Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Isimiso somthetho sisebenza njengesisekelo somphakathi olungile, silungiselela uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle lokuvikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ekujuleni kwaso, isimiso sincike ezinhlelweni zokwahlulela ezichazwe kahle eziqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola ukuphathwa ngokulunga ngaphansi komthetho. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo akuzona nje ochwepheshe abangokomthetho kuphela − kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ezifisa ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo nemithwalo yemfanelo ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi okungacacisisa ukuthi izinqubo zokwahlulela ziwavikela kanjani amalungelo, kusukela ekudlulisweni kokuqala kwecala ukuya ekudlulisweni kokugcina, futhi kuhlola izinhlangano nezimiso ezenza ubulungisa butholakale.

Izivikelo ezingokomthetho zihlanganiswe emithethweni, emithethweni, nasemthetho wezezimali, kodwa ziba nengqondo kuphela lapho ziphoqelelwa ngezinqubo ezithembekile. Lezi zinqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izingxabano zixazululwa ngokungakhethi, ukuthi omangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala, nokuthi wonke umuntu unezwi enkantolo. Noma ufunda umthetho, ufundisa abantu, noma umane ufune ukuqonda ukuma kwakho okungokomthetho, uqonde indlela izinqubo zokwahlulela ezikunikeza amandla ngayo ukuba ulwele wena nabanye. Ingxenye elandelayo iqephule isigaba ngasinye sohambo olungokomthetho, izindima zezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene, namalungelo ayisisekelo asekela sonke isimiso.

Ukuqonda Izinqubo Zokwahlulela

Izinqubo zokwahlulela yizindlela ezingokomthetho, ezilandelanayo ezisetshenziswa izinkantolo ukuxazulula izimpikiswano, ukuphoqelela imithetho, nokuphatha ubulungisa. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amacala aphathwa ngokungaguquki, ngokungakhethi, nangemithetho emisiwe. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinqubo, isimiso somthetho singangena esinziweni, sishiye amalungelo esengozini yezinqumo eziwumthetho. Ukugcinwa komthetho noma icala lobugebengu kulandela ukulandelana okulindelekile, isigaba ngasinye esiklanyelwe ukuvikela izithakazelo zamaqembu onke kuyilapho sisekela umthetho.

Izinga Lecala Elingokomthetho

Le nqubo iqala ngokumangalelwa kwecala noma ukumangalelwa kobugebengu. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalo esichaza izikhalo ezingokomthetho ngokumelene nommangalelwa. Emacaleni obugebengu, amafayela kahulumeni amangalelwa ngecala noma ngokwaziswa. Le ncwajana iveza igunya lenkantolo futhi inqabela iqembu eliphikisayo. I-paststlest kumele ivumelane nemithetho eqinile ephathelene nezimiso zemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni ngokuphathelene nepulani, okuqukethwe, nemibandela, iqinisekisa ukuthi icala liqalwe ngokufanele.

Ngokulandelayo kuvela izinqubo zokuhlolwa kwangaphambili[, isigaba esibucayi esivame ukunquma indlela yecala. Ngangaphambi kwezomthetho, izigigaba zinika ubufakazi ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukutholwa, engase ihlanganise ukuphothula, ukuphenya, nezicelo zezincwadi. Izicelo zibekwa ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, njengokuthatha isinyathelo sokulahla, ukuthatha izinyawo ukuze kuvinjwe ubufakazi obufingqiwe ezicaneni zobugebengu. Ingqungquthela yangaphambi kwenkathi ivumela abahluleli ukuba balawule isimiso, bakhuthaze ukuhlalisana, futhi bacacise izimpikiswano. Lengxenye ingasebenza isikhathi eside kodwa isebenza ekuxazululeni okuncane futhi igweme ukumangala lapho kuqulwa.

Inqubo yokwahlulela iyisigaba esibonakala kakhulu, lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, ofakazi bahlolwa, futhi kuphikwa izimpikiswano phambi komahluleli noma amajaji. Ukuqulwa kulandela imithetho eqinile yobufakazi nenqubo yokuqinisekisa ngokulunga. I-paltiff noma ukuvinjelwa kunomthwalo wokuqinisekisa icala labo ngokufaka ubufakazi (icala) noma ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuletha isivikelo, ofakazi be-examine, futhi ahlale athule. Ngemva kokugcina amahlangothi omabili, iqiniso litholana ngabomgomo futhi liguqulele isinqumo.

