Ukunikeza amalungelo kwakha itshe eliqinile lokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, kodwa ukusebenzisa lawomalungelo kusetshenziswa kakhulu imithetho emiswa uhulumeni ngamunye. Kusukela esikhathini lapho isakhamuzi sibhalisa ukuvota ukuzithoba kokugcina komphathi, imithetho kahulumeni inquma ukusheshisa, ukulondeka, nokungahlangani kwenqubo. Ukuqonda lemithetho akuyona nje ebalulekile kubavoti kuphela kodwa nakubafundisi abalungiselela abafundi ukungenela ngokusemthethweni okhethweni. Njengoba isizwe sizama ukumelana nokukhomba kokhetho nokungena, ukuhlola okucacile kokuthi imithetho yombuso ithonya kanjani ukuvota, izindlela zokuvota, izindlela zokuvota, futhi ukuguqula indawo yonke kwembula iveza isihluthulelo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesingathandekiyo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindawo lapho umthetho uhulumeni uhlangana khona nokuhlanganyela nokuhlanganyela kwezimiso zezelule imiphumela engcono.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokunikeza Imithetho Kahulumeni

Umthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. unikeza igunya elibanzi "ngezikhathi, izindawo, nangendlela" yokhetho lukahulumeni, kuphela ngaphansi kokuhlelwa kwesivumelwano nokuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo okunqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo. Lesi simiso esihloniphekile sisho ukuthi amalungelo okuvota angahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi umuntu uhlalaphi. ISivumelwano samaLungelo sombuso ka-1965, iNational Voter Religiodition Act (NVRA), kanye neHelight America Vote Act (HA) imisa imithetho eyisisekelo yesisekelo sesisekelo sombuso, kodwa isho ukuthi iyakwazi ukuqasheka kakhulu ekufezeni. Njengomphumela, isakhamuzi esifanayo singabhekana nezithiyo noma izinto ezihlukene kakhulu lapho siweqa umngcele wezwe. I-Bren Centerternalcerrup ye-headertivel, yenza ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ehluliwe ngokulandelanayo yeze ngokwezimo-mthetho. [F.] [F.] ku-Ernstnamesmentine yemithetho ewubonisa umphumela we-Exmomentine.] — Intentimo

Imithetho KaHulumeni Elawula Umthetho

Ukubhalisa i-voter kuvame ukuba yisithiyo sokuqala esakhamuzi esihlanganayo, futhi imithetho kahulumeni ilawula cishe zonke izici zenqubo. Ukushelela umuntu angangena ngakho erobholeni kuthonya ukuthi angake aphonse i-collat yini. Phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, iziteshi ezimbili ezihlukene: ezinye ziye zamukela izinguquko ezithi imingcele ephansi, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zabeka imingcele eyandisayo.

Ukubhalisa i Voter okuzenzekelayo (AVR)

Ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, manje kusendaweni esemazweni angaphezu kwamashumi amabili no-Oregon yaseColumbia, kufaka i-spectry: esikhundleni sokufuna izakhamuzi ukuba zibhalise, umbuso ubhalisa abantu abafanelekayo ngokuzenzekelayo lapho usebenzelana nezinhlangano ezinjenge-Derter Vehicles. Amazwe anjenge-Oregon, aphayona i-AVR ngo-2016, abona amazinga okubhalisa futhi anyuke kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo eziphansi ezingokomlando. NgokweNgqungquthela yesizwe ye- yeSizwe ye-Oglatures (NCSL)[FL:1], AVR ayithathi nje kuphela izigidi zabavociweyo kodwa ithuthukisa ukuneka kwezinhlu zokuvota ngokususa amarekhodi aphelelwe isikhathi. Nokho, inqubo yokuphikisa encintisanayo ephakathini elandela izingozini emisha.

Indlela I - AVR Esebenza Ngayo

Uma isakhamuzi sisebenzisa noma sivuselela ilayisensi yomshayeli, ukwaziswa okuthengiselwayo kudluliselwa ngemishini ezikhulwini zokukhetha ngaphandle kokuba umuntu akhethe. Ezinye zisebenzisa "isiphelo semuva" isimiso sokhetho lapho umvoti athola khona iposikadi eneziqondiso zokunqaba ukubhalisa; ezinye zidinga imvume esebenzayo phakathi nentengiselwano. Ukukhetha kwesibonelo kungathinta kakhulu inani labavoti abafakiwe. Ucwaningo oluvela [ku- Ucwaningo lwesikhungo sokucwaninga [[ lubonisa ukuthi izinqubo zokubhalisa ezingemva kwezimiso zokubhalisa ziveza amazinga aphakeme okubhalisa kodwa futhi lubangela ukuba kube nengxoxo yasobala ngokuphathelene yimfihlo nemvume.

