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Ukuqonda Izinqumo Ezingokomthetho: Indlela Ohulumeni Abalungisa Futhi Bavuselele Ngayo Imithetho

Iziphendu zimelela enye yezinqubo eziyisisekelo kakhulu ohulumeni abavumelanisa ngazo izimiso zabo zomthetho nezimo ezishintshayo, izidingo zezenhlalo, nezindinganiso ezivumelanayo. Lokhu kushintshwa okungokomthetho kwemithetho ekhona, imithetho engokomthetho, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezimiso kwenza izimiso zomthetho zihlale zibalulekile futhi zisabela ngaphandle kokufuna ukumiswa kwemithetho ephelele. Inqubo yokulungisa isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kokuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo, ivumela ohulumeni ukuba balondoloze izimiso eziyisisekelo zesisekelo somthetho kuyilapho benza ukulungisa okudingekile ekuxazululeni izinselele zamanje.

Kuwo wonke umlando, izinguquko ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho wezizwe emhlabeni wonke. Kusukela ekwandeni kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi nenkululeko kuya ekusingatheni intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nezindawo ezizungezile, amandla okulungisa imithetho aye abonakala ebalulekile ukuze kugcinwe izimiso ezisebenzayo nezilungile zomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo ukuguqula kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngesimo esinamandla somthetho nokubusa emiphakathini yanamuhla.

Inqubo yokulungisa ibonisa ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nokuphumelela kukahulumeni. Nakuba ezinye izinguquko zidinga ukuhileleka okukhulu komphakathi nokuvunyelwa okukhulu, ezinye zingasetshenziswa ngezinqubo ezivamile zomthetho. Lokhu kushintsha kwezimiso kuveza amafilosofi kahulumeni ahlukahlukene ngesilinganiso esifanelekile sokuhlala nokuvumelana nezimo ezimisweni engokomthetho.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zimelela uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu nolulandelayo lokuguqula okusemthethweni okukhona kohulumeni. Lokhu kulungisa kuguqula umthetho oyisisekelo wesizwe .Ibhukwana eliphakeme eligunyaza uhlelo lukahulumeni, lichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi, futhi lichaza amalungelo ayisisekelo nezimiso. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho-sisekelo isebenza njengesisekelo lapho yonke eminye imithetho ikhona, inqubo yokuzikhipha ngokuqondisisa ihlanganisa izimfuneko eziqinile kunemithetho evamile.

Imishini Ehlongozwayo Yezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukusungulwa kwezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni ezihlukene zikahulumeni. E-United States, ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kungahlongozwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ngokuvota okuzi-3 ezimbili kuzo zombili izindlu zeSishaya-Mkhandlu noma ngomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa ngama-3 anezishaya-mthetho zombuso. Lendlela yokulungisa i-partles ingavela kuhulumeni noma kuhulumeni, ebonisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni waseMelika.

Ezimisweni zephalamende, lenqubo ivame ukuhlanganisa izinguquko zesizwe zesivumelwano sokulungisa ngezinqubo ezikhethekile ezingafani nokwenza umthetho ovamile. Amazwe amaningi afuna ukuba izihlongozo zomthetho-mthetho zitholwe yiziphakamiso eziqinile noma ezinkulu kakhulu zemithetho, ziqinisekise ukuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba kuqhubeke izinguquko eziyisisekelo. Ezinye izizwe zigunyaza ukuhlongozwa kokulungisa okuhlongozwayo ukuba kuvunyelwe ngezinhlelo ezilandelanayo zephalamende, ziveze isici esiyisisekelo esivumela ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kwemithetho nenkulumo yasobala.

Ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho owenziwe izakhamuzi kumelela enye indlela ebalulekile ezindaweni eziningi zedemokrasi. Ngezinqubo zokunxusa, izakhamuzi zingahlanganisa izignobhini zokufaka izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile kumavoti omphakathi ukuze kuvotelwe. Lendlela yentando yeningi eqondile inika izakhamuzi amandla okudlula abagcini-sango bemithetho futhi ihlobise izinguquko eziyisisekelo emabhukwini azo abusayo. Izwe elifana neCalifornia liye lasebenzisa lenqubo kakhulu, okuphumela ekulungiseni izivumelwano eziningi zomthetho-mthetho ezidingizisa izindaba ezisukela ekukhokheleni intela ukuya enkantolo yomthetho.

Izimfuneko Zokuhlunga Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Lapho kuhlongozwa, izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zibhekene nezimfuneko eziqinile zokuthola ukusekelwa okuklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukusekelwa okubanzi phakathi kwama-contitution ahlukene namazinga kahulumeni. Isigaba sokuhlunga isebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi ekuthatheni amanyane noma ekungacatshangelwanga kahle izinguquko kumthetho oyisisekelo. Lezi zimfuneko zibonisa isimiso sokuthi ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kufanele kujabulele ukufaneleka nokusekelwa kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kube ingxenye yomthetho ophakeme.

