo Elibusa Ngentando Yeningi: Ukutshala Abantu Nezinkonzo

I-Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP), ibutho elikhulu kakhulu lokuphikisa, liveza indlela eqondiswe kakhulu kubantu. Kunokuba i-CDP ifake imali ekwakheni, i-CDP igcizelela ukuqapha, imfundo, nezinkonzo zezenhlalo [ njengesisekelo sokuvuselelwa kwasemaphandleni. Indawo yakhona ifuna ukwandisa izibhedlela nezikole zasemaphandleni, ukwandisa i-telemedicine, nokuthumela ukukhokhela odokotela nothisha abazimisele ukusebenza ezindaweni ezihlala abantu abahlala khona.

ICDP futhi isekela inguquko ye- ye-ctuml ukuze inciphise ukukhubazeka nokunika abavoti basedolobheni izwi elinamandla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iziphakamiso zokwakha isimiso esisekelwe ngokulinganayo sendlu ephezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iCDP ihlongoze ukushintshwa kwamandla e-'revolution'”[[ icebo elizovuselela imisebenzi yamandla afana nolwelanga nomoya ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, iveze inzuzo yendawo lapho inikela emigomweni yokulungisa i-locarbon.

Nakuba umbono weCDP ukhanga abantu abahlala emadolobheni, ukusekela kwawo kuhlala kubuthakathaka ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, lapho kuvame ukutholakala khona izinhlelo ze-LDP ezisezingeni elide nokuxhumana komuntu siqu. Leliqembu lizama ukukholisa abavoti basemaphandleni ukuthi izimiso zalo ziyothuthukisa isimiso samanje.

Komeito: Ukulinganisela Izithakazelo Zasemadolobheni Nasemaphandleni

Komeito, umsizi omncane we-LDP, uthola ukusekela kwawo okuningi kubalandeli basedolobheni abaphakathi nenkolo (Soka Gakkai). Izimiso zakhe zizama ukulinganisela phakathi kwezinkathazo zasedolobheni nezingahambi kahle zasemaphandleni. IKomeito iye yaba usizo ekukhuthazeni usizo lwezezimali kanye [FLT:] kanye ] nokusekela kwemikhaya yasedolobheni okuzuzisayo, kuyilapho iqhubela futhi inguquko ye [[FLT:] no [FLT] imingcele yokuvimbela [FLT] [FLT].[FLT]

Indima yeKomeito ehlangene isho ukuthi ngokuvamile imetams phakathi kweziphakamiso ze-LDP zasemaphandleni ezinzima nesidingo sezimiso zobungane basedolobheni. Ngokwesibonelo, yasiza ekulondeni izimali zedolobha ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo ezisezikhungweni zesifunda, ezihloselwe ukugxilisa inani labantu ukuze kulondolozwe izinkonzo zomphakathi eziphumelelayo. Iqembu lisekela futhi izinhlelo ze-voucher [ ezivumela izakhamuzi zasemaphandleni ukuba zingene ezinkonzweni zasemadolobheni lapho izindlela zendawo zingekho.

Nippon Ishin no Kai: I - Decentralgation ne - Fiscal D.

Nipton Ishin no Kai (IQembu leNguquko laseJapan), elisekelwe kakhulu e-Osaka nasentshonalanga yeJapane, abameleli bezentengiselwano ukuthathelwa phambili . Isihlongozo salo esihamba phambili ukudalwa kwezindawo zezomnotho”[ ezikhethekile] ne [[FLT] inhloko-regionment [[FLT:] [[FLT]] ingulelo-mfutho [ elingaba negunya elifanayo lokulawula kodwa elinezikhundla ezinkulu. Ishin isholo ukuthi izimpikiswano eziningi zasemaphandleni zisuka ekulawuleni okukhulu eTokyo, futhi ukunikeza ohulumeni bendawo ngokwengeziwe ziyobavumela ukuba bakhokhele futhi bangenise.

Leliqembu lisikisela ukuthatha indawo yesimiso samanje sezipho ngesikhombi esivunyiwe, livumela amachashaza ukuba anike izimali ngendlela azibona kufanele ngayo. Lisekela futhi ukuhlanganisa ama-kaputeni amancane abe makhulu, aphumelele kakhulu , isihloko esithinta kakhulu ngokwezombangazwe ezindaweni zasemaphandleni lapho isici se-odalom esikhona sinamandla khona. Nakuba umyalezo ka-Ishin ugeleza emadolobheni futhi ugeleza ka-kancane nge-mongo-othermal, usazothola igalelo elibalulekile emaphandleni asemaphandleni.

IQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseJapane: Ukusakaza Nokuba Umnikazi Womphakathi

IQembu lobuKhomanisi laseJapane (JCP) lithatha indlela yokwakha, liphikisa ngokuthi igebe elisedolobheni liwuphawu lokugxilisa ingqondo. Lidinga ukuba] izimboni eziyinhloko [ (ukungavunyelwe, ukuthutha, ukubhaka) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inzuzo iyabuyiselwa endaweni yakini kunokuba ikhandwe eTokyo. IJCP ifuna futhi izinyuko ezithengwayo ezithengisweni zezempilo, imfundo, nezindlu zomphakathi, zixhaswe yintela ephakeme yenkampani nengcebo.