Ngemva kwesinqumo, imikhankaso yomthetho ivumela amaqembu ukuba aphikise umphumela ngaphakathi kwenkantolo efanayo. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukunyakazisa ukuqulwa kwecala elisha, ukuhamba kwesinqumo, noma ukunyakaza ukuze ashintshe noma aqede ukwahlulela. Le ngxoxo yabekwa amaphutha angokomthetho noma ukuziphatha okubi phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Uma inqatshiwe, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase liqhubekele kulolu vivinyo oluyinqubo [, oluhlola isinqumo senkantolo ephansi somthetho.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuvikelweni Kwamalungelo Abantu

Izinkantolo ziyizinhlangano ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Igunya lazo lisuka kumthetho-sisekelo nezimiso, futhi izinqumo zazo zidala izenzakalo eziklama izincazelo ezingokomthetho zesikhathi esizayo. Isimiso senkantolo ("indlu yabaphathi becala) nemfundo ekhethekile) yezezwiwa nge-forum, ukulinganisela impumelelo ngokushelela.

Izinhlobo Zezinkantolo Neziphakamiso Zazo

Isimiso sokwahlulela sihlukaniswa sibe yizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinkantolo, ngasinye sinemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile. izinkantolo zomthetho zisingatha amacala lapho abantu bemangalelwa khona ngokwephula imithetho yokujezisa. Lezi zinkantolo zigxila ekunqumeni icala noma ubumsulwa nasekukhipheni izigwebo ezinjengokuhlawuliswa, ukugcinwa, noma ukuboshwa. Umbuso usebenza njengomshushisi, umelela isithakazelo somphakathi. izinkantolo zecala zecala eliyi-CIIIII [[ zixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zezentengosi, izivumelwano zezivumelwano, impahla, ukulimala komuntu siqu, nezindaba zomkhaya. Umgomo ukunikeza izivumelwano ezinjalo njengemali elimaza imali noma ukujeza noma ukujeza.

zikhuluma ngezinkantolo ezithile zomthetho. [[FLT:] izinkantolo zemikhaya zisebenzelana nesehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwezingane, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya. izinkantolo eziphethe[ zizwa izinselele zezinqumo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni, njengokuphika izinzuzo noma ukuphoqelelwa komthetho. Imibuso eminingi futhi inezinkantolo ezikhomba izinkantolo ezikhothayo ezilawula izimpikiswano ezincane, [ ayizinkantolo zentando yentando yecala zentando nezindawo, [FLT:] nezikakhulu] zezinkantolo zezezwe.[FLT] [FLT] [FT:9]

Ithonya Lamankantolo

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zisebenza ngesimiso esinezinhlalo: izinkantolo zamacala (ezibizwa nangokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda noma eziphakeme), izinkantolo ezidlulisa icala, nenkantolo ephakeme. Izinkantolo zamacala ziyisimo sokuqala lapho kunqunywa khona futhi kusetshenziswa umthetho. Izinkantolo zamacala zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo zamacala ezingokomthetho, ngaphandle kokuthola ubufakazi obuphinde buhlolwe. Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (umk., iNkantolo Ephakeme, iNkantolo Ephakeme ye-United Kingdom) izwa kuphela inani elilinganiselwe lamacala aphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Izinhlelo Eziyinhloko Ezingokomthetho Ezivikela Amalungelo

Izinqubo eziningana eziyisisekelo ezingokomthetho zifakwa ezimisweni zokwahlulela ukuze kuvikelwe abantu ngabanye ekuphathweni uhulumeni nasekuphathweni ngokungafanele.

Inqubo Yomthetho Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile iyisiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi uhulumeni akanakuncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezilungile. Ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: inqubo efunekayo nenqubo ebekelwe impela. Inqubo efanele idinga isaziso nethuba lokuzwana ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo nothile. Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokuqeda izinzuzo zenhlalakahle, uhulumeni kumelwe azise owamukelayo futhi anikeze ukuzwa. Inqubo efanelekile evimbela ukungeniswa kwenqubo ethile eyisisekelo njengemfihlo, umshado, nokuphatha abazali ivikela amalungelo athile abalulekile ngaphandle kokuba kungenele ngesizathu esigunyazayo.

Umqondo wenqubo efanele unomsuka ojulile ongokomlando, othathwe emuva “kumthetho wezwe” kaMagna Carta. Endleleni yanamuhla, izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo zicabangela izithakazelo zomuntu siqu ezisengxukwini, ingozi yokuncishwa kwephutha, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni. Lokhu kulinganisela, kusuka ecaleni Maws v. Eldridge, kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nezimiso lapho ukulondoloza isivikelo esiyisisekelo.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

inelungelo lokululeka iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ababhekene nemiphumela engathi sína engokomthetho bayakwazi ukufinyelela ukumelelwa ngokomthetho. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yase-U.S. isinqumo sengqopha - mlando Gideon v. Ukukhomba [[[FLT]] [1963]] [i-63]) yayikholelwa ukuthi amazwe kumelwe anikeze abameli abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukubakhokhela. Lokhu kunamathela ezindinganisweni ezibucayi, kuhlanganise nokuphenywa kwangaphambi kwe- hstrigraigment, nokunxusa. Izimo zomphakathi, isokudla akuyona into ephelele, kodwa imibuso eminingi inikeza usizo olungokomthetho ezindabeni ezihilela amalungelo ayisisekelo, njengabantwana noma ukuwiswa kwezingane.