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ukuvunywa kwemithetho ngokuvamile kudinga ukuvunyelwa eziqenjini ezizweni. I-United States idinga izindlu zombuso ezintathu ezine noma imihlangano kahulumeni ukuze ilungise izinqumiso zomthetho-sisekelo, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko kumthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni zijabulela ukusekelwa okubanzi nokungokwezombangazwe. Lemfuneko iye yabonakala iyinselele ukuhlangabezana, futhi izinguquko ezingu-77 kuphela ezagunyazwa kusukela ekuthatheni komthetho-mthetho ngo-1788, naphezu kwezinkulungwane zeziphakamiso ezasungulwa eKhondleni.

Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izimfuneko zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, ukunikeza izinguquko ezihlongozwayo ukuze kuvunyelwe. Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi ezinqumweni ezithinta umthetho oyisisekelo. Amazwe ahlanganisa i-Ireland, iSwitzerland, ne-Australia aqhuba njalo ama-arhente angokomthetho-sisekelo, nezimfuneko ezihlukene zomnyango wokungena. Amanye amazwe adinga izimfuneko ezilula, kuyilapho amanye agunyaza izikhundla ezinkulu kakhulu noma izikhundla ezimbili eziyinhloko okumelwe zifinyelwe kokubili ezweni nakunqamule inani elicaciswe ngokwezifunda noma ezifundazweni.

Ukulinganiselwa kwesikhathi ngokuvamile kuhambisana nezinqubo zokulungisa, ukwenza izikhawu ezihlongozwayo okumelwe zifinyelelwe ukusekelwa noma ukuhluleka. I-United States iye yasebenzisa kokubili iminyaka eyisikhombisa neminyaka eyishumi ukubuyiselwa kwezinguquko ezihlukahlukene, nakuba ezinye izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zingahlanganisanga isikhathi. Lemigoqo yesikhashana ikhuthaza ukugxila kwenkulumo-mpikiswano futhi ivimbela ukuqedwa kokungaqiniseki okunganqamukiyo okungalungiseki esimweni sokungaqiniseki.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo Angenagama

Isici esithakazelisayo sezimiso ezithile zomthetho-sisekelo sihlanganisa amalungiselelo avikelwe ngokucacile ekulungisweni kwe-"so-"i-"estrived" noma "izinhlelo ezingcono"" lezi zici zomthetho zenza zibhekwe njengezibaluleke kakhulu ekuziqondeni kwesizwe nangamanani abekwa ngaphezu kokufinyelela izinqubo ezivamile zokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, iSisekelo soMthetho waseJalimane, sivikela isimo sombuso wamazwe namalungelo abantu ayisisekelo ekulungiseni, sibonise izifundo ezisekelwe ekuweni kweWeimar Republic kanye nokudlondlobala kobupolitika bobuNazi.

Umthetho-sisekelo waseFrance uvikela uhlobo lukahulumeni werepublic ekulungiseni, kuyilapho imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo eminingana yaseLatin America ivikela izimiso zentando yeningi nezinhlelo zamalungelo abantu. La malungiselelo angaguquguquki aphakamisa imibuzo ethakazelisayo ngenkolelo-mthetho-mthetho, kuhlanganise nokuthi isizukulwane singabopha ngempela yini izizukulwane ezizayo nokuthi imingcele enjalo ithuthukisa noma ilulaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi izimiso ezithile zibalulekile kakhulu ukuba zivikelwe ezindaweni ezinkulu zesikhashana, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi wonke amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kufanele ahlale engaphansi kokubukezwa kwentando yeningi.

Izinqumo Zemithetho Nezinguquko Ezingokomthetho

Nakuba ukuhlelwa kwemithetho-mthetho kulungisa ukunaka okubalulekile ngenxa yesimo sawo esiyisisekelo, izinguquko zemithetho zimelela uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuguqula okungokomthetho ohulumeni. Lezi zinguquko ziguqula imithetho eqondile, iziqondiso, nezimiso kunokuba kushintshwe umthetho ngokwawo. Izinguquko zemithetho zivumela ohulumeni ukuba bacwengisise, bavuselele, futhi bathuthukise umthetho ekuxazululeni izinselele, ukushintsha izimo, noma izinqubo ezintsha eziza kuqala.

Izinqumo Zemithetho Evamile

Izinguquko zemithetho zivame ukulandela inqubo efanayo neyomthetho wokuqala, nakuba ngokuvamile inezinqubo ezilandelanayo. Ezimisweni eziningi zemithetho, ukushintshwa kwemithetho ekhona kuhlongozwa ngezindleko ezikhomba ngokucacile imithetho eshintshwayo. Lezi zikweleti ezikhokhwayo zisho ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zomthetho ezizoshintshwa, ziphinde zihlaziywe, noma zithasiswe, ezinikeza ukucaciswa ngezinguquko eziqondile ezizokwenziwa.

