Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sobulungisa Besigebengu

Uhambo lokuboshwa uyiswa emacaleni lumelela umnyombo wesimiso somthetho sokwahlulela i-̬ inqubo ehlelwe ngokucophelela eklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Lolu hlelo lwezinqubo zomthetho luqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu omangalelwe ngecala uthola inqubo efanelekile ngaphansi komthetho. Noma ungumfundi womthetho, onguchwepheshe ensimini, noma othile ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukwahlulela kusebenza kanjani, wazi ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zihlela kanjani ngemva kokuboshwa. Nakuba izinqubo zingahlukahluka phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso, lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sihlala sihamba kahle sidlulela ngapha nangapha kwe-United States. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukudlulisa isigaba ngasinye, kusukela kuleyo komiti yokugcinwa komthetho sithatha isigwebo sokugcina nesigwebo.

Ukuboshwa: Indawo Yokungena

Ukuboshwa kuyindlela yokuqala engokomthetho yokuxhumana phakathi komuntu nesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Kwenzeka lapho isikhulu somthetho sithatha umuntu ukuba afakwe ejele ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa. Ukuqonda incazelo yokuboshwa kuyagxeka ngoba kubangela uchungechunge lwesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Isidingo Esinengqondo Sembangela

Isizathu esizwakalayo indinganiso engokomthetho okumelwe ihlangatshezwe ngaphambi kokuba kuboshwe ngokomthetho. Kusho ukuthi isikhulu sinezizathu ezinengqondo, ezisekelwe emaqinisweni nasezimweni, ukukholelwa ukuthi umsoli owenze ubugebengu. Lendinganiso iphansi kune-“ engalé kokungabaza okunengqondo oku-” okudingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe kodwa okungaphezulu kunokungaqiniseki nje. Izinkantolo zikholelwa ukuthi isizathu okumelwe sisekelwe ngobufakazi obungaqondile, hhayi nje isikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esibona ukweba sinembangela eqondile, kanti ukukhomba okungaziwa kukodwa okunganele.

Ukuboshwa Kwabantu Ababoshiwe Ngaphandle Kwempi

Ezimweni eziningi, ukuboshwa kudinga imvume ekhishwa umahluleli noma imantshi. Isikhulu kumelwe sithumele isikhulu esibonisa imbangela okungenzeka, futhi umahluleli abese egunyaza ukuboshwa. Nokho, ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuboshwa okungagwegwesi kuyavunyelwa lapho isikhulu sibona ubugebengu, kungenzeka ukuba sibe nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi indumiso yenziwa, noma uma izimo ezingekho-mthethweni (njengengozi eseduze noma ukubhujiswa) zikhona. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U. isekela njalo ukubekwa kwale mithetho kudinga ukugcinwa kwemithetho ngokulinganisela ngesivikelo seSine seSiphendulo. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngeSijikelezo seSine, bheka [[FLT:] i-Conflecter Information Institute [FLT] [FLT]]

Amalungelo Emiranda

Uma umuntu eseboshiwe futhi eboshwa, amaphoyisa kumelwe abazise ngamalungelo abo ngaphansi kwe uMenda v. Arizona. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lommeli (futhi abe nelungelo lokumiswa uma bengakwazi ukukukhokhela), futhi isixwayiso sokuthi noma yini abayishoyo ingasetshenziswa enkantolo. Injongo kaMirnda izixwayiso iwukuvikela ilungelo leSiphendulo Sesihlanu ngokumelene noziququ, ukunikeza lezi zixwayiso ngaphambi kokuphenya ngecala, noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezingase zicishwe ecaleni. Nokho, uMirra nezixwayiso azidingeniswa ngenxa yemibuzo ehleliwe njengegama nekheli.

2. Ukubhala nokuhlela

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsoli uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa noma esitokisini ukuze athole izincwadi.