Usizo lweseluleko oluphumelelayo lubalulekile ngoba isimiso somthetho siyinkimbinkimbi, futhi amalungu angakhonjwa avame ukudlula kabi. Ababheki be-Attney baluleka amakhasimende, ukuxoxa, ukuthatha amafayela, nobufakazi obunikeza ubufakazi. Ngaphandle kobufakazi obufanele, ingozi yokukholisa okungalungile noma ukulahlekelwa okungafanele yanda ngokuphawulekayo. Ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko liyanda kakhulu. Ilungelo lokulinganisela izinga lokudlala futhi lisekela isimiso sokuthi ubulungisa akumelwe buncike engcelweni yengcebo.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile liyitshe eliyisisekelo lezimiso zomthetho zentando yeningi. Lihlanganisa izingxenye eziningana: umahluleli ongakhethi noma ijaji, ukuqulwa kwecala kwasobala, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nokubiza ofakazi, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi abangemthetho. ISichibiyelo Sesithupha eU.S. uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ngokuqondile lamalungelo ekumangalelweni kobugebengu. Izehlulelo zomphakathi, iSimemezelo seSembe secala silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji emalini engokomthetho lapho inani lemali lidlula ama - dollar.

Izivikelo ezifanele zihlanganisa nokubona ukuthi umsulwa, ukwenqatshelwa kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili, nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zigweme ubandlululo lwangempela noma ukubonakala kobandlululo, futhi amajaji aziphendulele lapho kuphakama izingxabano. umbiko wokuchasa uvumela abamangalelwa ukuba banikeze ubufakazi obuphambanayo, obusiza ekudaluleni ukungalungi noma ukungathembeki. Lezizivikela zigxekwa ikakhulukazi ezicabeni eziphakeme lapho ukucindezela komphakathi kungathonya khona umphumela.

Izinhlelo Zokudlulisa: Ukulungisa Amaphutha Nokuqinisekisa Ubulungisa

Inqubo eyimfihlo [ iyinqubo ebalulekile yokubukeza izinqumo ezenziwa izinkantolo eziphansi. Ivumela inkantolo ephakeme ukuba ihlole ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho angenzeka yini futhi angathinta umphumela. Izikhalo azinakuphinde zihlolwe; zigxila emibuzweni yomthetho kunokuba igxile eqinisweni. Lomehluko ulondoloza ukugcina okunganembile uma uqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uchazwa kahle futhi usetshenziswa.

Ukukhanga

Ukudlulisa izicelo, lowo olahlekelwayo kumelwe afake unothi wokudlulisa isikhalo phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe [1] Ezinsukwini ezingu-30 ngemva kokwenziwa kwesahlulelo. Ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nalesikhathi esimisiweyo kusilela ekudluliseleni icala. I-apulantant (umkhandlu okhangayo) ifaka impikiswano emfushane ebhaliwe yokuthi kungani inkantolo ephansi yenze iphutha, isekelwe ngokudluliswa embhalweni wezonobumba neziphathimandla ezingokomthetho. I-appelle (iqembu eliphikisa) liphendula ngokuvikela isahlulelo kafushane. Kwezinye izinkantolo, izimpikiswano zomlomo zihlelelwe ukuvumela abahluleli ukuba babuze imibuzo.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza

Izinkantolo ze-appellate zisebenzisa izikhombo ezihlukene [ ezihambelanayo zokubukeza kuxhomeke empikiswaneni. Imibuzo yomthetho, njengencazelo yomthetho, ibukezwa [ de no no no - [ (ukuzinza okusha]), ukungabekezeli isiphetho senkantolo equlwayo. Ukuthola iqiniso kubukelwe “iphutha elicacile” ekulingweni kwebhentshiweni kwecala noma“ ekufezekeni kobufakazi” ekuqulweni kwejaji. [[FLT] [FLT] [okubekwa phambili] [okuthiwandulelayo] [ukunga okubalulekile] [ukungaxekethiwe kwecala] izinqumo zomthetho wokuqala. Izinqumo, njengezinqumo ezisobala zesinqumo, zibukelwe “izi ze-ab. Lezindinganiso zesidingo sokugcina.