Nakuba indawo ye-JCP inzima kakhulu kubavoti abavamile, inesisekelo esincane kodwa esinikezelwe ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezinezinyunyana zezisebenzi eziqinile, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezisebenzi zezolimo (amaqembu e-JA) nezisebenzi zikahulumeni zendawo. Leliqembu futhi liye lathola ukunakekela ngenxa yezihlongozo zalo [ku- ukumiswa kwamadolobha ngokweqile ngemithetho ebekwayo [[ elinganisela intuthuko entsha yezentengiselwano eTokyo nase-Kanagawawa.

Izikhali Eziqondile Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokuhlola Icala

Iminikelo Yokuvuselelwa Kwesifunda Nabagqugquzeli

Elinye lamathuluzi ezimiso abonakalayo kakhulu yi- i-Revitation Grant ye-ase-at kulo hlelo echazwe ngenhla. Lemivuzo ithunyelwa kubo bonke omasipala, kodwa inani likhulu ngokuphindwe kayishiyiwe ezindaweni ezihlala abantu. Ngo-2023, uhulumeni owabelwe [0201,1,1,1,1,000 ezigidi zezigidi zezigidi (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane) ngaphansi kwalohlelo. Abatholi bemali baye basebenzisa yonke into kusukela ezikhungweni zomphakathi zokwakha ukuya ezitolo ezingaphansi kwezindawo zendawo.

Olunye uhlelo, Ukudala [Job] ngokuthatha isinyathelo sokuvuselelwa kwe-Regional Revituration”, kunikeza izimali ezinkampanini ezithatha indlunkulu noma izikhungo zokushaya ucingo ezibekwe ezindaweni ezimisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, INTTD data[[ isusa isikhungo esikhulu eYamagata Prefecture, iqa izakhamuzi zendawo eziyi 500. Nokho, 2024 Asha Shimbuln[ ukuhlola kwathola ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi eyadalwa ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezinjalo yayiphansi futhi yayihluleka ukufuduka kwezisebenzi ezisencane.

Ukuxhumana Kwamanani Njengebhuloho

Umqedazwe we-COVOVAD-19 usungule umkhankaso owengeziwe wesithakazelo emsebenzini owenziwe kude njengethuluzi lokuvuselela amaphandle. Uhulumeni waseJapane wamisa i-“ I-digital Literal Parial Revitation”, ifaka imali eningi kakhulu efinyele i-fiber-opticbach ne-5G yemibatanidzwa ezindaweni ezikude. Amapulatimenti amaningana manje anikeza [[FLT:]] "umsebenzi”[, ukukhokha ingxenye yezindleko zokuthutha izakhiwo zasemadolobheni ezizimisele ukuchitha izinyanga ezimbalwa esemaphandleni.

I-Nagano Prefecture yohlelo lwe-“Digital Denen” iye yaba ukuhlolwa kwezendaba: ihlanganisa i-intanethi esheshayo nezindawo ezisebenza kanye nezindawo zokuhlala. Kusukela ngo-2021, izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni ezingaphezu kuka-3000 ziye zathuthela e-Nagano ngaphansi kwalendlela yokuhlela, ngesiqalo sasendaweni ukufinyelela ephezulu kwetalenta. Nakuba isilinganiso esincane, inyathelo elinjalo libonisa ukuthi ukutshala izimali ngokuxhumana kungaqala ukulinganisela ukukhishwa kwe-gropoto eTokyo.

Izinguquko Eziphawulekayo Nokulungiswa Kwemifanekiso

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, i-consoral marapportation ixhunyiwe ngokwengxenye. Ngo-2020, iNdlu yabameleli yamukela uhlelo olusha lwesifunda olunciphisile ukuncitshiswa kwesilinganiso sokuvota ngaphansi kwezimbili- kuya kwesinye. Nokho, iNdlu yamaCouncillor isenomehluko phakathi kwezintathu-kunye phakathi kwezikhulu ezinabantu abaningi. Kokubili iCDP neKomeito iye yahlongoza izinguquko ezengeziwe, kuhlanganise [[FLT: 0] izingameleli zokulinganisa i-compations [ endlini engaphezulu, kodwa izinguquko ezinjalo zibhekene nokuphikisa okuqinile komthetho wasemaphandleni ongase balahlekelwe izihlalo eziphephile.

Abanye abalawuli baye bazama ukusungula izinto ezintsha ezikhethayo zendawo, njengokusungula ukuvota okunophawu oluphezulu kwemijaho yemeya ukuze bakhuthaze ukuthatha uhlangothi olubanzi. Lezi zinyathelo zihlose ukwandisa ukuthembisana kwezombangazwe ezindaweni ezinabantu abangenayo lapho ukunganaki kuphakama khona.