Inqubo yomthetho yokulungisa imithetho ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi zokubukeza nenkulumo-mpikiswano. Ukuqulwa kwecala kwamakomiti kuvumela ubufakazi obungochwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa okuphathelene nezinguquko ezihlongozwayo. Izimpikiswano zinikeza amathuba okuxoxa ngenzuzo nangemiphumela engenzeka yokulungisa. Le nqubo enqumayo isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zemithetho zihlolwe ngokufanele ngaphambi kokumiswa kwengxoxo, nakuba izinga lengxoxo lihluka kuye ngokwencazelo nangempikiswano yezinguquko ezihlongozwayo.

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zisebenzisa imihlangano ekhethekile yokuhlela ukuze zilungise izinguquko ukuze zithuthukise ukucaca nokukhubazeka. Izigwebo zinganikezwa njenge "Umthetho futhi zifake" amalungiselelo asusa ulimi oluthile futhi athathe indawo yalo ngombhalo omusha, noma njengemikhakha yokunezela enezela izingxenye ezintsha emithethweni ekhona. Ukuhlela ngokucophelela kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho eshintshiwe ihlala icacile futhi ingaguquguquki, ukugwema ukuphikisana noma ukufakwa kwemithetho okungenza kube nzima ukuchaza nokuqinisa umthetho.

Imithetho Ye - Omnibus NeziNkambiso Ezigunyaza Ukukhishwa Kwecala

Ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni basebenzisa i-omnibus article withs ezihlela imithetho eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lamaphakethe amakhulu emithetho angaxoxa ngezimpikiswano ezihlobene nemithetho ehlukene noma asebenzise izinguquko ezinkulu ezidinga izinguquko ezivumelaniswe nemithetho eminingi. Ukuhlelwa kwezindleko zokubuyisana ngokuvamile kusebenza njengezimoto ze-omnibus elungisa imithetho ehlukahlukene ukuze ivumelane nezinto eziza kuqala nezimiso ezintsha.

Nakuba umthetho we-omnibus ungasebenzisa izinguquko ezibanzi ngokuphumelelayo, futhi uphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokubekwa kwemithetho futhi kubekwe icala. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlanganisa izikweletu eziningi zibe yizikweletu ezikodwa kwenza kube nzima ngabamisi-mthetho nakwabantu ukuqonda ngokugcwele nokuhlola zonke izinguquko ezihlongozwayo. Ubunzima bomthetho we-omnibus bungafihla amalungiselelo aphikiswayo futhi bunganciphisa impikiswano enengqondo ngokulungisa izimo ezithile. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ukuthatha i-omnibus ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka ukusingatha izinqubo ezihlangeneyo futhi banqobe izintambo ze-projectal.

Izinqumo Zobuchwepheshe Nezivumelana Nezobuchwepheshe

Akuzona zonke izinguquko zemithetho ezihlanganisa izinguquko zezimiso. Izinguquko zobuchwepheshe zilungile, ukuvuselela izilinganiso ezihlukene, nokuthuthukisa ukucaca ngaphandle kokuguqula izimfuneko eziyisisekelo zomthetho noma izinhloso zezimiso. Lezi zinyathelo zokugcina izindlu zilondoloza ukunemba nokufundeka kwemithetho, ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihlala ikhona futhi iqondakala.

Ukuvumelana kwemithetho ekhona kuvumelana nomthetho omusha noma nezinqumo zenkantolo. Uma kumiswa umthetho omusha othinta imithetho ehlobene, ukuvumelana nokuhlelwa kwemithetho kuhlela lezo zimiso ukuze zibonise ushintsho futhi zigcine ukungaguquguquki phakathi kwemithetho. Ngokufanayo, uma izinkantolo zichitha amalungiselelo emithetho noma zichaza imithetho ngendlela ethinta imithetho ehlobene nayo, ukulungisa kungadingeka ukuze kulungiswe sonke isimiso somthetho.

Indima Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni inqubo yokulungisa nokuchaza imithetho elungisiwe. Ukuhlola kwezehlulelo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa kuvumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho kanye nemithetho elandelwayo. Lapho kuphenywa izinqumo, izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi izinqubo ezifanelekile zalandelwa yini nokuthi izinto ezifakiwe ezincishisiwe ziphula izimiso zomthetho-mthetho noma amalungelo avikelwe.

