Indima Ebalulekile Yomtapo Wezincwadi Womphakathi: Ukuxhasa, Izinkonzo, Nomphumela Womphakathi

Izincwadi zomphakathi zingaphezu kakhulu kwezakhiwo ezigcwele izincwadi, ziyizindawo zomphakathi ezinamandla ezinikeza ithuba mahhala lokwaziswa, ezobuchwepheshe, ezemfundo, nezokuhlelwa kwezimiso. Ukuqonda indlela lezinhlangano ezidingekayo ezixhaswe ngayo kanye nobubanzi balokho ezikunikezayo kungasiza imiphakathi ukuba iqaphele ukubaluleka kwayo futhi isekele ngokuqhubekayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukusekela okuyinkimbinkimbi okusekela imifula egcina imitapo isebenza, izinkonzo ezihlukahlukene ezenzayo, izinselele ebhekana nazo, nokubaluleka kwayo okukhulu emphakathini wanamuhla.

Imithombo Exhasa Imitapo Yomphakathi: I - Approach Ehlukahlukene

Imali exhaswa umphakathi ayivamile ukuba lula; ivela enhlanganiseleni yemithombo yendawo, yesifundazwe, ye-othone, neyomuntu siqu. Lenhlanganisela iyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngendawo yomtapo wezincwadi, ubukhulu, nengcebo yomphakathi. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukulanda kwemali yendawo ngemali yomphakathi elinganiselwa ku-80-85%, enomtapo wemali womphakathi, kanye nemithombo yombuso enikeza ukusekela okuthengiselwayo kwemizamo ethile noma ukulingana.

Ukuxhasa Kukahulumeni Wasendaweni: Iqophelo Lemali

Inkokhelo yemali yomphakathi isuka endaweni yakhona, ngokuyinhloko ngentela yempahla, izintela zikamasipala, futhi kwezinye izimo, izigodi ezinikezelwe zomtapo wezincwadi. Emiphakathini eminingi, abavoti bavumela umtapo ohlukene wemali noma isilinganiso semali esetshenziswayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimali. Lokhu kulawula kwendawo kusho ukuthi imali exhasa umtapo wezincwadi iboshelwe ngokuqondile empilweni yezomnotho yomphakathi nasezakhamuzini zomphakathi. Ngokusibonelo, amathala ezindaweni ezicebile ngokuvamile anemali eqinile, kuyilapho labo basezindaweni ezimpofu ngokwezomnotho noma ezindaweni zasedolobheni bangase balwe kanzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo. Inhlangano yemali yomphakathi [[FLT:]], cishe amaphesenti angu-80 emali yonke inzuzo yomphakathi esebenzayo ivela emitatsheni yendawo yendawo.

Ukusekela KukaHulumeni: Ukufinyelela Ngokulinganayo

Ohulumeni bahulumeni banikeza izimali ezikhokhelwayo ngemali ngezipho zemali, amakhambi osizo, kanye nezindawo zombuso ngazinye. Lemali isiza ekulinganiseni indawo yokudlala imitapo emiphakathini empofu, iqinisekisa izinga eliphansi lenkonzo. Ezinye izifunda zinikeza izikhokhelo zobuchwepheshe, izinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala, noma ukwakhiwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) isebenzisa izimali ze-Maracts kuhlelo lwaseUnited States, leyo ethumela izimali ze-oral Officeordia, eziningi ezizabela lemali emitatsheni yendawo. Nokho, izimali ngokuvamile zingaba zikhona ezihlelwa ngokwezomnotho.