Okwenzekayo Lapho Kulotshwa Incwadi

  • Ulwazi lweyodwa:[ I-’ igama eliphelele, usuku lokuzalwa, ikheli, kanye neminye imininingwane ehlukanisayo iqoshiwe.
  • Izithombe zezithombe nezimpawu zesandla: I-a mugshot kanye neminwe kuthathwa ukuze kusungulwe ukuthi iziphi futhi kubekwe izisekelo zokugcinwa komthetho.
  • Uhlu lwezakhiwo: impahla yomuntu siqu ithathelwa futhi iqanjwe ukuze igcinwe.
  • [ Ukuheath Screening: Izisekisi zezokwelapha zingaqhutshwa ukuze kuvinjelwe izimo eziphuthumayo ejele.

Ngemva kokubhala phansi, ummangalelwa ubekwa elindele ukubonakala kwenkantolo kokuqala noma akhululwe uma ehlangabezana nemibandela ebekwe ngebheyili noma ngokufakwa kwephepha.

3. Ukubonakala Kwenkantolo Yokuqala (Ukubekwa Icala Noma Ukubonakala Kokuqala)

Phakathi nesikhathi esifushane ngemva kokuboshwa (ngokuvamile amahora angu-24 kuya ku-48, ngaphandle kwezimpelasonto), umsoli kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli. Lokhu kuqulwa kokuqala kufeza izinjongo eziningana ezibalulekile ezivikela ummangalelwa i-̱ uvikela amalungelo futhi ubeka iqophelo lecala.

Imali Ekhokhelwayo Iyafundwa

Umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala abekwe umshushisi. Ummangalelwa kumelwe aqonde isimo nobuqatha bamacala. Ezifundazweni eziningi, amacala angase afundwe ngokudluliswa isikhalo noma ukudluliswa. Lesi sinyathelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uyazi ukuthi yini abhekene nayo futhi simvumela ukuba aqale ukulungiselela isivikelo.

Ibhayile Nokukhululwa Kwama - computer

Esinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu kulokhu kuqulwa kwecala ukuthi ummangalelwa uzokhululwa yini ekhashelwe ukuqulwa kwecala. Umahluleli ucabangela izici eziningi: ukungathi sína kwecala, ummangalelwa i-’ umlando wobugebengu, ubudlelwane nomphakathi, ingozi yokuhamba ngendiza, kanye namathuba okuphinde akhululwe. UBail angabekwa njengemali, isibopho nge-bond, noma ukukhululwa kommangalelwa i-̱ ukwamukela kabusha (OR). I-American Bar Association inikeza imithombo ezindinganisweni ze-prestrial.

Ukumiswa Kweseluleko

Uma bengenakukwazi ukukhokhela, ummangalelwa utshelwa ngelungelo lakhe kummeli, inkantolo imisa umvikeli womphakathi noma iseluleko esabelwe. Leli lungelo, eliqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo Sesithupha, liqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nomenzi womthetho umelelwa ngokomthetho phakathi nale micimbi. Umahluleli angase abuze nanoma yiziphi izingxabano ezingase zibe khona zesithakazelo noma izicelo zommeli othile.

4. Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili Noma I - diory Enkulu

Ngemva kokuvela kokuqala, isinyathelo esilandelayo esikhulu kungenzeka siyimbangela yokuzimisela. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokuqulwa kwakuqala phambi komahluleli noma ngejaji elikhulu eliqhubeka, kuye ngegunya nohlobo lokumangalela.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili

Kusho ukuthi ukusebenzisa ukuqulwa kwamacala kwasekuqaleni, umshushisi kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi obanele ukuze aqinisekise umahluleli ukuthi kungenzeka kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ummangalelwa wenze ubugebengu. Isivikelo sinethuba lokunqamule ofakazi be-examine futhi siphikise ubufakazi. Uma ijaji lithola isizathu okungenzeka, icala liyaqhubeka liqulwa; kungenjalo, amacala ayalahlwa (nakuba abamangaleli bangaphinde bakhululeke uma bethola ubufakazi obuqinile). Lokhu kuqulwa akulona icala elingokomthetho kodwa akuyona indlela yokuhlola ukuvimbela ukuqhubekela phambili kwecala.