Ukubhalisa kosuku olufanayo (SDR)

Abasekeli be-SDR baphikisa ngokuthi i-SDR iqeda imingcele yokubhalisa esemthethweni engahlula abavoti abangakwazi ukubhalisa futhi bavote ngosuku olufanayo, phakathi nokuvota kwasekuqaleni noma nge-Ecostation Day. Okwamanje, cishe izifundazwe ezingamashumi amabili nanye ne-Columbia inikeza umbiko wezinga elithile lokungaguquguquki kakhulu kunalezo ezingaphandle, ngokwanda kwesilinganiso kwenani lokubhaliswa okungahlula i-SDR. Nokho, njengokusho kwe-Texas kanye ne-Georgia baye balahla i-SDR, beveza izikhalo mayelana nokukhomba nokukhohlisa nokuphatha.

Ukubhalisa nge - Internet

Manje amazwe acishe abe ngu-40 anikeza ukubhalisa nge-inthanethi, inguquko enciphisa amaphepha okuvota namaphutha. Isimiso sivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqede amafomu okubhalisa, amakheli okuvuselela, kanye nokushintsha amalungu eqembu ngetheku elilondekile. Izifunda ezasungula ukubhalisa nge-intanethi zathola isilinganiso semali egciniwe elinganiselwa ku-R3,50 ngentengo uma iqhathaniswa nokuhlelwa kwephepha, nokuphinde kubhaliswe phakathi nokhetho oluphezulu. Noma kunjalo izikhala zikhona: izifunda zidinga ilayisensele yomshayeli esemthethweni noma i-ID kahulumeni ukuze ziqede ifomu ye-intanethi, engavimba izakhamuzi ngaphandle kokuzichaza.

Izindawo Ezifile Nezingadiliziwe

Inkathi yokubhalisa phambi kokhetho ngokwayo isukela kuSuku lokukhetha eSDR ngokwayo kuya ezinsukwini ezingu-30 ngaphambi kwezifundazwe njengeTexas neTennessee. Izinsuku ze-TY zingavimbela ukuthatha igalelo phakathi kwenani labantu abangagadiwe kakhulu noma abahambayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphawula ukuthi kugcinwa kohlu lwezikhathi ezithile ukuze kususwe abavoti abangenakukhokhwa — labo abaye bathutha, bafa, noma balahlwa icala le-fe. Nakuba i-NVRA idinga izinqubo ezilungile neziqondile, amaqembu amaqembu alwa ngobudlova axwayisa ngokuthi ukuxoshwa ngephutha kungasusa ivoti e-voti. Umbiko we-2019 ka-CLL [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] wabhalwa eGeorgia nase-Ohiohiouah [i] izenzakalo eziphambili zokhetho zikhiswe ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba kunyulwe, ukuviswa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ukulondoloza kuyaqhubeka.

Ukuhlukanisa Izimfuneko Zokuhlukanisa: Ukuhlukanisa Okujulile

Zimbalwa izindawo zomthetho wokhetho eziphikiswa kakhulu kunezimfuneko zokhetho (ID). Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho we-ID eqinile ka-Indiana Crawford v. Marion County County Board , inani lezifunda ezinezimfuneko ze-ID yezithombe eziqinile liye lakhula lafinyelela cishe eshumini, kuyilapho ezinye eziyishumi zinemithetho eqinile engekho-mfashini. Izifunda ezisele zisebenzisa isignesha noma imfuneko ye-ID yakho konke. Umehluko phakathi kwemithetho eqinile neyoyehlayo ungaba umehluko phakathi kokuvota futhi ujiswe.

Izinhlobo Ze -ID Yamukelekayo

I-ID yezithombe eziphindwayo ivuma kuphela uphawu lwezithombe zikahulumeni: amalayisense okushayela, amapass, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ama-ID ezempi. Ama-ID abafundi basekholiji ngokuvamile ayalahlwa ngaphandle kokuba ahlangabezane nezilinganiso ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, eTexas, ilayisense yesibhamu esifihliwe yamukeleka, kodwa i-ID yomfundi yaseyunivesithi yezwe ayimukeleki. Le mishini i-hiteriass ithinta kakhulu intsha evotayo, abantu abanombala, futhi abathola abantu abangaphansi kakhulu abangawatholi amabhukwana adingekayo. Isifundo sika-2017 se-R17 esivela ku- I-Governmental Accobuxation Office [FLT]] ithola ukuthi imithetho eqinile yokuvota incitshiswe kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso sesi-2, nama-3 encipheshane.