Izinga lokuhlola kokwahlulela liyahlukahluka ezimisweni zomthetho ezihlukene. Emazweni anamasiko okwahlulela aqinile, izinkantolo zihlola ngenkuthalo ukulungisa ukuvunyelwa komthetho-sisekelo futhi zingachitha ukulungisa okuphula izimiso eziyisisekelo. United States States State [ ithole ukuthi ngisho nezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zingaba nokuhlola uma ziphula umthetho-sisekelo ngokungenaphutha, nakuba lamandla engasetshenziswanga njalo. Ezinye izizwe zinikeza igunya elicacile lokubukeza ukuguqulwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko ukuze zihambisane nokuvumelana nezimiso ezingagunyaziwe noma izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Incazelo yokwahlulela yemithetho elungisiwe ithonya elikhulu kakhulu lemiphumela yayo esebenzayo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume indlela ukulungisa okusebenza ngayo namalungiselelo angokomthetho akhona, ukuxazulula ukuhlelwa kombhalo olungisiwe, futhi zisebenzise imithetho elungisiweyo emacaleni athile. Ngale nqubo yokuchaza, izinkantolo zihlela incazelo yezwe yangempela kanye nomphumela wokulungisa, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindlela ezingafani nenhloso yomthetho. Ukuhlanganisa phakathi kokulungisa imithetho nencazelo yomthetho kudala ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nencazelo yomthetho kanye nesicelo.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zezinqumo Ezishintshayo

Ukuhlola ushintsho olungokomlando kubonisa indlela ohulumeni abaye basebenzisa ngayo le ndlela ukuze babhekane nezindaba ezibucayi futhi bashintshe nezimiso zomthetho.

Iziphendu Zokuvuselela

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu, seshumi nane neshumi nanhlanu neshumi elinesihlanu eMthethweni we-United States, esamukelwa phakathi kuka-1865 no-1870, saguqula umthetho nomphakathi waseMelika ngemva kweMpi Yombango. Isichibiyeli seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila obungahlonisiwe, sasusa umkhuba owawuvikelwe ngokomthetho kusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe. Lokhu kulungisa kwasho ukubuyiselwa ngokuphelele kokuhlehliswa komthetho ngokomthetho okwandulela ukulawulwa kwezigqila.

IsiHluzi seshumi nane samisa ubuzibulo, saqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi savimbela imibuso ekuncisheni abantu bokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwaba ngenye yamalungiselelo oMthetho-sisekelo abaluleke kakhulu navame ukuchazwa, asebenza njengesisekelo sezinqumo eziphawulekayo ngokuphathelene namalungelo omphakathi, ukuzifihla, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. I-Ealme Device Claus iye yanxuswa ukuba ibeke inselele ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, nakwezinye izici.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu sasikwenqabela ukuncishwa kwamalungelo okuvota ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye Nesikhala Sabesifazane

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, senqabela ukunqatshelwa kwamalungelo okuvota okusekelwe ebulilini, okwaphumela emashumini eminyaka empikiswano yabesifazane. Lokhu kulungisa kwaphindeka kabili ukushintshwa okungase kuvele ekuthatheni isigaba sentando yeningi. Ukulwa isikhathi eside kwemikhankaso yayo yokuvota esekelwe embusweni wezwe, ukuhlelwa kwezombangazwe, nokuphindwa kwemithetho yezombangazwe okuqhubekayo kuveza ubunzima bokufinyelela ushintsho lwemithetho-mthetho kanye nokuguqula amathuba okukhona lapho ekugcineni kuthathwa.

Imiphumela yenguquko yadlulela ngalé kwamalungelo okuvota, inezela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu ezingokomthetho nasemazimweni ezingokwenhlalo. Ngokumisa ubuzwe babesifazane obulinganayo ejikeni, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalo sekhulu leshumi elinesine sasiza ekulungiseni ubandlululo olungokomthetho olulandelanayo emsebenzini, emfundweni yemfundo, nakwezinye izindawo. Izinguquko zomthetho zingaveza kanjani izinguquko ezingokwenhlalo ezinwebeka kakhulu ngaphezu kombhalo ongokoqobo.

Ukuxwayiswa Nokuphinda Kube Yikho

ISichibiyelo seshumi nesishiyagalombili, esagunyazwa ngo - 1919, sanqabela ukukhiqizwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuthuthwa kotshwala eUnited States. Lokhu kulungisa kwabonisa ukusetshenziswa kwegunya lomthetho - sisekelo ukuze kuqondiswe ukuziphatha komuntu siqu futhi kusetshenziswe isimiso esithile somphakathi. Inkathi yeNkathi Yokunqunyelwa Kwezigwebo eyalandela yabonisa kokubili amandla okulungisa umthetho womthetho womthetho wokuguqula umphakathi nokusebenzisa umthetho wemithetho ukuze kuphoqelelwe izinqubo zezenhlalo eziphikisanayo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sagunyazwa ngo-1933, saphinde sathola iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, futhi salungisa kuphela esinye isici sokuqeda ngokuphelele esinye somthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuqashelwa okusakazekile kokuthi i-Phibition ihlulekile ukufinyelela izinjongo zayo kuyilapho iveza imiphumela emibi kakhulu, kuhlanganise nobugebengu obuhleliwe, inkohlakalo, nokungahloniphi umthetho. Izehlakalo zenkathi zibonisa ukuthi ukunqamuka, nakuba kunamandla, akunakungalungiseka futhi izimiso zomthetho zingalungisa amaphutha angaphambili.

