Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele Emalini

Lapho abathengi bebhekene nezimpikiswano zezimali ezikhona ngokwezimali − noma kunezimali eziphikiswana ngecala lekhadi lokuthenga ngesikweleti, iphutha elingalindelekile, noma ukuqoqwa kwezikweletu ) isimiso somthetho senqubo sisebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi. Uma isekelwe kumthetho weSimemezelo sesihlanu ne-14 esenziwa ku-U.S., inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba phambi kukahulumeni (noma noma iyiphi inhlangano ezimele ebusa ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni) incike umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, kumelwe ilandele izinqubo ezilungile. Endaweni yezezimali, lokhu kusho ukuthi abathengi kumelwe bathole isaziso esanele sanoma isiphi isenzo esingalungile futhi banikezwe ithuba elinengqondo lokuzivikela nokuzivikela.

Inqubo elindelekile akuwona umthetho owodwa olingana nowokuhlelwa kwawo; izimfuneko zawo eziqondile ziyahluka kuye ngomongo. Ezimpikiswaneni zezimali, izigxobo zivame ukuhlanganisa amalungelo empahla − imali, imali, amashende, noma ikhono lokuthola indawo noma umsebenzi. Ngaphandle kwemishini efanelekile, abathengi bangabekwa ngaphansi kwezinqumo eziwumthetho, ababoleki bezikweletu, abaqoqi bezikweletu, noma ngisho nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela inqubo efanele evikela ngayo abathengi, isakhiwo esingokomthetho esibenza basebenze, futhi singathatha izinyathelo ezingokoqobo ukuze baqinise amalungelo abo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senqubo Efanele

I-Gast Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu isebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, kuyilapho isiHlanzi seSichibiyelo seshumi nane sidlulisela isivikelo esifanayo kuhulumeni nasehulumenini bendawo. Isigaba sinezingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene: inqubo efunekayo[, ethinta ukulunga kwenqubo yokwenza isinqumo, futhi ingenzeki edinga inqubo eyisisekelo yezentengo zikahulumeni. Emicimbini yezezimali, inqubo edinga inqubweni eyinhloko, kodwa engaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile ingavela futhi lapho umthetho noma umthetho umthetho ungayichaphisa amalungelo ezomnotho.

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. imise uhlelo oluvumelanayo lokunquma ukuthi iyiphi inqubo edingayo. kumaMathew v. Eldidge [77], iNkantolo imisa izici ezintathu zokulinganisela: (1) isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekayo esithathelwe isinyathelo sikahulumeni; (2) ingozi yokuncishwa kwesithakazelo ngephutha ngezinqubo ezisetshenziswayo, kanye nokubaluleka okulindelekile kwezindawo zokwengeziwe noma zokuthatha indawo yesivikelo sombuso; (3) inzuzo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithwalo yemigomo yezokwengamela nezinye izinqubo zokuphatha ezingasehlela. Lokhu kuhlola ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ezindimeni ezihilela ukukhiphinzwa kwezinzuzo zikahulumeni, kodwa futhi kuthinta indlela efanelekile yokuhlola inqubo yomthengi lapho kusetshenziswa izinhlangano zezikweletu zikahulumeni ngokwezikweletu, lapho kusetshenziswa khona isibonelo senkantolo yenkantolo yenhlawulo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando: Goldberg v. Kelly and the Welfare Context

Esinye sezinqumo zenqubo ephawulekayo emisiwe, Goldberg v. Kelly (1970]), wakholelwa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuqeda izinzuzo zenhlalakahle, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze ukuzwa okusobala komamukeli. Nakuba icala likhuluma ngosizo lomphakathi, ukucabanga kwalo kusebenza ngokuqondile ezimpikiswaneni zezimali. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi abantu abathembele enhlalakahleni, ukuqedwa kwezinzuzo kungaba yinhlekelele, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuzwa kwangaphambili kwadingeka ekuvikeleni ukusweni kwezimiso ezinephutha. Lokhu kuye kwanwetshwa kwezinye izimo, kuhlanganise nokuthenga izikweletu, lapho ukulahlekelwa kwendaba yebhange, izimali, noma ikhaya kungaba nemiphumela ebhubhisayo. Inkantolo idinga ukuqaphela okukhulu futhi ingezwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe izimali ezithile.