Imishini Nezinhlelo Ezizimele

Imali exhasayo esetshenziswayo, nakuba iyingxenye encane kakhulu yemali ekhona ebhaliswe kulo lonke umtapo wezincwadi, ibalulekile ekusunguleni nasekutholeni imisebenzi ekhethekile. Umthombo oyinhloko kahulumeni yi-Library Service and Technology Act (LSTA), eqondiswa yi-IMLS. Lemali isekela izifunda zomhlaba njengezifundo zezibalo, i-e-occompat plat, kanye ne-bandband faced. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni njengoMnyango Wemfundo ne-National Endlementations Refectives zinikeza izibonelelo zokuncintisana ngezinhlelo ezithile, njengezifundo zakudala ukufunda nokubhala noma ukulondoloza umlando wendawo. Izimali ze-Federal ngokuvamile zisebenza njengemali ekwazi ukudonsa i-protectionstion ehambelanayo noma ukusekela komphakathi.

Iminikelo Yangasese, Ukuxhasa, Nezimpahla Zesisekelo

Izincwadi eziningi zisekela ukuxhasa ngezimali zomphakathi nge-Friends of the Library, iminikelo yezincwadi, nezipho ezinkulu. Izisekelo zoMtapo zivame kakhulu, zisiza ekunyuseni izimali zemisebenzi yenhloko-mvume, izakhiwo, nezinhlelo ezikhethekile. Imishini yezinhlangano njenge-Google, Microsoft, namabhizinisi endawo isekela ukutholakala kobuchwepheshe kanye nemizamo yokufakwa kwemishini. Izisekelo ezinjenge-Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (eyayisekela ngaphambili uhlelo lwezezimali zemali eU.S.layibhury collegies) nezimiso zomphakathi zendawo zinikeza iziphakamiso ezibucayi zemali. Nokho, ukuthembela emithola imali eyimfihlo engokwezenzweni ephakathi, njengoba imiphakathi ecebile ithola indawo engcono yokunyusa izimali.

Eminye Imifula Yemali

Eminye imitapo yezincwadi iveza inzuzo ngemisebenzi esekelwe kumali, njengemisebenzi yokunyathelisa, iziqasha zendlu yokuhlangana, ukwamukelwa kwezincwadi zokungena, noma ukudayiswa kwezincwadi ezisetyenzisiweyo. Imitapo embalwa yezincwadi ivule ngisho nezitolo zekhofi noma izitolo zezipho emagatsheni ayo. Lemifudlana yemali, nakuba ngokuvamile incane uma iqhathaniswa nemali ehlelekile, inikeza izimali ezingasetshenziswa ekuhleleni noma ezintweni ezingahlanganisiwe umphakathi.

Izinkonzo Ezinikezwa Yimitapo Yezincwadi Yomphakathi: Ngaphandle Kokuphehla Izincwadi

Imitapo yezincwadi yomphakathi yanamuhla iye yashintsha yaba izikhungo eziningi ezikhuluma ngezidingo eziningi zomphakathi.

Iqoqo Lezinto Ezivamile Nezezinombolo

Imitapo iyaqhubeka inikeza amaqoqo amakhulu ezincwadi zokuphrinta, omagazini, amaphephandaba, ama DVD, nama CD. Kodwa futhi ihlanganisa inkathi yezibalo ngezincwadi, izincwadi zemisindo, ividiyo, nokulayisha i-video ezindaweni zomtapo ezifana ne Libby, Hoopla, ne Kanopy. Imitapo eminingi inikeza ukutholakala kwemitapo yezincwadi zokucwaninga, ama-alfauth, umsebenzi, nokufunda ulimi. AmaPatron angathola lemithombo kude, 24/7, kunoma isiphi isisetshenziswa esixhumana no-intanethi, ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa imitapo yezincwadi zifinyelele ngalé kwezindongaso ezingokoqobo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuhlangana Kwamanani

Ngokuvamile amalayibhulali omphakathi awukuphela komthombo okhululekile wokungena kwe-Internet namacomputer emiphakathini egciniwe. Ngalé kokunikeza imishini kanye nokuxhumanisa, imitapo yezincwadi inikeza amakilasi obuchwepheshe, usizo olulodwa lobuchwepheshe, nezinhlelo zobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe bemishini yezibalo kuyo yonke iminyaka. Imitapo eminingi inikeza i-Wi-Fihoutpot, i-laptopy, noma ngisho nezibhebhebhe, ukusiza ekuvimbeleni ukuhlukanisa izinombolo. I-Librarian afundisa amakhono asuka ekusebenziseni i-computer ekubhaleni, esakhiweni, nakuvikela kobukhomputer. Lezi zibalulekile kubafuni bomsebenzi, abafundi, asebe, nabafundi, nabafuduki abadinga ukuhamba ngezindlela eziqhubekayo.