Imikhuba YeSichibiyelo Sangesikhathi Esidlule Emhlabeni Wonke

Amazwe ahlukahlukene asebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo nomthetho, ebonisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene, amasiko ezombangazwe, namafilosofi omthetho - sisekelo. Ukuhlola lemikhuba yomhlaba wonke kwembula uchungechunge lwezindlela ezingase zilungiswe kanye nobuhlobo bawo nokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ovumelana Nezimo Nolimi

Izazi zomthetho-mthetho zihlukanisa phakathi kwemithetho-mthetho evumelanayo neqinile esekelwe ekulungiseni ubunzima. Imithetho-sisekelo evumelanayo, njengomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo we-United Kingdom ongabhalwanga, ingashintshwa ngezinqubo ezivamile zomthetho-mthetho ngaphandle kwezimiso ezikhethekile. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimiso ezishintsha izimo ngokushesha kodwa kunikeza isivikelo esincane kakhulu ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ezisekelweni ezinkulu zezombangazwe zesikhashana.

Imithetho-mthetho eqinile idinga izinqubo ezikhethekile zokulungisa, ezivame ukuhilela amavoti amakhulu, izigaba eziningi zokwamukelwa, noma izinketho ezithandwayo. Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States ubeka umthetho-sisekelo oqinile, nezimfuneko zawo ezifuna impoqo eziphumela ekulungiseni okuncane kakhulu phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka. Lokhu kuqina kuqinisa ukuzinza nokuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo kodwa kungakwenza kube nzima ukuxoxa ngezindaba ezivelayo noma ukushiyeka komthetho ngokomthetho olungile.

Umthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla unezici eziphakathi, nezinga elihlukene lokuqina kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa. Amanye amalungiselelo angalungiseka ngemithetho emikhulu ejwayelekile, kuyilapho amanye edinga ama-parenceum noma izinqubo ezifuna ingcindezelo. Lokhu kwathweswa iziqu kuvumela ukuvumelana nezimo lapho kuvikelwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezimfuno eziqinile.

Imikhuba Yokuzinzisa Ngokuphindaphindiwe

Amanye amazwe alungisa imithetho-mthetho yawo njalo, abheka umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi ephilayo okufanele ilungiswe njalo ukuze ibonise izidingo nezindinganiso zamanje. INdiya iye yashintsha umthetho - sisekelo wayo izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyikhulu kusukela yatholwa ngo-1950, isingatha izindaba ezisukela ehlelweni likahulumeni kuya kwezenhlalo. Lomkhuba ovamile wokulungisa uveza umbono wokuthi imithetho-mthetho kufanele isabele ekufuneni idemokhrasi futhi ikwazi ukusingatha izinselele ezithile zenqubo.

I-Brazil ka-1988 uMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu, ngokulungisa izihloko ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa inqubo yemali, imithetho ekhethiwe, namalungelo ezenhlalo. Lelizinga eliphakeme lokulungisa libonisa kokubili isimo somthetho-sisekelo esiningiliziwe .Ihlanganisa amalungiselelo amaningi amanye amazwe angawakhuluma ngomthetho ovamile, futhi isiko lezombangazwe elikhululekile ngokulungisa umthetho-mthetho njengethuluzi lezimiso.

Abagxeki benguquko evamile baphikisa ngokuthi ingalulaza ukuzinza komthetho-sisekelo futhi ifinyele umehluko phakathi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nomthetho ovamile. Uma imithetho-mthetho ilungiswa njalo ukuze ixazulule izindaba ezithile zenqubo, ingalahlekelwa isimilo sayo njengomthetho oyisisekelo futhi ibe yizincwadi ezithiwa ezimpikiswaneni ezifanayo zobandlululo njengomthetho ovamile. Abasekeli abaphikisayo ukuthi ukulungisa njalo kugcina imithetho-sisekelo isebenza futhi isabela ekukhetheni idemokhrasi.

Izinhlelo Zesichibiyelo Esinengxenye

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iye yamukela izindlela zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, ezihilela izakhamuzi ngokuqondile ekulungiseni, ekuphikisaneni, nasekuvumeni izinguquko eziyisisekelo ezingokomthetho. Isimiso sezokuthatha isinyathelo esithandwayo sase Switzerland sivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze ukuhlongozwa komthetho-sisekelo ngesicelo, ngokuthatha izinyathelo eziphumelelayo eziqhubekela phambili ezinyanzelweni eziphoqelelwe. Lendlela yokubusa ngentando yeningi iye yaphumela ekulungiseni izindaba eziningi ezisekelwe kumthetho sisekelo ezimayelana nokuvikela indawo ezungezile ezimisweni yezokufuduka.

