Ukuqonda Usongo Olukabili Esimisweni Esingokomthetho SaseMelika

Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili singenye yesivikelo esihlala njalo emthetho wobugebengu waseMelika. Sisekelwe esiGuqulweni Sesihlanu kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., simemezela ukuthi akukho muntu ozobekwa engozini efanayo yokufa noma isitho somthetho wecala. I-“, ivikeleka uhulumeni ukuba angammangaleli umuntu ngemva kwesigwebo sokugcina i-̬ i-agnomet-roucle. Nakuba umqondo ungabonakala uqondile, ukusebenza kwayo kuphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphathelene nokulunga, ukugcina, nemingcele yesimo samandla.

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayiwona nje umthetho ovamile; ihlanganisa inani eliyinhloko lomphakathi onobulungisa: ukuthi umbuso awunakusebenzisa imithombo yawo emikhulu ukuze uhlukumeze, ukhathale, noma ujezise othile ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokona okuthiwa kuyasebenza. Ukuqonda indlela lesivikelo esisebenza ngayo, imvelaphi yaso engokomlando, nokuhluka kwaso kwanamuhla kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda umthetho wobugebengu noma ofuna ukuqonda ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni namalungelo omuntu siqu.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yengozi Embaxa - mbili

Umqondo wokuthi umuntu akufanele azame kabili icala elifanayo ngaphambi komthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Umthetho waseRoma wasendulo wawunezinguqulo zesimiso, futhi wamiswa ngokuqinile emthethweni wesiNgisi ngesikhathi seNguquko yaseMelika. Umthetho wesiNgisi ovamile debet bis bear pro e et eadem causa[ (akekho okufanele uqhutshwe kabili ngesizathu esisodwa) wathonya ukucabanga okungokomthetho kwasekuqaleni kwaseMelika.

Ababhishobhi baletha lesisimiso nabo, futhi imithetho-sisekelo eminingi kahulumeni yahlanganisa izigaba eziphindwe kabili zengozi ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe i-Bill of Rights kahulumeni. UJames Madison ’ isiphakamiso sokuqala seSichibiyelo sesihlanu esivikelwe ngokucacile ekubeni yi-#8220; ibekwe engozini yokuphila noma isitho se-” ngecala elifanayo. Lolulimi lwamukelwa ngempikiswano encane, lubonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kokuthi uhulumeni akumelwe uvunyelwe ukuba ulwele izakhamuzi phakade.

I - Constitution Foundation: Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Nokungavumelani

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu ’ i - Double Divicty Claus ithi:

[[I-FLT:0] “ nomuntu uyakuba yisici esifanayo ukuze abekwe kabili engozini yokuphila noma isitho. ”[[FL:1]

Le nkulumo ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Kwakuze kube yiNkantolo ePhakeme ̱ isinqumo ku Bhenton v. Maryland (169) lapho isivikelo sengozi ephindwe kabili safakwa khona kuhulumeni nge-ST Process Clause yeSigqizo se-14. Namuhla, bobabili ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni baboshwe ngomthetho oyinhloko ofanayo.

Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sihlanganisa nezimo ezintathu ezingafani: (1) ukuquliswa kwecala lesibili ngemva kokulahlwa, (2) ukumangalelwa kwesibili ngecala elifanayo ngemva kokuqiniseka, kanye (3) nesijeziso esiphindaphindiwe secala elifanayo elibekwe phambili. Nokho, incazelo eqondile ye ̴ icala elifanayo i̵ iye yaba yindaba yokubekwa kwecala okukhulu.

I - jeoparding Ihlanganiswa Nini?

Umbuzo oyinhloko embusweni ophindwe kabili womthetho uwukuthi i-#8220;jeopardity ̵ empeleni iqala. Ekuqulweni kwecala, izingozi zikhona lapho ijaji libekwa futhi lifungwe. Ecaleni lebhentshi, linamathela lapho ufakazi wokuqala efukwa. Ezenzweni zobusha, ukulimala kuhambisana lapho inkantolo iqala ukuzwa ubufakazi. Uma ingozi ihlangene, ummangalelwa angacela isivikelo ekumangalelweni kwesibili ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe inqaba.