Izinhlelo Zomphakathi Nemfundo Yokuphila Konke

Imitapo inezinkulungwane zezinhlelo unyaka ngamunye, kusukela ezifundweni zokuqala zokufunda nokubhala nakuzo zonke izinhlelo zokufunda zasehlobo kuya kumbhali, ama-club, nemikhosi yamasiko. Zinikeza izindawo zosizo lwasekhaya ngemva kwesikole, ukulungiselela i-GED, isiNgisi njengezifundo zolimi lwesibili (ESL), nokulungisa izakhamuzi. Izinhlelo zabadala zihlanganisa izitsha zokubhala, ukunikeza iziluleko zezezimali, iziluleko zezebhizinisi, impilo, nezokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe. Amalayibhuri anikeza futhi izindawo zabanyathelisi be-3D, imishini yokubhala, imishini yokukha, imishini yokubhala, kanye namanye amathuluzi okuhlola izakhiwo okusiza ukwazi ukufunda nokuthuthukisa.

Usizo Lokucwaninga Nezinkonzo Zokubhekisa

Abaqondisi bezincwadi abangochwepheshe abanolwazi lokwaziswa. Basiza abaxhasi ukuba bathole imithombo ethembekile, bacwaninge ngesikole noma umsebenzi, bahlole okuqukethwe kuyi-intanethi futhi basebenzise ama-memoneji akhethekile. Izinkonzo ze-reference zinikezwa ngocingo, nge-imeyili, futhi ngokwandayo ngokuxoxa. Amalabhulali alondoloza futhi umlando wendawo kanye neqoqo lohlu lozalo, alondoloza ifa lomphakathi ngezinqolobane zezincwadi, izinkondlo, nezithombe ezibhalwe ngomshini.

Izindawo Zokuhlangana Nezinkonzo Zokuhlanganyela

Izincwadi eziningi zinikeza amagumbi okuhlangana mahhala noma aphansi agcinelwe amaqembu omphakathi, inzuzo, nezinhlangano zendawo. Lamakamelo ahlanganisa yonke into kusukela emihlanganweni yempi nezindawo zomphakathi kuya emibukisweni yobuciko nakuzo zonke izimemezelo zomphakathi. Amalabhulali ngokuvamile asebenza njengezindawo zokuvota, izikhungo zokuvota, nezindawo zokuvota. Anikeza indawo ekwazi ukuhlanganisa, indawo lapho amalungu omphakathi angahlangana khona, axoxe khona, futhi akhe inhloko-dolobha.

Izinkonzo Ezikhethekile

Imitapo yezincwadi eminingi iye yandisa izinkonzo zokunakekela izidingo zomphakathi ezithile.

  • [ kubafundi usizo lwasekhaya kanye nezikhungo zokufundisa
  • Sesha usizo lwe Job hlanganisa nokubukeza okuphindwayo nokweluleka ngomsebenzi
  • [[[QURT:0]] Usizo lwezentengiselwano kanye nokulungiselela intela [ usizo ngezinhlangano ezikanye nabo
  • Izinhlelo ezinempilo kanye nezinhle [ njengokuhlola umfutho wegazi kanye namakilasi okuzindla
  • Umsebenzi wobufundisi kanye nokuphuma ngaphandle kokungabikho kokhaya lapho abaqondisi bezincwadi bexhumanisa khona abaxhasi nezinkonzo zomphakathi
  • [ uppername oilder nesounds yezingane ezineminyaka engu 0-5 ubudala
  • Imisebenzi enikezwa abantu abakhubazekile kuhlanganise nezincwadi ezinkulu zokunyathelisa, ubuchwepheshe obusizayo, nokuhambisa ekhaya