I-Iceland yazama ukusungula inqubo emisha yokulungisa umthetho ngokomthetho ngemva kwenkinga yayo yezimali, isebenzisa imithombo yezindaba nomphakathi ukuze ithuthukise izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zomthetho-mthetho. Nakuba ushintsho oluwumphumela lungathathwanga ekugcineni, lenqubo yabonisa amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela komphakathi ekuklanyweni komthetho-sisekelo nasekulungiseni. Izinqubo ezifanayo zokuzibandakanya ziye zasetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufaneleka komthetho ngokomthetho wentando yeningi.

I-Ireland iye yasebenzisa amaqembu ezakhamuzi akhethwe ngamabomu ezindabeni zomthetho-mthetho futhi atusa ukulungisa. Lendlela iye yafaka iqhaza emikhankasweni ephumelelayo yokulungisa imibandela ehlanganisa ukulingana komshado namalungelo okukhipha izisu. Ngokuhlanganisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi nezinqubo ezingokwesiko zokuhlobisa, i-Ireland iye yasungula isibonelo esithuthukisa ukuthembisana komphakathi kuyilapho igcina izinhlangano ezimelela idemokrati.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuhlelekile Kwezinqumo Ohulumeni

Ukuqonda lezi zici eziwusizo kwembula indlela ukulungisa okusebenza ngayo njengamathuluzi okubusa ngaphandle kwemithetho yabo engokomthetho, kufeza izinjongo ezihlukahlukene, kubhekane nezinhlekelele, futhi kulawule izinselele zezombangazwe.

Ukusabela Ezinqumweni Zokwahlulela

Ohulumeni bavame ukusebenzisa izinguquko ukuze basabele ezinqumweni zokwahlulela ezichitha umthetho noma zichaze imithetho ngezindlela eziphikisana nenhloso yomthetho. Lapho izinkantolo zishaya imithetho njengengavumelani nemithetho, izishaya umthetho zingahlongoza izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze zigunyaze izimiso ezingasebenzi. Lokhu okunamandla kwakha ingxoxo phakathi kwamagatsha okwahlulela nezomthetho ngokuphathelene nencazelo nemingcele engokomthetho.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye kuMthetho-sisekelo we-United States siyisibonelo salokhu kusetshenziswa kokulungisa ngokusabela. Sathathwa ngo-1795, sasichitha isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eChisolm v. Georgia, eyayivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zisuswe enkantolo kahulumeni. I-constmentmentment elinganiselwe amandla omthetho kahulumeni ezwe, ebonisa indlela ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo okungahlola ngayo izincazelo zokwahlulela nentando yemithetho esemthethweni.

Ngokufanayo, izinguquko zomthetho ngokuvamile zisabela ezincazelweni zomthetho. Uma izinkantolo zichaza imithetho ngezindlela ezihlukile ezinhloso yomthetho noma ziveza imiphumela engalindelekile, izishaya-mthetho zingalungisa imithetho ukuze zicacise incazelo noma zifinyelele imiphumela yezimiso ezifunwayo. Lenqubo ephakathi kwencazelo yokwahlulela nokulungisa imfundiso engokomthetho iguqula ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukusabela Okubucayi Nezinqumo Eziphuthumayo

Ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni basebenzisa izinguquko ukuze baphendule izinhlekelele noma izimo eziphuthumayo eziveza amagebe noma ukuhluleka ezimisweni zomthetho ezikhona. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu eSigqizo soMthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, sagunyazwa ngo-1967, sakhuluma ngokulandelana komongameli nokukhubazeka okunolwazi oluqokonyiswe ukubulawa kukaMongameli Kennedy kanye nezinkathazo zakhe ngokungalawuleki komongameli. Lokhu kulungisa izinqubo zokudlulisela amandla kamongameli nokugcwalisa izivumelwano zobumongameli, kubhekisa emasikweni omthetho - sisekelo aye aqhubeka kusukela ekusungulweni kwakhe.

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001, amazwe amaningi alungisa imithetho ehlobene nokulondeka kwesizwe, ukuqapha, nokulwa nezenzo zobuphekula. Nakuba ushintsho oluningi luhilela ukuqondisa umthetho esikhundleni sokulungisa umthetho, abonisa indlela izinhlekelele ezingashintsha ngayo ngokushesha ngokomthetho. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko kulokhu kulungisa izinkinga kuseyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo nenkathi yokuhlaziya.