Inqubo Efanele Ezimpikiswaneni Ezikhethekile Zezimali

Ukubika Amaphutha Okuthenga Ngezimali Nezivikelo Ze - FCRA

Fair Curting Reporting Act (FCRA) ingenye yemithetho ebaluleke kakhulu kahulumeni esebenzisa izimiso ezifanele zenqubo esetshenziswayo kwezezimali zabathengi. I-FCRA idinga izinhlangano zokuthenga ngezimali zokuthenga ngezimali (CRC) ukuze ilandele izinqubo ezinengqondo ukuze iqinisekise ukunemba okukhulu okungenzeka kwemibiko yabathengi. Uma umthengi ephikisana okuthile embikweni wakhe wokuthenga ngesikweletu, i-CRA kumelwe iqhube i-actumnicibo phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30 futhi yazise umnikezi wokwaziswa. Uma umninikhozi kufanele ahlole futhi abike. Uma ukwaziswa kutholakala kunganembile, kumelwe kulungiswe noma kuqedwe.

Lezi zinqubo zinikeza abathengi ilungelo eliqondile, eliphoqelelwe ukubekela inselele ukwaziswa okunganembile . I-FCRA futhi ivumela abathengi ukuba bafake amafadi ngokunganaki noma ngamabomu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma i-CRA ihluleka ukuphinde iqale noma ingabunaki ubufakazi bephutha, umthengi angase afanelekele ukulahlekelwa okungokoqobo, ukulahlekelwa kwenqubo, nenkokhelo yommeli. Lendlela engokomthetho iqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuzwakala linamazinyo.

Ngaphandle kokuhlola kabusha, i-FCRA idinga i-CRAS ukunikeza abathengi incazelo ebhaliwe uma isenzo esibi sithathwa ngokusekelwe embikweni wesikweletu (jengesibonelo, ukuncishwa kwemali ebolekwayo noma izinga lenzalo ephakeme. Umthengi kumele athole igama, ikheli, nocingo lwe-CRA enikeza umbiko. Lokhu kubonakala kahle kwenza abathengi baqiniseke ngokunemba kokwaziswa futhi, uma kudingekile, baqala impikiswano. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esinjalo, umthengi ubengeke azi lutho ngamaphutha noma ukubalungisa.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo: Ukuphikisa Iphutha Embikweni Wakho Wesikweletu

Ukusebenzisa amalungelo enqubo afanele ngaphansi kwe-FCRA:

  • Thola imibiko yakho yezimali zaminyaka yonke yamahhala kuMaya ka - 2000 Credit Repountain.com.
  • Thola noma yikuphi ukulandisa okunganembile, ukukhokha isikhathi esedlule, noma amarekhodi omphakathi.
  • Bhala incwadi ephikisanayo e - CRA (a) enikeza umbiko. Hlanganisa namakhophi ezincwadi ezisekelayo (akuzona ezokuqala) bese ugcina umbhalo wezincwadi zakho.
  • I - CRA kumelwe ihlole futhi iphendule phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 30 futhi izodlulisela impikiswano yakho kumnini - zincwadi (isimo, inkampani yamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti noma inkampani yezoqoqo).
  • Uma lempikiswano ingaxazululwanga, ungase uhlanganise inkulumo yempikiswano efayilini yakho (amagama ayikhulu noma ngaphansi) okumelwe ihlanganiswe emibikweni yesikhathi esizayo.
  • Uma i-CRA noma umphathi we-FCRA iphula i-FCRA, ungafuna iseluleko somthetho noma ubhale isikhalo nge- Faceral Trade Commission (FTC) noma [ i-Consum Finical Protection Bureauau (CFPB)].

Ukuqoqwa Kwezikweleti Nesenzo Sezikweleti Esifanele

I-Fair Devolution Practices Act (FDCPA) inikeza abathengi inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela ekuqoqweni kwezikweletu ezixhaphakileyo. Ngaphambi kokuba abaqoqi bezikweletu basongele, abahluzi, abahluzi, noma abangayiqondi kahle imali ebolekwayo, ishiyela abathengi ithuba elincane lokubekela inselele ukufaneleka kwesikweletu. I-FDCPA ifuna abathelisi ukuba bathumele isaziso esibhaliwe [[ esinezelelwe isaziso [ esineminxephelo yokuqala ukuhlangana komthengisa. Lokhu kwaziswa kumelwe kuhlanganise isikwele esinemali, igama lokuqala, nenkulumo yokuthi umthengi ubambe isikweleti semali phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30. Uma ukukhothoza izikweleti zemali kudinga ukumiswa kwemali kuze kukhiswe izikweleti.