Ukubaluleka Kwemitapo Yomphakathi Emiphakathini Yanamuhla

Imitapo yezincwadi yomphakathi ingaphezu nje kokuba inzuzo yomphakathi, kodwa iyisisekelo esibucayi sentando yeningi, ukulingana, nomphakathi.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukufunda Nemfundo

Imitapo yezincwadi iyisisekelo sokufunda nokubhala, kusukela ezimisweni zokufunda zisencane ezilungiselela izingane isikole kuya ezindleleni zokufundisa ezisiza abantu abadala ukuba bathuthukise amakhono abo okufunda. Ucwaningo lubonisa njalo ukuthi izingane ezihlanganyela emitatsheni yokufunda yasehlobo zigwema ukulahlekelwa futhi ziphumelele kangcono ngokwemfundo. Kubafundi babo bonke ubudala, imitapo yezincwadi inikeza izindawo zokutadisha ezithulile, umsebenzi wesikole wesihle, nokuthola imithombo yemfundo engase ingabi khona ekhaya.

Ukuvala Umehluko Wezinombolo

Kulenkathi lapho ukutholakala kwe-Internet kubalulekile khona emfundweni, emsebenzini, ekunakekeleni impilo, nasekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi, imitapo yezincwadi inendima ebalulekile ekunikezeni ubuchwepheshe obukhululekile, obulinganayo namakhono amanani. Ngokwe- Pew Research Center[, cishe i-Melika eswele indawo ebanzi ekhaya, futhi imitapo yezincwadi iwukuphela kwendawo ekwazi ukuya kuyo. Amathala asiza futhi abaphathi baqondise izinkonzo zikahulumeni, isebenzise imisebenzi, nokungena kwe-telealth ezihlelwayo ngokwandayo.

Ukusekela Intuthuko Yezomnotho Nokufunda Ngezisebenzi

Imitapo yezincwadi inengxenye kwezomnotho zendawo ngokunikeza abafuni bemisebenzi, abahwebi, namabhizinisi amancane. Banikeza ithuba lokuthola izinhlelo zebhizinisi, izinhlelo zezohwebo, namathuba okuxhumana. Abaxhasi be-Librarian basiza abaqali ukuba babhale izinkulumo, balungiselele izingxoxo, futhi bafunde amakhono amasha ngezifundo ze-inthanethi. Imitapo eminingi inezindawo zokuthuthukisa amabhizinisi nezi zinhlelo ezithuthukisa intuthuko. Ukubuya kwezomnotho emitatsheni yezincwadi yomphakathi kusukela kuR3 kuya kuR3 000 kuya kumali ngayinye echithwelwe umphakathi, kuye ngomphakathi.

Ukuhlangana Komphakathi Nokuncintisana

Izincwadi zomphakathi ziphakathi kwezindawo ezimbalwa ezisele lapho abantu babo bonke ubudala, izizinda, namazinga emali zingahlangana ngaphandle kwezindleko noma ukucindezela kwezentengiselwano. Zinikeza umuzwa wokuba khona nokuphepha, ikakhulukazi kubantu abasengozini njengasebekhulile, abafuduki, imikhaya ehliswayo ephansi, nentsha. Amathala anezigigaba ezivamile ezigubha ukuhlukahluka futhi zakha ukuqonda okunganqamuki. Zingabangane ababalulekile ekusabeleni inhlekelele, ngokuvamile basebenza njengezikhungo zokupholisa phakathi neziphepho, izikhungo eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo ezisemgangathweni, futhi basakaza amaphuzu okwaziswa phakathi neziphephothiko.