Isifo se-COVOID-19 (isifo se-CHOVAD) sabangela izinguquko ezingokomthetho ezihlukene ezithinta iziphathimandla zempilo yomphakathi, imibuso ephuthumayo, kanye nosizo lwezomnotho. Amanye amagunya ahlelwa kabusha noma imithetho eyisisekelo yokucacisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo, kuyilapho amanye ayethembele ekulungiseni noma emithethweni engokomthetho yemithetho ephuthumayo. Lezi zinguquko eziwumqedazwe zibonisa indlela izimo ezingase zilungiseke ngayo izinqubo zomphakathi futhi zandise amandla kahulumeni ngezindlela ezingase ziqhubekele ngalé kwenhlekelele ephuthumayo.

Ukuqinisa Amandla Ezombangazwe

Izinqumo zingasetshenziswa ekuqiniseni noma ekwandiseni amandla ezombangazwe, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindlela ezilulaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Abaholi bobucukubhede baye basebenzisa izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze baqede imingcele, banciphise imingcele nezilinganiso zezinhlangano, noma bandise igunya lezikhulu. Lezizinguquko ngokuvamile zilandela izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho kuyilapho zichitha izimiso zentando yeningi namandla okugxilisa ingqondo.

IRussia yalungisa umthetho-sisekelo wayo ngo-2020 ukuze ilungise imingcele yamandla kamongameli, ivumela uMongameli Putin ukuba ahlale ehhovisi kwaze kwaba ngo-2036. Nakuba izinguquko zavunyelwa nge-parente, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lenqubo ayinakho ukucabangela kwangempela kwentando yeningi futhi ushintsho oluncishisiwe lwemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo emandleni abaphathi. Izindlela ezifanayo ziye zenzeka kwamanye amazwe lapho ukubuyiselwa kuye kwasetshenziselwa khona ukuhlanganisa abaholi abanci abanci.

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ka-2017 zaguqula isimiso sawo sombuso saba yisimiso sobumongameli esinemibuso ebanzi enwetshiwe. Igunya elinciphileyo eligunyazwe i-aster, lezi zinguquko ezigunyaziwe kumongameli kuyilapho zinciphisa ukuqondisa kwephalamende nokwahlulela. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela ukulungisa okungaguqula ngayo izakhiwo zikahulumeni kanye nokulingana kwamandla phakathi kwezinhlangano.

Lezi zimo ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho nezindinganiso eziphansi zentando yeningi. Izigwebo ezilandela izimfuneko zomthetho ezingokobuchwepheshe zingase zilulaze ukubusa kwentando yeningi uma ziqeda ukuhlola okunengqondo egunyeni, imingcele yokuncintisana kwezombangazwe, noma ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo. Ukufaneleka kokulungisa akuxhomekile nje kuphela ekuthotyeni imithetho yentando yeningi kodwa nasekuvumelaneni kwayo nezimiso zobudemokrasi kanye nezindinganiso zomthetho.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Ezinqubweni Zezinqumo

Izinqubo zokuchithwa kwemithetho zibhekana nezinselele ezihlukahlukene futhi zibangele izimpikiswano ezibonisa izingxabano ezijulile ngentando yeningi, ubu - mthetho - sisekelo, nokushintsha komthetho.

Ubunzima Obuphikisayo Bokulwa Ne - Majoritary

Izinqubo zokulungisa i-Rigid zidala lokho izazi ezikubiza ngokuthi ubunzima bokulawula i-"""" umba oshubile phakathi kokubusa kwentando yeningi nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo emelana nokushintsha. Uma izimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu noma ezinye izinqubo ezifuna impoqo zivimbela ukulungiseka okusekelwe yizinto ezinkulu ezilula, kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi imingcele enjalo ifeza izinjongo ezingokomthetho noma isithiyo sobudemokhrasi esibhuntshisa intando yentando yeningi.

Abasekeli bezinqubo ezifuna ukushintshwa baphikisa ngokuthi bavikela izimiso eziyisisekelo namalungelo amancane ezimisweni zesikhashana. Amalungiselelo oMthetho-sisekelo akufanele ashintshwe kalula imifelandawonye yezombangazwe edlulayo, njengokuzinza nokubikezela emthethweni oyisisekelo kufeza izindinganiso ezibalulekile. Ukuvuma ukuthi ushintsho lungalungiseki kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ziveza izibopho ezihlala njalo kunokuba zibonise izintando zesikhashana.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinqubo eziqinile zokulungisa zingasusa amalungiselelo aphelelwe isikhathi futhi zivimbele izinguquko ezidingekile. Uma ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho luba nzima kakhulu, izimiso zomthetho zingahluleka ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo, zidala ukungezwani phakathi komthetho ongokomthetho neqiniso lezenhlalo. Ukungakwazi ukuqeda izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezinenkinga kungase kululaze ukuhlonipha umthetho ongokomthetho futhi kukhuthaze ushintsho olungokwemithetho esemthethweni ngokuchaza kabusha noma ngomkhuba wezombangazwe.