Izisekelo Zokukhanga

Izindawo ezivamile zokudlulisa izikhalo zihlanganisa: (1) amaphutha angokomthetho ekusebenziseni umthetho, (2) amaphutha angokomthetho asola umthumeli, (3) awanabufakazi bokusekela isinqumo, (4) iziqondiso ezingafanele zejaji, kanye (5) nosizo olungasebenzi lweseluleko (emacaleni obugebengu). Umbhexeshi kumelwe abonise ukuthi iphutha alikho yingozi ekusebenziseni umthetho, ukuthi ngokunokwenzeka lithinta umphumela. Izinkantolo zingaqinisekisa, zibuye ziphendule, zilungise isahlulelo. Ezimweni ezingavamile, inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu iyanika [[FLT:] ukunikeza impendulo ebalulekile.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhanga

Inqubo yokudlulisa amacala ayikhambi nje kuphela amakhambi okungalungi komuntu ngamunye kodwa futhi ithuthukisa ukufana nokucaciswa komthetho. Izinqumo ezinyatheliswayo ziba yisibonelo esibophayo ezinkantolo eziphansi eziphethe i-consont, eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo. Lencazelo yomthetho nomthetho - sisekelo iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ivumela isimiso somthetho ukuba sivumelane nokushintsha izindinganiso zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, izindaba zesazi sezwe ezifana Brown v. Board of Education[FLT: 1] igumbuqele isandulela futhi yandisa amalungelo omphakathi.

Izindlela Ezingeziwe Zokuvikela: Ukuxabana Okuhlukile Nokuphoqelela

Ngaphandle kwe-ligation engokwesiko, isimiso somthetho sinikeza ezinye izindlela ezingavikela amalungelo ngokuphumelela kakhulu. i-Alternalitive Confict resolution (ADR) izindlela zokwenza − njenge-mediation ne-arbitration(imvume)/izivumela ukuba zixazulule izingxabano ngaphandle kokuba ziye emacaleni. I-Mediation ihilela iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi elisiza ukuxoxisana; ukunqanda kuhilela isinqumo esibophayo esivela ku-avrator. I-ADR ivame ukushesha futhi intengo eqokothane kunemali ephansi kunenkantolo, futhi ingalondoloza ubuhlobo. Nokho, kusadingeka inhlonipho inqubo efanelekile kanye namalungelo embathwaneni.

Icala lejaji liyisivikelo esibaluleke kakhulu. AmaJuries akhiwa yizakhamuzi aletha izindinganiso zomphakathi enkantolo futhi enze njengesehlo emagunyeni kahulumeni. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji livikelwe kuzo zombili izigebengu (ISichibiyelo Seziphelo) kanye nezindaba zomphakathi (ISichibiyelo Seziphendu Sekhulu). AmaJuries anquma amaqiniso, asebenzisa umthetho njengoba efundiswa umahluleli, futhi akhiphe isahlulelo. Ukuzimela kwawo embusweni kuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bahlulelwa yizikhulu zabo, hhayi izikhulu ezingase zicatshathe.

Izimpawu Zokulinganiselwa: Ukulinganisela Kubalulekile

Izilinganiso zemingcele zimise isikhathi esiphezulu ngemva kwesenzakalo okungase kuqalwe kuso icala. Lemithetho ivikela abamangalelwa ekufuneni ukuthi ubufakazi buye bawohloka noma izinkumbulo zofakazi zinciphe. Imingcele yesikhathi iyahluka ngokwendlela yokulawula nangohlobo lwezinsolo (umzk., ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukukhwabanisa). Ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho okuvimbela isibopho, ngakho kubalulekile ukwenza ngokushesha. Imithetho yokulinganisela isidingo sobulungisa nesidingo sokugcina icala nokuthembeka.

Isiphetho: Amandla Okwazi Amalungelo Akho

Ukuqonda izinqubo zokwahlulela akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kuyithuluzi eliwusizo lokuvikela amalungelo abantu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kusukela enqubweni naselungelweni lokululeka ekuhlolweni okulungile nasekunxuseni, ingxenye ngayinye yesimiso somthetho iqinisa ukubusa komthetho futhi ivimbela isenzo sokuzinqumela. Abafundi nabafundisi abayiqonda lemiqondo bangaqonda kangcono ukuthi ubulungisa bunikezwa kanjani futhi bangahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuphileni komphakathi. Inqubo engokomthetho iklanyelwe ukuba ibe elungile, kodwa ifuna izakhamuzi ezifundile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyasebenza kahle. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyayifaka inkantolo, uyayivikela, noma umane uqaphele icala, lezi zinqubo zikunika amandla okusekela amalungelo akho kanye namalungelo abanye abantu.

Ukuhlola okwengeziwe, hlola imithombo yezomthetho e- yeHhovisi loBuphathi le-U.S. , i-American Bar Association , noma izincwadi ezingokomthetho zenqubo yomphakathi nomthetho-mthetho. Uhambo oludlulela esimisweni sokwahlulela lungase lubonakale luyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa umgomo walo ekugcineni ulula: ukunikeza i-state elungile neyamagedumu lapho wonke amazwi angazwakala khona futhi avikeleke khona wonke amalungelo.