Lezi zindlela zokuvikela inqubo edinga inzuzo: isaziso, ithuba lokuzwiwa, kanye nemfuneko engathathi hlangothi. Uma umqoqi wesikweleti ehluleka ukuvumelana ne-(ngokwesibonelo), ngokuqhubeka eshayela ngemva kwempikiswano, noma ngokuqhubeka engenakho ukuqiniseka okufanelekile, umthengi angamangalela izindleko zangempela, ukukhokha intela efinyelela kuR1,000, kanye nenkokhelo yommeli. Lelilungelo lesenzo langasese lidala isisusa esinamandla kubathelisi ukuba abaqongeleli balandele izinqubo ezilungile.

Imali Ekhululekile Neyokudla Ebhange

Uma umkweleti ethola ukwahlulela futhi efuna ukuqinisa izimali zomthengi ebhange noma iholo lemali ebhange, inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba umthengi athole isaziso sangaphambili nethuba lokumelana nalesi senzo. Fuentes v. Shevin [1972], iNkantolo ePhakemekazi yeNkantolo ibangele ukuba inqubo yokukhokhwa kwemithetho evumela ukuphanga impahla ngaphandle kokuqaphela noma ukuzwa, ibambe ukuthi ngisho nokuswela kwesikhashana impahla kumelwe kwandulelwe ngenqubo efanele. Nakuba iposi yokwahlulela idinga uhlelo lwenkantolo futhi iqaphele abanecala, ezinye izigaba zinezinqubo eziyingozi eziphazamisa inqubo edinga ukugcinwa ngenqubo ethile. Inkantolo ingayisola imvume yokungakhokhwakhwasa. Imvume yokunga umphane. Uma ingekho umshuwa kasoli wecala, inkantolo ingenza ingabi namali.

Izisebenzi Ezifundayo Nezinzuzo Zikahulumeni

Inkongozelo yabafundi ekhokhelwayo, kuhlanganise nokukhokhwa kwemali ekhokhwayo kanye nentela ekhokhwayo, kudinga uhulumeni ukuba anikeze isixwayiso nethuba lokubekela inselele ubuhlongandlebe ngaphambi kokuba uthathe isinyathelo. Ngaphansi koMthetho wemfundo ophakeme, uMnyango Wemfundo kumelwe uthumele isaziso senhloso yokucela ukuqulwa kwecala, uvumele obolekayo ukuba acele ukuqulwa. Ngokufanayo, i-Social Security Ad Administration kumelwe inikeze isaziso ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe izinzuzo zokukhokha imali engaphezulu. Le nqubo efanelekile ibonakalisa izimiso zomthetho wezemfundo nethuba lokuzwa.

Izindlela Zokunqanda Inqubo Efanele

Lapho inhlangano yezimali noma inhlangano ihluleka ukunikeza inqubo efanele, abathengi banezindlela eziningana ezingokomthetho okufanele bazilandele.

  • [ Amacala angokomthetho angokomthetho ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni (FCRA, FDCPA, Iqiniso ku-Lighting Act, njll.) ngokweqiniso, i-statory, nesijeziso, kanye nenkokhelo yommeli.
  • i-Class amacala amacala [ uma umkhuba wokwephula uthinta abathengi abaningi (umz., ibhulawu lokuthenga ngesikweletu elihluleka ngokuhlelekile ukuhlola izingxabano).
  • [ izikhalo ezilawulayo kuyi-CFPB, FTC, noma ummeli jikelele wezwe, okungase kuphumele ezinyathelweni zomthetho, izihlawu, nokuhlenga.
  • [ Ukukhululeka okungalawuleki ukuyeka ukuphulwa okuqhubekayo (ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wenkantolo wokususa uhlu lwesikweletu olunganembile noma ukuyeka ukuhlukunyezwa umqoqi wesikweletu.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inqubo yoMthetho-sisekelo efanelekile isebenza ngokuqondile kuphela kubenzi bakahulumeni. Nokho, izinhlangano eziningi zezimali ezizimele zingaphansi kwemithetho ehlanganisa izimiso ezifanele inqubo, futhi kwezinye izimo, uhulumeni angagunyazwa ukuba agunyaze ukuziphatha komuntu siqu okuncisha abathengi inqubo efunekayo (.g., uma izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivumela ukuquleka okuhlukile).