Uma ingozi ingahlangani ne ̬ ngokwesibonelo, uma icala lixoshwa ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli bafungele i̬ ukuqulwa kwecala kamuva akuvinjelwa. Ngokufanayo, uma ummangalelwa enxusa isiqinisekiso ngokuphumelelayo futhi ethola icala elisha, ingozi ayikuvimbeli ukuqulwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi ummangalelwa walahla isivikelo ngokufuna ukubukezwa.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezivikelwa Ngayo Inkolelo - ze Ekabili

Isimiso esiyingozi kabili sifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi edlula ukuvimbela ukuqulwa kwecala kwesibili.

Ukugcina Nokuvalwa

Uma isinqumo sesikhishwe i-— inecala noma ingabi necala i-— indaba kufanele ixazululwe. Ukugcina kufanele kusizwe abamangalelwa, izisulu, nomphakathi uwonke. Ngaphandle kwayo, uhulumeni ungaqhubeka emangalela umuntu ngokungenasiphelo, ekhipha imithombo enzima futhi ebangela ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi i-#820; umbuso onemicebo yonke namandla awo akufanele uvunyelwe ukwenza imizamo ephindaphindwayo yokubeka isigwebo kumuntu, ngaleyondlela umphoxeke izindleko, izindleko nobunzima. ([#821:1;[FL:]]] u-Greenturic. , United States [12FLD:1], 1957]).

Ukuvimbela Ukuhlasela Kukahulumeni Ngokweqile

Isivikelo esiphindwe kabili esiyingozi sisebenza njengesehlo kumandla abashushisi. Uma abashushisi bengase banqande ummangalelwa ngemva kokulahlwa ngenxa nje yokuthi abavumelani nejaji i-’ izinqumo, uhulumeni angaziguqula ngokuphumelelayo izinqumo zamajaji ngaphandle kokulandela inqubo yokunxusa. Lokhu kungalulaza indima yamajaji njengabatholi bamacala futhi kwakhiwe isimiso sokuqulwa kwecala ngokuqhubekayo.

Imithombo Yokwahlulela Egciniwe

Ngokunqabela ukuphindeka kokwahlulela ngemva kokwahlulela kokugcina, ingozi ephindwe kabili ithuthukisa ukusetshenziswa okunempumelelo kwesimiso sobulungisa futhi inqanda ukuthenga noma ukuhlukunyezwa uhulumeni.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuphenyisisa

Njengoba bazi ukuthi bathola ithuba elilodwa kuphela lokuthola imvume yokuthola isigwebo, abashushisi banikezwa ithuba lokulungiselela amacala abo ngokucophelela futhi banikeze bonke ubufakazi obutholakalayo lapho kuqulwa icala.

I-#8220; Same Offense ̵ Ukuhlola: Imoto nengalé

Impikiswano ephakanyiswe kakhulu emthetho oyingozi kabili inquma ukuthi yini eyakha i-“ icala elifanayo. ̵ iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukuhlolwa kokulawula i-hitburger v. i-United States[ (1932]): uma umthetho ngamunye ufuna ubufakazi bengxenye engafunwa yinye, iwumacala ahlukene, futhi ukuqulwa okulandelanayo akuvinjelwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, ummangalelwa ophanga ibhange futhi osebenzisa isibhamu phakathi nokuphanga angase abekwe icala ngokuphanga ebhange nangokusebenzisa isibhamu ngobugebengu bobudlova. Ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kweBlockburger, lokhu kuhlukene ngenxa yokuthi okungenani esinye isici singenaso esinye (isitho sesibhamu asikho eMthethweni wokuphanga, futhi isibhamu asidingeki ekumangalelweni ngezikhali). Nokho, iNkanto ePhakathi ikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kweBlockburger kuwumthetho wokuchaza umthetho wemithetho, hhayi umthetho we-̬ i-glastutionsss ingachaza ukuthi ubugebengu obuhlukene ngisho noma bephumelela ukuhlolwa okufanayo.

Kamuva izenzakalo zalungisa ukuhlaziywa. Grady v. Corbin (1990), iNkantolo yasebenzisa i-“ ukuziphatha okufanayo ̵ ukuhlolwa, kodwa leso sinqumo sabekwa umthetho [ku- United States v. Dixon [1993], eyabuyela kuvivinyo lwe-Blockburger njengendinganiso. Namuhla, izinkantolo zincike kakhulu ku-Blockburger, futhi zangeniswa ngokuhlaziya izinhloso zomthetho ne-exazululo (iss'uclusion).