Izinhlelo Ze - ID Ezikhululekile Nokulinganiselwa Kwazo

I-ID eningi inikeza i-ID yamavota yamahhala ezakhamuzi ezingenazo ezinye izinhlobo zokuzichaza. Nokho, ukuthola lama-ID kungadinga uhambo oluphindaphindiwe oluya e-DMV noma ehhovisi lokhetho, ukunikeza amabhukwana anjengezitifiketi zokuzalwa noma amakhadi e-Social Security abonisa ukuthi abanye abavoti abangazange bawathole kalula. Uphenyo lwama-2020 lwamakhadi [abo bonke abavoti Shyington Post[[ [inxax] Ingxenye encane kakhulu ye-omati efanelekayo ethola ama-ID, isikisela ukuthi izinhlelo zezinhlelo azikhokhwakhwa ngokukhululekileyo zihluleka ukuvala igebeyi. Izinselele ezingokomthetho ezinjenge-North Carolina ne-Wisconsian ziye zaveza ukuthi imithetho enjalo enqabelayo entengo yokukhotho, kusukela ekubiza imali ephansi kwezincwadi ezivamile ukuthola imali.

Umphumela Wokwanda Kwezindiza

Umbiko wezososayensi bezombangazwe umbiko wokuthi umphumela womphumela wonke wemithetho ye-ID ogciniwe uphansi kodwa ugxiliwe. Ukuhlolwa kwa 2019 [ku- uMthetho wokhetho iJournal waphetha ngokuthi imithetho ye-ID eqinile inciphisa ukuvinjelwa phakathi kwabavoti ababhalisweyo cishe cishe cishe cishe ngamaphesenti amabili, kodwa phakathi kwemiphumela engabhaliwe noma engaxhunyiwe kakhulu imiphumela. Imithetho futhi icindezela ukuhlanganyela ezindaweni eziqashisayo nasesabeni, lapho iziphakamiso zendawo zilinganiselwe khona. Njengoba izishayamthetho zikahulumeni ziqhubeka ziletha izimfuneko ezintsha, impikiswano zihlala zishubile, nabasekeli bezokunxusa izinkantolo ukuba zilinganise imithwalo yemithwane yokukhwakhwaza ngokukhwaba okunga okungangokokwenziwa kakhulu.

Izindlela Zokusakaza Nokufinyelela: Nge-Person, Phambili, nangokuqala

Imithetho yoMbuso ayinqumeli nje kuphela indlela abavoti ababhalisa ngayo futhi bafaka ngayo isikhombi kodwa futhi nendlela abafaka ngayo i-collet. Izindlela ezihlukahlukene — ku-person ngoSuku Lokhetho, ekuqaleni kokuvota, nokuvota okungekhoyo — ngayinye ilawulwa ngemithetho ekhethekile evumela ukuvota nokuhlanganyela.

Ukusakaza Ngeposi Ngosuku Lokhetho

Usuku lokuvota lusalokhu luyindlela evame kakhulu, kodwa imithetho kahulumeni ngokuphathelene nokuhlola indawo, izindawo, futhi ulinde izikhathi ezihlukene kakhulu. Izwe elinezindawo ezimbalwa zokuhlola kumuntu ngamunye, njenge-Arizona neGeorgia, liye lathola imigqa emide kakhulu kukhetho lwamuva, ngezinye izikhathi edlula amahora amahlanu. Izindawo zokuvota zidlula ama 2020 UMqulu we-Mqulumo ne-Science Lab[FLT] I-FLT ukuhlola ukuthi ilindele izikhathi ezihlukene kakhulu nezindawo zokuvota kanye nemishini yokuvota ebhavwini. Izindawo ezisika izindawo ezibhaliweyo zivame ukunqamula izindleko noma ukuhlangana — ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasedolobeni nasezindaweni ezimbalwa. I-Volctive Active ivimbela ushintsho lwezimendementsssss ezisekwenyuke kakhulu, kodwa i-201362] kodwa i-Coutectives.[fternated provings]