Izihibe Ezivamile Nendlela Yokuzigwema

Naphezu kwalezi sivikelo, abathengi ngokuvamile babhekana nesithiyo sokuzivivinya.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukumisa imikhawulo emisiwe:[ Amafasitela amaningi aphikisanayo ayizikhawu (izinsuku ezingu 30 zombiko wokuthenga ngesikweletu, izinsuku ezingu-30 zokugunyaza isikweletu). Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha kuyanzima.
  • Imibhalo ephelele:[ Ukusho okungasho lutho kwephutha ngaphandle kobufakazi obusekelayo ngokuvamile akwanele. Abathengi kufanele baqoqe izitatimende ze-akhawunti, amarekhodi, imibiko yamaphoyisa (ngezebiso), nanoma iziphi izincwadi.
  • inkantolo esolayo iyabiza: Uma umqoqi wesikweletu ekumangalela futhi ungaphenduli, kungangena ukwahlulela okungahleliwe, kulahlekelwe ilungelo lakho lokuvikela. Ukusabela enkantolo ngesikhathi esidingekayo (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu 20-30) kulondoloza amalungelo akho enqubo afanele.
  • Ukungazi imithetho yakho yezwe: Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza isivikelo esiqinile somthetho kumthetho kahulumeni, njengokuphikisana isikhathi eside noma ukukhulula okwengeziwe ekukhokheleni. Abathengi kufanele bahlole imithetho yesivikelo sikahulumeni wabo.

Ikusasa Lenqubo Efanele Emalini

Njengoba ukuthengiselana kwezezimali kuhamba kakhulu kuyi-inthanethi, izimiso ezingokwenqubo ezingokwesiko zibhekana nezinselele ezintsha. Izimiso zemithetho-mithetho kanye nezinkampani ezizihlelayo ezisebenzisayo ezisetshenziswa amabhange kanye nezinkampani zokuthenga ngesikweletu zingenza amaphutha okunzima ukuwabona noma ukuphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo, i-modeli yokufunda umshini ingaphika imali esekelwe entweni enqubweni engabonakali engabonakali kumthengi. Abaxhasi be-algoric Act baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo efanele idinga ukuthelekelela [ikhono lokuqonda ukuthi kungani kwenziwe isinqumo] nelungelo lokubukeza umuntu. Imali ehlongozwayo kanye nemali ye-modume (g., i-alvic Actalgalic Actsmental act) ifuna ukuhlolwa nokubonakala kahle kwezimiso ze-oza-oza-ommotion.

Enye indawo ephumayo isetshenziswa izisho ezilulaza ilungelo lokumangalela enkantolo. Nakuba ukunqanda ukukhishwa kungena ezivumelwaneni ezingokomthetho akukona ukuphika inqubo efanele, ukuphoqelelwa, ukubopha ukunqanda ukuthatha isinyathelo sesigaba abahluphi bangawahlupha ngokuphumelelayo abathengi ikhono lokubekela inselele ukuphulwa kwezimiso. I-CFPB ihlole imithetho yokuvimbela izimemezelo ezinjalo ezisezivumelwaneni zezezimali. Abathengi kufanele bafunde ngokucophelela noma isiphi isivumelwano sokuvala ngaphambi kokusayina, futhi bacabangele ukuthi banikeza amalungelo abalulekile yini.

Isiphetho: Ukunikwa Amandla Ngolwazi

Inqubo elindelekile ingaphezu kwendlela ethathwa ngomthetho-sisekelo, isivikelo esiwusizo esivikela abathengi ezenzweni zezimali ezingekho ngokomthetho eziwumthetho. Ngokuqonda izinqubo okumelwe zilandelwe, amakhambi angokomthetho akhona, nezinyathelo zokuzithatha lapho kuphakama izingxabano, abantu bangawavikela ngokuqiniseka amalungelo abo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhuluma ngephutha lokuthenga ngesikweletu, umthengi ohluphayo, noma ibhange elingafanele, khumbula ukuthi unelungelo lokuqaphela nokuzwa kahle. Umthetho ungawavikela ngokuqiniseka amalungelo akho, kodwa uma usebenzisa wona kuphela.

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho enqubo afanele aphulwe, cabangela ukuxhumana nommeli ovikelayo noma ukudlulisa isikhalo . CFFB. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo akho ngaphansi kwe-FCRA, vakashela [ FCRA [isiqondiso seFCRA] [ukuqonda ngokujulile inqubo efanelekile yomthetho-mthetho-mthethwe, [[FLT:]] inikeza ulwazi oluhle kakhulu. Igunya lakho uqobo lweze uqobo lwakho kunoma yikuphi ukuphikisana okungokwezimali.