Okuhlukile EMthethweni Kabili Wengozi

Naphezu kobukhulu bayo, ingozi ephindwe kabili ayisebenzi ezimweni eziningana ezibalulekile.

Ukubusa Okuhlangene (Izikhulu Ezivelele)

Mhlawumbe okuphawuleka kakhulu i-“ ababusi abahlukene abango-#821; imfundiso. Ngaphansi kwalomthetho, uhulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni ngamunye ubhekwa njengozimele abahlukene. Ngakho - ke, isenzo esisodwa singaphula kokubili umthetho kahulumeni nowombuso, futhi umbusi ngamunye angammangalela ummangalelwa ngaphandle kokubangela ingozi ephindwe kabili.

Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ophanga ibhange elisemthethweni eGeorgia angamangalelwa yikho kokubili uhulumeni wase-U.S. kanye nezwe laseGeorgia. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa lemfundiso ngokuphinda igcona v. United States [2029], ilahle izimpikiswano zokuthi abamangaleli ababili bajezisa icala elifanayo. Abagxeki baphikisa umoya wokulahlekelwa ngokuphindwe kabili, kodwa uyaqhubeka ululaza umthetho obekwe kahle.

Ngokufanayo, umuntu angaquliswa izifunda ezimbili ezihlukene ngesenzo esifanayo uma zephula zombili izifundazwe i - ’ imithetho, nakuba amacala anjalo eyivelakancane futhi ngokuvamile elinganiselwe ngemigqa ehlangene.

Amaphutha

Uma icala liphela lapho kuqulwa icala elingalungile ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelelwe isahlulelo, ingozi ingase inganqandeli ukuqulwa kokwesibili. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kwabangelwa yini yi-#8220; kuyimfuneko i-̵ (njenge-jaji elilengiwe, ukugula kwejaji, noma iphutha eliyisisekelo) noma ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi okuhloselwe ukubangela ummangalelwa ukuba acele isigwebo esingafanele. Uma imiphumela yokuzilungisa ivela ku-’ ukuhamba noma imvume, ngokuvamile imvume ivunyelwe ngaphandle kokuba umshushisi asebenze ngokholo olubi.

Ukukhanga Kukahulumeni

I-Vibill Jeopardy Claus ayiwunqabeli uhulumeni ukuba asuse ukulahla izikhalo (njengokuvuma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokucindezela ubufakazi) noma ngokukhanga isinqumo sokugweba. Nokho, uhulumeni angase angadlulisi icala lokulahlwa, ngisho noma kusekelwe esinqumweni esinephutha esingokomthetho, ngoba ummangalelwa usebekwe engozini kakade futhi watholakala engenacala. Uma nje isinqumo sokuvala icala singena, singesokugcina futhi asinakubuyiselwa.

Izindawo Eziphinde Zatholakala Ngemva Kokudluliswa Kokukhanga

Uma ummangalelwa edlulisa isiqinisekiso futhi ethola ukubuyiselwa, uhulumeni uvame ukuvunyelwa ukuba alungise icala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ummangalelwa u-#8220;waived ̵ isivikelo esiphindwe kabili ngokufuna ukuqulwa okusha. Nokho, kukhona okuhlukile: uma ukuvunyelwa kushintshwa ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele (ukuthola ukuthi akukho qiniso elinengqondo eliphelele elitholakele ummangalelwa enecala), izingozi eziphindwe kabili ze-partment ngenxa yokuthi ukubuyiselwa komthetho kulingana nokwephulwa.

Umphumela Wengozi Ekabili EMthethweni Wanamuhla

Ingozi ephindwe kabili iyaqhubeka ifeza indima ebalulekile emacaleni aphakeme nayinkimbinkimbi. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwahlolwa emacaleni obuphekula, ebugebengwini obumhlophe, nasemacala ahilela abamangalelwa abaningi namacala ahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuhlasela kuka-9/11, uhulumeni wafuna ukuqulisa abantu kokubili ezinkantolo zesizwe nasezinkantolo zezempi, waphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nezingozi eziphindwe kabili nobukhosi obumbaxambili.