Icala Elikhulu

Emacaleni kahulumeni nakwamanye amazwe, izigebengu ezingathi sína zidinga ukulahlwa okukhulu. Iqembu elikhulu labahluleli liyiqembu lezakhamuzi (ngokuvamile abantu abangu 16-23) abazwa ubufakazi bunikezwa umshushisi. Isinqumo siyimfihlo futhi sisodwa i-̬ ukuzivikela akukho. Uma okungenani iningi labahluleli abaphezulu lithola imbangela elindelekile, likhipha i-̴ isimemezelo esiyiqiniso, i-̵ ephenduka icala. ISiphendulo sesihlanu se-U. Umthetho-Constitution idinga ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwenkantolo yezendlu yezomthetho kahulumeni noma ubugebengu obudume kakhulu.

5. Ukugunyazwa Yicala Noma Ukwaziswa

Lapho amacala angokomthetho esequlwa (noma ubekwe icala, ukwaziswa, noma isikhalo), ummangalelwa uyavela enkantolo ukuze athole icala. Lokhu kuhlukile ekubukekeni kokuqala ngoba ummangalelwa manje ubhekene nencwadi engokoqobo emangalelayo.

Ukuthola Imali Evamile

Ummangalelwa unikezwa ikhophi yokwaziswa noma amacala futhi kufundwa ngokuzwakalayo. umahluleli uqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba aqonde amacala nezijeziso ezingase zivele.

Ukungena E - Plea

Ummangalelwa kumelwe angene esivumelweni: unecala, ungabi nacala, noma ungabi namncintiswano. Isicelo esinecala sivuma icala futhi silahle ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala. Akukho mncintiswano ovumayo uyavuma amaqiniso kodwa awuvumi icala, okungaba nemiphumela enkantolo yomphakathi. Isikhalazo esinecala sibeka icala icala futhi sigcine zonke izikhundla. Umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi isicelo singesokuzithandela futhi sihlakaniphile uma sinecala noma singenamncintiswano.

Ukumisa Usuku Lokuqulwa Kwecala

Uma isicelo singenacala, inkantolo imisa isimiso sokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kwenkantolo, ukutholwa, futhi ekugcineni usuku lokuqulwa kwecala. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo ngaphansi kweSithasitho Esinezelwe, kodwa isikhathi sihlukahluka ngokwesimiso (isib., izinsuku ezingu - 60 kuya ku - 180).

6. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili Nokutholakala Kwama - dollar

Phakathi kokuxabana nokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izinhlangothi zihileleka ekulungiseleleni okukhulu.

Ukuthola

Ukuvubukulwa kuyinqubo lapho bobabili abantu beshintshana khona ngokwaziswa nobufakazi. Ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kwembule ubufakazi bokuveza (ubufakazi obuvumelana nommangalelwa) ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imibiko yamaphoyisa, izinkulumo zofakazi, imiphumela yokuhlolwa, kanye nanoma yikuphi okunye ukwaziswa okungathinta umphumela. Ukuzivikela kumelwe futhi kwambulembule ubufakazi obuthile, obunjenge-alibi noma ofakazi abangochwepheshe, ngaphansi kwemithetho yokuthola izinto ngokungenamthethwe. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nobufakazi obugciniwe.