Ukugcina Umlando Wasendaweni Nempucuko

Imitapo igcina amaphephandaba omphakathi. Baqoqa futhi bagcine amaphephandaba, izithombe, umlando odluliselwa ngomlomo, amabalazwe, nezincwadi zikahulumeni. Le zincwadi zakudala ziqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zingathola ifa lomphakathi. Imitapo eminingi manje ihlanganisa le qoqo, ilenze litholakale ngokukhululekile kubacwaningi, othisha, nakumphakathi.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nemitapo Yomphakathi Namuhla

Naphezu kwendima yazo ebalulekile, imitapo yezincwadi yomphakathi ibhekana nezinselele eziningi ezisongela ikhono layo lokukhonza imiphakathi yayo ngokuphumelelayo.

Umgomo Ongathí sina Wokuhlenga Nokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Imitapo yezincwadi eminingi ihlela imali yokuhlela izicathulo, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ecindezelekile ngokomnotho. Uma ohulumeni bendawo bebhekene nemali elinganiselwe, imitapo yezincwadi ivame ukuba phakathi kokuqala ukubona ukusika. Izinga lokuhlenga ngamahora, izisebenzi, nezinhlelo zempahla zithinta isilinganiso senkonzo kanye nokutholakala kwayo ngokuqondile. Ngisho naphakathi nezikhathi eziphambili zezomnotho, imali exhasa imitapo yezincwadi ayivamile ukuhambisana nokuncipha kwamandla emali noma izidingo zomphakathi okhulayo.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Ezisheshayo Nezidingo Zamanani

Imitapo yezincwadi kumele iqhubeke itshala iteknoloji entsha [1] kusukela kumacomputer anamuhla nakuyi-inthanethi enepesenti eliphezulu kuya kuma-techtrupt abonisa i-minumetics(*), kanti izisebenzi eziqeqeshayo nabaxhasi ukuze bayisebenzise. Izindleko zemitapo kanye nezinto eziqoqiwe emitatsheni ngokuvamile ziphakeme kakhulu kunezindawo zokuthenga, ukucindezela ukuqoqa imali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaxhasi balindele ukuba imitapo yezincwadi ihambisane nezimiso zamuva zemishini, ibangele ukucindezela kokuthola imithombo elinganiselwe.

Ukuncintisana Nemithombo Yezindaba Nezindaba Ezingalungile

Ukwanda kwezinkonzo, imibhoshongo emikhulu, nezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo okunenzuzo. Nakuba imitapo yezincwadi iye yazivumelanisa ngokuboleka inombolo, ibhekene nokuncintisana namapulatifomu ezentengiselwano anikeza ukufinyelela ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwezindawo ezikhohliswayo kuyi-intanethi kudinga imishini emisha emisha efuna amakhono okwazi ukufunda, isiza abaxhasi ukuba bahlukanise imithombo ethembekile kokuqukethwe yikho noma okudukisayo.

Izinkinga Zokusebenza Nezokuzigcina Uzikhumbula

Izincwadi zenkululeko, njengemisebenzi eminingi yenkonzo yomphakathi, ibhekene nezinselele zeholo eliphansi ngokuphathelene nemfundo, ukutubeka, nobunzima obukhanga iziphiwo ezihlukahlukene. Lomqedazwe wabhebhethekisa lezindaba njengoba abalayishi besingatha isidingo esengeziwe sezinkonzo zemishini, izinkathazo zokuphepha, nemithetho yempilo yomphakathi eshintshashintshayo. Izisebenzi eziningi zasemtatsheni ziye zabika ukucindezeleka okukhulu nokujika, okungathinta ukuqhubekeka kwenkonzo nobungako.