Izinselele Nendlela Engaphambili

Ukuthambekela Kwezomnotho Okungokwezimo

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka emizamo yezimiso, ukuhlukaniswa kwamadolobha kubonisa uphawu oluncane lokuncipha. Ingqikithi yabantu baseJapane ihloselwe ukwehla kusuka ezigidini ezingu-126 kuya ngaphansi kwezigidi eziyikhulu ngo-2050, futhi lokho kuncipha kuzoba nokunqwabelana okukhulu ezindaweni ezingezona ezemidanti. Ukunqwabelana kwabesifazane emadolobheni − okuyinto ebizwa “ukuhamba kwamabele”[ kulimaza ikakhulukazi eziqinisisweni zasemaphandleni, njengoba kunciphisa umshado nenani lokuzala emaphandleni.

Ukucindezela kwezomnotho emhlabeni wonke, njengokunyuka kwezimboni ezisekelwe emsebenzini nezingenisa ulwazi, kuyaqhubeka kusekela izindawo eziminyene zasedolobheni lapho ithalenta nenhloko- dolobha kudlalwa khona. Ngisho nanjengoba umsebenzi oweqayo wanda, imisebenzi ekhokhelwa kakhulu isalokhu iboshelwe endlunkulu yezenkampani yaseTokyo, ishiye izindawo zasemaphandleni zithembele ezingxenyeni ezinikeza iholo eliphansi nokulondeka okunciphile.

Ukuzinziswa Kwesikhumba

Icala lesizwe laseJapane, kakade elingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-260 e-GDP, likwenza kube nzima ukusekela imali enkulu enikezwa abantu basemaphandleni ngokungenasiphelo. Uhulumeni ubhekene nenkinga: kungaba ukuqhubeka efuna ukuvuseleleka kwezimali ukuze kulondolozwe izinkonzo zasemaphandleni, kubekwe ingozi yokusekela izimali, noma kuncishiswe imuva futhi kwamukele ukuncipha kwabantu abaningi. Ochwepheshe abaningi basekela [i- ukunciphiswa kwemali okunganqamukiyo”[ indlela, lapho izinkonzo zihlanganiswa khona ezikhungweni zezifunda kunokuba zisakazeke ngokuncane kuyo yonke imizana emincane. I-LDP iye yabonisa isithakazelo kulendlela, kodwa ukwenqaba kwezombangazwe ngokuvamile kungoko.

Intando Yezombangazwe Nezinhlangano

Ukubusa kwe-LDP kudala ubandlululo oluqinile ngoshintsho oluyaluzayo. Abavoti basemaphandleni bahlala bethembekile eqenjini, futhi noma iziphi izinguquko ezinkulu ezilimaza izifiso zabo zingalahlekelwa izihlalo ze-LDP ezibucayi. Okwamanje, amaqembu aphikisayo aye ahluleka ukuveza enye indlela ecindezelayo engazuza izinhliziyo zasemaphandleni. Ukugcizelela kwemithetho ye-CDP ethandwayo ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kuyabahlukanisa abavoti basemaphandleni, kanti isiphakamiso sika-Ishin esihloniphekile asicacile ukuthi amadolobhanalutho ngaphandle kokusekelwa okukhulu.

Ukushaqeka kwangaphandle − njengenhlekelele enkulu engokwemvelo noma ukuwa okukhulu kwezomnotho − kungaphoqelela ukuzwana kwezombangazwe. Okwamanje, uqhekeko lungaqhubeka, njengoba amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane eqhubeka ezama ukunqanda izimiso ezibuthakathaka eziseceleni kunokuphishekela ushintsho oluyisisekelo.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okuqhubekayo

Amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane akuqaphela kakhulu ukuhlukana kwamadolobha futhi aye enza izinhlobonhlobo zezimpendulo, kusukela ekunikezeni imfuyo yenyama yengulube ye-LDP kuya ekufakeni i-CDP imali yokuzisondeza ekulungiseni i-Ishin. Nokho akukho qembu eliye lathola inhlamvu yesiliva. Amandla aqhubela ukugcwala kwabantu emadolobheni ngamadolobha /ithuba lezomnotho, imfundo, izakhiwo zezenhlalo − zinamandla kakhulu kangangokuba ngisho nezisusa zasemaphandleni eziphangayo zizama ukubuyisela emuva ukugeleza.

Ikusasa elilindelekile, iJapane kuyodingeka ilawule igebe kunokuba ilisuse. Lokho kusho ukutshala imali emazingeni okuphila asemaphandleni kuyilapho kuvuma ukuthi amadolobhana amaningi kungadingeka aqiniswe. Kusho futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zezombangazwe zihlala zilungile ngokwanele ukuba zinikeze kokubili abavoti basedolobheni nasemaphandleni izwi elinengqondo. Ukuthi imiphi imidlalo inselele iyonquma hhayi ukulinganisela kwendawo yaseJapane kuphela kodwa nempilo yentando yeningi yayo kanye nokuqina kwemiphakathi yayo.

Njengoba inani labantu liqhubeka lincipha, izigxobo ziyokhula. Izinqumo ezenziwa abaholi baseJapane eshumini elizayo ($_on), zinikeza inguquko, futhi zihlaziywe ngokuhloniphekile, ziyololonga isimo sezwe nezombangazwe zezizukulwane ezizayo.