Izindlela Ezivamile Zokuhamba Kwama - dollar

  • Ukuqunganyelwa kokucindezela ubufakazi: Ama-Ague ukuthi ubufakazi batholakala ngokwephulwa kweyesine, eyesihlanu, noma eyesi-6 yeSichibiyelo (umz., ukusesha okungekho emthethweni, ukuvuma okuphoqelelwe). Uma kuvunyiwe, lobu bufakazi abunakusetshenziswa ekwahlulelweni.
  • Ukukhipha: Amacala abonisa ukuthi amacala awanele ngokomthetho noma ukuthi umshushisi wephula amalungelo ommangalelwa i-’ (umz., ephula amalungelo okuqulwa kabili noma asheshayo).
  • Ukuqamba i-Motion kushintsha i-Venue: Izicelo zokudlulisela icala endaweni ehlukile ukuze kugwenywe ukusakazwa kokwaziswa okucatshangelwe kusengaphambili kwezobuchwepheshe noma ubandlululo lwendawo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Motion kuyi Limine: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile noma ubufakazi obungaphathwa phambi kwabahluleli ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Motion to Sever: emacaleni abamangalelwa abaningi, icela ukuqulwa kwecala elihlukile ukuze kugwenywe ubandlululo.

Izenzo zecala ziqhutshelwa phambi komahluleli, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuba kube khona abahluleli. Izinqumo zingalihlela kakhulu icala elilandelayo. Ukuze ubheke ngokunzulu izinqubo zikahulumeni zangaphambi komthetho, thintana noMnyango woMahluleli wase-U.S..

Ukudla Isikhumba

Nakuba kungesona isigaba esingokomthetho emacala onke, ukunxusa kungomunye wemiphumela evame kakhulu esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Icala elingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 kahulumeni nohulumeni liphela ngokunxusa, hhayi ngecala. Abashushisi nabameli baxoxa ngecala elincishisiwe noma isigwebo ukuze badlulise isicelo esinecala. Umahluleli kumelwe avume isicelo, aqinisekise ukuthi singesokuzithandela futhi ummangalelwa uyayiqonda imiphumela. Nakuba isicelo sokuxoxisana ngecala lezecala, siphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokulunga, ikakhulukazi ngabamangalelwa abangase bazizwe becindezelwa ukuba bamangalelwe ngisho noma bengenacala.

8. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Icala liyisiphetho senqubo engokomthetho, lapho ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele khona ummangalelwa i’ enecala elingenakuphikwa ejajini noma ejajini. Isimiso secala silandela ukulandelana okuqinile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ulungile.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Uma icala liyijaji, iqembu labahluleli abangase bahlolwe amajaji nabameli ukuba baphawule ubandlululo noma ukuhluleka ukungakhethi. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungathethelela abahluleli ngembangela (ubandlululo oluqondile) noma ukusebenzisa izinselele zokukhulula (alukho isizathu esidingekayo, kodwa alinakuba yilungu lokwahlulela elingakhethi elimelela isiqephu somphakathi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ukuquliswa kwecala nokuziphendulela ngakunye kunikeza ukucaciswa kobufakazi okuzobuletha. Lamazwi awabona ubufakazi kodwa ayimamephu ejaji. Ukushushiswa kuqala, bese kubekwa isivikelo (noma kungase kugcinwe ithuba laso kuze kube ngemva kokushushiswa i̱ icala).

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi futhi ufakazele ukufakazela amacala. Ukuvikela kungadlula ufakazi ngamunye. Ngemva kokuba ufakazi ephumile, ulwelwe angabiza ofakazi bakhe nobufakazi. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokungafakazeli; uma ekhetha, abahluleli abakwazi ukuveza noma isiphi isici esiphambene. Zombili izinhlangothi zingaveza ofakazi abangochwepheshe, ubufakazi obungokwezentengiselwano, nemifanekiso yezincwadi.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe wonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa icala labo, luqokomisa amandla nobuthakathaka. Ukushushisa kukhuluma kuqala bese kulandela ukuzivikela. Kwezinye izindawo, abashushisi bathola imvume ngemva kokuvikela. Izimpikiswano zokuvala zingamathuba anamandla okuhlela amaqiniso ngokuvumelana nohlangothi ngalunye.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, kuhlanganise nomthwalo wobufakazi nezici zobugebengu. Khona - ke abahluleli baxoxa ngasese ngobufakazi futhi basebenzise umthetho. Isinqumo singathatha amahora noma izinsuku. Isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane emacalani ezigebengu.