Ukukhiqiza Indawo Etholakalayo

Ngaphansi kwe-Melika enoMthetho wokukhubazeka, zonke izindawo zokuhlola kumelwe zitholakale kubavoti abakhubazekile. Nokho, ukuvumelana kuyahlukahluka. Izingosi eziningi zokuvota zakudala, njengamasonto noma izikhungo zomphakathi, zintula imishini yokuvota efinyelelwayo. Imithetho yoMbuso efuna ukutholakala ngokomzimba iphoqelelwa kuphela ngezikhalo, futhi abameleli babika ukuthi izinkulungwane zezindawo zokuhlola zihlala zingangeni ndawo. Phakathi nokhetho lwama-2020, .S.U.S.I-EFAURCENT COMY[[] yaphawula ukwanda kwezikhalo olungu 12% ezikhalo zokufinyelela kubantu abahlwiyizwayo ngesifo.

Kuqala Esontweni

Ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifake amavoti ngaphambi koSuku Lokhetho, zinciphise izintambo futhi zivumelane nezimo. Inani lezinsuku zokuqala zokuvota liyahluka kusukela ezinsukwini ezintathu kwezinye amazwe kuya kwezingaphezu kuka-45 kwezinye. Izwe elinjengoTexas ne Florida linikeza izikhathi zokuvota ezibanzi zakudala, kanti i-Alabama neConnecticut ayinazo. Ukucwaninga kulokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuvota kwakuqala kwanda ngokuzithoba, kodwa imiphumela yako ikhulunyelwe kakhulu amaqembu anezimiso eziqinile, njengezisebenzi ezishishishiwe nabagcini. Nokho, amanye amazwe asanda kunciphisa amahora okuvota angaphambili noma anciphisa inani lezindawo zokuvota, izenzo eziye zahlola ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kwezinhloso ze-Vogation Act.

Ukuthumela Iposi Nokuthumela Iposi

Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 uguqule ukuvota iposi ngokufuna izicelo zeposi ezingcono ngokuzibeka endaweni engcono, njengoba amazwe anweba ngokushesha ukuvota. Nokho, inkathi yangemva kwe-pandemic iye yabona i-pacesclash: izifundamashi eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-Georgia no-Iowa, ziye zaqinisa imithetho yokuvota ngokufuna izicelo zokuvota okungekho, ukubeka amafasitela angaphansi, nokubekela imingcele amafasitela angaphambili. Awamanje u-NCLD ibonisa ukuthi manje ama-35 awenqabela ukuvota okuvota okungekho ekhaya, kuyilapho izingxoxo eziqhubekayo zidinga izaba ezingokomthetho njengokugula noma ukuhamba. Inkulumo eqhubekayo ezisayinwayo ehleliwe kakhulu. [FLTY] [FLLL] [ithrognethiwe ibhola elikhuphulwe ngenhlanhla se-20]

Ibhola Lokwehlisa Amabhokisi

I-collet elondekile inikeza amabhokisi okungasetshenziswa ngokungcono eposini, kodwa ukuba khona kwawo manje sekungaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni ngokwesifundazwe. Ngo-2020, njengase-Pennsylvania nase-Ohio kwabonwa ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamabhokisi ehlela phansi, kodwa imithetho elandelayo ezizweni ezinjengoTexas no Ohio yalinganisela inani nokubekwa kwamabhokisi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukunciphisa amabhokisi kususa amabhokisi abavoti abavoti abangenayo inkonzo ethembekile yeposi noma ababhekene nezikhawulo ezithunyelwa ngeposi. Izifundo ze- i-Princeton Consocium[[ ibonisa ukuthi ukufika kwebhokisi kuhlobene kakhulu namazinga engeziwe okuvota, ikakhulukazi kubantu basedolobheni.

Ithonya Lemithetho KaHulumeni Ekuvuleni I - Voter Turmout: Imininingwane Nemikhuba

Umphumela oqhubekayo wemithetho yokuvota ubhalwe kahle. I-2021 ye-meta-analysis ekhishwe ku- American Politics Research yahlola ucwaningo olungaphezu kuka-200 futhi yaphetha ngokuthi imithetho evimbelayo inciphisa isilinganiso sesilinganiso se-avareji ye-1, kuyilapho imithetho emikhulu yanda ngo-2 kuya ku-4. Imiphumela ehlangeneyo enqamule imijikelezo yokukhetha, ukwenza izindlela zokuziphendulela inxenye noma ukulahla. Ngokwesibonelo, isho ukuthi imisele imingcele evimbela imingcele eminingana — njenge-Texas, i-Georgia, ne-Florida — ibone incishiswa phakathi kwabashana nabemhlophe, njengoba yonke ingashintshana ngokuncintisana kwezinhlanga.