Enye impikiswano yanamuhla ihilela ukuqulwa kwecala okulandelanayo kwezwe nohulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo okuyisisekelo. Imfundiso ehlukene yabalawuli ivumela kokubili, kodwa abacusumbuli bayiphikisa ngokuthi yenza uhulumeni acushwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ayibonisanga sithakazelo sokuthatha i-gamble kakhulu, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi ziyaqhubeka zicwengisisa imingcele, ikakhulukazi lapho iziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni zihlangana kakhulu khona noma lapho ukuqulwa komthetho owodwa kuyi-“ i-sham 𔄣 ukubalekela i-Reopardy Claus Claus.

Ubufakazi be-DNA kanye nezimo ezibandayo ziye zaphakamisa futhi izindaba eziphindiwe zezingozi. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho evumela ukuqulwa kwecala ngemva kokuvela kobufakazi obusha be-DNA, kodwa imithetho enjalo iphikisana nomthetho ongokwesiko wokuthi ukulahlwa kuyinto yokugcina. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikawulawuli umthetho-sisekelo wanjalo i-#820; i-Astemplist ̵ imithetho yokuhlola i-DNA, ishiyela ukuvuleka kwempikiswano yenselele esikhathini esizayo.

Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Nakuba izingozi ezimbaxambili zihlonishwa kabanzi, azinakuba abagxeki. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi imfundiso ehlukile yababusi kufanele iphinde ithathwe ngoba ivumela uhulumeni ukuba agweme ngokuphumelelayo u-gamethi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa okufanayo kobuphekula kumane kuwukweqisa futhi uhluleka ukuthatha ubuqiniso bemithetho ehlukene ejezisa ukuziphatha okufanayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ophanga kanye angamangalelwa ngokuqulwa okukhulu kwe ̬ ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela, ukukhokha ngezikhali, ukuphatha izidakamizwa, njll. ̬ uma imithetho eminingi yephulwa. Nakuba icala ngalinye lingadlula ukuhlolwa kweBlockburger, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umphumela ogcwele ulingana nesijeziso esiningi sesenzo esifanayo esiyisisekelo. INkantolo iphethe ukuthi i-Double Jeopardy Claus azibavimbi izishaya - mthetho ezibophweni eziningi zokuqulwa kwecala elilodwa, kodwa ivala isigwebo esiphindaphindiwe.

Enye indawo yempikiswano ihilela ukulahlekelwa izinto zomphakathi nokulahlekelwa imali yokujeziswa. Inkantolo ePhakeme iphethe ukuthi ukulahlwa akuvuli njalo izingozi eziphindwe kabili, kodwa uma isijeziso siyisijeziso sokukhipha isijeziso sobugebengu, kungavinjelwa ngemva kweselelesi esilahliwe noma isiqinisekiso ( United States v.Ursery[FLD:1], 1996).

Isiphetho

Izingozi ezimbili zihlala ziyisisekelo sobulungisa baseMelika bobugebengu, zivikela izakhamuzi ekungalungini okuyisisekelo kokuqulwa ubugebengu obufanayo. Kunikeza ukugcinwa, ukuncishiswa kombuso kahulumeni, futhi kuhloniphe ubuqotho besinqumo sabahluleli. Nokho lemfundiso ayiphelele; ngaphandle kokuba ubukhosi obubodwa kanye nokungalungisi okungavumelani nezimo ezithile. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha ezingokomthetho ziphakama ngenxa yobugebengu obuye bathuthukiswa ngobufakazi obungokwesiko i̬ izikhonso zomthetho kumelwe zilinganisele umbono wokuqala womthetho kanye namaqiniso obugebengu banamuhla.

Ukuqonda izingozi ezimbili kubalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo emthethweni-mthethweni, eqenjini lomthetho-mthetho, noma ekuvikeleni amalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, bheka Cornell Legional Information Institute ̱ ukucubungula ngengozi ephindwe kabili[, U.S. izinkantolo ezifundisayo [, kanye neNkakhulu iNkantolo & #817; umbono [[FLT:] United States v. Discove] (1993)[FLT:] [FLT]]