9. Icala Nezinyathelo Zangemva Kwempi

Isiyalo

Ijaji libuyisela isinqumo sokuba necala, hhayi icala, noma ngezinye izikhathi ijaji elilengiswe uma lingavumelani. A “ engenacala i ̵ isahlulelo siholela ekulahlweni ngokushesha, futhi ummangalelwa unecala mahhala. Isinqumo esinecala siholela ekutholeni icala. Ijaji elilengisweyo lingase liphumele enkantolo engafanele; umshushisi anganquma ukulilungisa icala.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Ngemva kwesinqumo esinecala, ukuzivikela kungathatha isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha noma kukhishwe isahlulelo sokungamangalelwa naphezu kwesinqumo (JOV). Laba baphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi abunele, kwenzeka amaphutha angokomthetho, noma abahluleli babendlulula. Uma benqatshwa, icala liyaqhubeka ligwetshwa.

10. Ukugwetshwa

Ukugwetshwa kuyisigwebo sokugcina se-ummangalelwa i-’ isijeziso. Kuyicala elihlukene lapho umahluleli ecabangela khona izici ezihlukahlukene. Kwezinye izindawo, abahluleli bangase batuse isigwebo (ikakhulukazi emacaleni abulalayo).

Izici Ezibangela Isigwebo

  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukuthatha nokungalawuleki kobugebengu: Imikhosi ivame ukuphatha imisho emide kunaleyo engalungile.
  • Umlando ophindiwe: Izaphula-mthetho eziphindaphindwayo zibhekene nezijeziso ezikhuliswe ngaphansi kwe ̴ izitebhisi ezintathu ” noma imithetho ejwayeziwe.
  • [ Izimo ezishintshayo: Inkantolo icabangela ukuzisola, ukubambisana, igalelo lesisulu, ukusebenzisa isikhali, noma ukuchayeka kwesisulu.
  • Izikhombo eziqondisayo: nezimiso eziningi zombuso zineziqondiso ezisikisela uhlu olusekelwe kwisilinganiso somthetho nomlando wobugebengu. Abahluleli banokuhlakanipha kodwa kumelwe bathethelele ukuhamba.

Izinhlobo Zezigwebo

Izigwebo zingahlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukugcinwa isigwebo, amahlawuli, umsebenzi womphakathi, ukukhokhelwa, noma inhlanganisela. Umahluleli angase futhi abeke izimo ezinjengokwelashwa kwezidakamizwa noma ukugadwa ngemishini. Kwezinye izimo, ummangalelwa angase afanelekele ukukhishwa noma akhululwe ngokushesha ngemva kokusebenza isikhathi esincane.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Ngemva kokugweba, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisa icala noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zigxila emaphutha angokomthetho, hhayi ecaleni eliyiqiniso. Inkantolo ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule icala. Inqubo yokudlulisa icala ingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka futhi ihlukile enqubweni yokuqulwa kwecala.

Isiphetho: Uhambo Ngobulungisa

Umgwaqo osuka ekuboshweni uye ekuqulweni icala unzima futhi uqinile, ubonakalisa isimiso somthetho i’ ukuzimisela enqubweni efanele. Isiteji ngasinye i̬ kusukela ekuboshweni kokuqala nase Miranda; izixwayiso zokuya ekwahluleleni kokugcina i-̬ abalweli bokuzivikela amalungelo abantu abamangalelwe kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso uhlangabezana nomthwalo wawo wobufakazi. Ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo zinika izakhamuzi amandla, zilungiselela ochwepheshe abangokomthetho, futhi zikhuthaza ukulandisa esimisweni sobulungisa. Nakuba le nqubo ingase ibonakale inzima, iyitshe legumbi lomphakathi wentando yeningi lapho kungekho muntu olahlwayo ngaphandle kwethuba lokuzivikela. Ukuqhubeka kufundwa kombuso i-̱ amalungelo, vakashela [FLPF:] i-Exmagency [FFF]