Isifundo secala: Izinguquko zokhetho lweGeorgia ngo-2021

ISigele saseGeorgia uBill 202, sadluliswa ngo-2021, sasungula izimfuneko eziqinile zovota i-ID ku-applee bollat, ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe kwebhokisi lokucosha, ukufinyeza ifasitela lokhetho, futhi sanika isishaya-mthetho sombuso ukwanda kokulawula kokhetho. Kunyaka ka-2022 phakathi, iGeorgia yalondoloza ukuvinjelwa okuphezulu, kodwa yahlaziya kabanzi ngezibalo i-Melika ye-Melika ye-Progreegrees [[FLT] [FLT]] ibonise ukuthi ama-Blackvota acishe abe-Blah[1] acishe abe njengovoti abamhlophe ababoshiweyo abangekhoyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla kwamabhokisi ehla emadolobheni kwathinta inani labantu abambalwa kakhulu. Isenzakalo saseGeorgia sibonisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho i-agtedvedvedmicroit, i-panethi ephakathi lifihlekile.

Isifundo sendaba: Izinguquko zepro-Voter yase California

Ngokuphambene, iCalifornia iye yamisa uchungechunge lwemithetho ebanzi: ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa kosuku olulodwa, ukuvota kwendawo yonke ngeposi (kwakwenziwa ngenkathi yalo mqedazwe futhi kwenziwa kube unomphetho wokhetho lukahulumeni ngo-2021, futhi kwavuselelwa kakhulu. Umphumela uye waba ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokuvota nokujika, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwe-Latinx ne-Asian America coption. [2022] Inhlangano ye-California umbiko wathola ukuthi amavoti kazwe ajikayo kunyunyana angu-2020% okhetho abalinganayo, ikakhulukazi abantu abadala abalinganayo, ngaphezu kwesilinganiso sesizwe. Nakuba abakhi bomphakathi baseCalifornia behlukene kwezinye izindawo, kusekela ubufakazi obusekela ukususwa kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Ukudideka Okuphawulekayo Njengempikiswano Yomthetho KaHulumeni

Imithetho yoMbuso futhi inquma ukuthi abantu abanezinkolelo zobufene bangavota yini. Ezizweni ezimbili — iMaine neVermont — abantu abanezinkolelo ezithathelwe ifal ’ ehlombe abalahlekelwa amalungelo abo okuvota, ngisho nalapho beboshiwe. Kwesinye isisimo, njengeFlorida ne-Iowa iphoqa ukulahla ukuphila konke, nakuba izinguquko zamuva ziwabuyisele amalungelo amaningi. ISichibiyelo sika Florida 4, sidlulisiwe ngo-2018, amalungelo okuvota abuyiselwe ku-1.4 000 000 yabantu abanezinkolelo ezithathelwe i-falion, kodwa umthetho olandelayo wafuna ukuba bakhokhe zonke izinkongo zemali nenkokhelo ngaphambi kokuba babhalise, benze lokho abagxeki ababiza intela yosuku lwanamuhla. [[FLT: 0] Iprojectivesting [FLD] ilinganiswe ne-4]

Isiphetho: Impi Eqhubekayo Yokuthola Ubuqotho

Imithetho kahulumeni ayiyona imithetho ethatha indawo; iyimiklamo elawula imishini yentando yeningi. Ngawo wonke amalungiselelo — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi igunyaza uhlobo oluthile lwe-ID, imisa isikhathi sokubhalisa, noma ichaza inani le-bollator ilahla amabhokisi — ingavula umnyango ukuya edokodweni lokuvota noma iqinise imingcele. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda lendawo kuyimfuneko yesizwe. Ngokuhlola imininingwane, ukulandela amacala asenkantolo, nokuqhathanisa ukusondela kwezwe, izakhamuzi zingakhipha izahlulelo eziqondiswe ukuthi yimiphi imithetho efeza umgomo wamahhalalo nenhla. Umncintiswano oqhubekayo phakathi kokungena nokulawula kwesivumelwano, phakathi kwe-flomfono nokulawula, uqhubekela ukuchaza ukuhlanganyela kwe-Melika ekhethekile iminyaka eminingi. Ngokuyinhloko, ukubusa kwentando yentando yentando yezwe akuxhomekile kuphela kodwa kuxhomeke emithethweni emazwini elungile.