Izidingo Nezindima Zomphakathi Ezixazululayo

Imitapo yezincwadi icelwa ngokwandayo ukuba igcwalise amagebe ashiywe ezinye izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle − ukunikeza izindawo ezifudumele, ukusekela impilo, ukuthatha indawo yokuhlala engenamakhaya, kanye nemithombo yokuluthwa yiyo. Lokhu kwandiswa kwezindima kudingekile kodwa kunganweba izisebenzi nezimali ezilinganiselwe kakade. Abaxhasi benkululeko abazona izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle, kodwa ngokuvamile basebenza njengezisebenzi zokuqala ezisizayo ezinkingeni zomphakathi. Ukuqeqesha nokusekela lemisebenzi enwetshiwe kuyimfuneko kodwa ngokuvamile kuyantuleka.

Ukucabanga Okungafanele Nokuvaleka Kwamathambo

Naphezu kweminikelo yabo emikhulu, abantu abaningi basabheka imiqondo ephelelwe yisikhathi yemitapo yezincwadi njengezindawo zokugcina izincwadi. Lokhu kuphambanisa kungaholela ekuncipheni futhi kubangele ukuba kungangeni kahle. Imitapo yezincwadi kumelwe ithengise izinkonzo zayo ngenkuthalo futhi ibonise ukubaluleka kwayo ngemiphumela engenakulungiseka ukuze ilondoloze ukusekela okuqhubekayo kwemali nokusekela komphakathi.

Ikusasa Lemitapo Yezincwadi Yomphakathi: Ukuzivumelanisa Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Ithala lezincwadi lomphakathi alinyamalalanga; liyajikeleza. Umqedazwe ushesha kakhulu ngezinkonzo ze-minuber, izinhlelo zangaphandle, kanye nokuboleka ngaphandle. Imitapo eminingi manje inikeza inqola e-fricker, izinhlelo ze-intanethi, kanye nokubhekisa ulwazi ngokwayo. Umqondo "wemvume njengendawo" usungulwa ukuba uhlanganise izindawo zokuzenzela izinto, izimboni zezokuxhumana, izindawo zomphakathi eziguquguqukayo. Imitapo yesikhathi esizayo isebenza njengendawo yokuhlanganisa izakhamuzi, izikhungo, izikhungo, nezikhungo zemfundo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlala isikhathi eside.

Ukuze iphumelele, imitapo yezincwadi kumelwe iqhubeke ihlela imali exhasayo, yakha ubuhlobo bomphakathi, futhi ilinganise ithonya layo ngokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okuthinta abaxhasi bezimali nabakhi bezimiso. Imizamo yokuphatha izimpahla zendawo, kuhulumeni, nakumazwe iyaqhubeka ibalulekile ekutholeni imithombo edingekayo. Umphakathi futhi ufeza indima ethile: ukusebenzisa izinkonzo zomtapo, ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni, nokusekela ukuxhasa ukuxhaswa kwemitapo yezincwadi kusiza ukuba lezi zikhungo zihlale zinamandla futhi zifinyeleleke ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Isiphetho

Izincwadi zomphakathi zixhaswa ngemithombo yendawo eyinkimbinkimbi, yesifundazwe, ye-othorial, neyomphakathi. Zinikeza okungaphezulu kakhulu kwezincwadi . Ziyizikhungo zokuthola imvume ngemishini, imfundo, impucuko, nokuhlobana nomphakathi. Naphezu kwezinselele ezinkulu njengokusekela ukuntengantenga kwezimali, izimfuno zobuchwepheshe, nokusebenzisa izinkonzo zomphakathi, imitapo yezincwadi izama futhi iqhubeke inikeza izinkonzo ezidingekayo ezikhuthaza ukufunda nokubhala, ukuhlanganisa i-ecredial, i-ecommostor, noma ukujabulela indawo yokufunda yomphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuthi imitapo yezincwadi isekelwe kanjani futhi ihamba kanjani ingubo engcono kakhulu, imitapo yomphakathi engahlangabezana nezidingo zelungu ngalinye lomphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uboleka izincwadi, uhlala eshabhusayindaywe, usebenzisa i-computer, noma ujabulela nje indawo yokuhlola i-yo yonke indawo yomphakathi, ukuvakashela kwakho inzuzo.