Imithetho Engokomthetho

Imibono yokungavumelani ngokwezimiso ingalulaza ukufaneleka kwenguquko ngisho nalapho ithathwa ekugcineni. Imibuzo ingaphakama mayelana nokubala amavoti, ukuhlobana nokungagunyazi, ukuqaphela umphakathi, noma ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zobuchwepheshe.

Ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane soMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States kwakuhilela izimo eziphikisanayo, kuhlanganise nemibuzo yokuthi ingabe ezinye iziphazamiso zikahulumeni zazisebenza yini nokuthi iziKhomishane zazilisebenzisa kahle yini igunya ekumemezeleni lenguquko. Naphezu kwalezimpikiswano, kwakhishwa indinganiso futhi kuye kwasetshenziswa njengomthetho - sisekelo, okubonisa indlela imibuzo engokwesiko engase inciphe ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngisho nalapho ekuqaleni kunezingxabano.

Muva nje, kuye kwaphakama imibuzo ephathelene nokufaneleka kokuncishiswa kwamalungelo emvelo ngokuphathelene neSichibiyelo Sesilinganiso Samalungelo Omphakathi, esahlongozwa yiSishaya-mthetho ngo-1972 futhi samiswa isikhathi sokusebenza esathathwa kamuva futhi ekugcineni saphela. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, izifundazwe ezengeziwe zagunyaza ukulungisa, ziphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuthi ingabe izinguquko eziphelile zingavuselelwa nokuthi iSishaya-Mnyango singamisa noma silungise imibandela emisiwe. Le mpikiswano engaphenduliwe ibonisa kanjani ukuthi ukugcinwa kwe-dicclomment acritiation progaties kungadala izimpikiswano ezihlala njalo ngokulunga.

Ukulinganiselwa Okungalawuleki Kwamandla Esichibiyelo

Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngokuthi kukhona yini ukulinganiselwa okungacacile kokuncishiswa kwegunya − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimiso ezithile zomthetho-sisekelo zibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi azinakulungiswa ngisho nangezinqubo ezifanelekile. Lombuzo uphakamisa izimpikiswano ezijulile ngemfundiso yomthetho-sisekelo kanye nesimo somthetho oyisisekelo.

Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezithile, njengamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo noma ukubusa kwentando yeningi, zizalwa zizalwa zisesimisweni somthetho-sisekelo futhi azinakuqedwa ngokulungisa. Ngalo mbono, inguquko okuthiwa imisa ubushiqela noma iqeda amalungelo ayisisekelo ingaba ngengasebenzi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kutholwe inqubo engokomthetho.

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi amandla okulungisa angaphakathi kwezimfuneko zawo ezingokwemvelo jnjnjl-lownia ukuthi uma kulandelwa izinqubo ezifanele, noma yiliphi ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo lingalungiswa. Lombono ugcizelela ubukhosi obuthandwayo nelungelo lesizukulwane ngasinye lokunquma umthetho waso oyisisekelo. Ukulinganisela amandla asekelwe ezindinganisweni eziphansi, ngokwalombono, kuvimbela ngokungafanele ukuzenzela ngokwentando yeningi futhi kuvumela abahluleli abangakhethwenga ukuba bathathe isikhundla esithandwayo.

Ikusasa LeziNguquko Ezingokomthetho

Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha nobuchwepheshe obushintshayo, izinqubo zokulungisa ziyoqhubeka zishintsha.

Izinhlelo Zokubusa Ngentando Yeningi Nezinqumo Zezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe bemishini budala amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela komphakathi ezinqubweni zokulungisa. Amasiteji e-Online angasiza ekubekeni izivumelwano ezibanzi ekuhlongozeni komthetho-mthetho, avumele izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze ukulungisa, ziphikisane ngezimfanelo zazo, futhi zihlanganyele ezinqubweni zokuhluza. I-Estonia namanye amazwe athuthuke ngokwezinombolo aye azama ukuvota ngogesi nokuhlola i-ingosi ye-inthaneti ezinqunyweni zomthetho, izithombe ezinganweba ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Nokho, izinqubo zokulungisa imishini ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokulondeka, ukuthembeka, kanye nokucabanga ngekhono. Ukuhlanganyela kuyi-website kungandisa ukuthembisana ngesithembiso kodwa kunciphise ukugxila. Izinsongo zokuvota zingaphazamisa ubuqotho bokuvota ngama - electronic. Ukulinganisela ukutholakala nokuphepha nokucabangisisa kuyobekela ohulumeni inselele ekulungiseni izinqubo zesimanje.

Indima yezenhlalo emikhankasweni yokulungisa inikeza amathuba nezinselele. Lamapulatifomu angakhuthaza ukusekela nokusiza ekuhlanganyeleni ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nokulungisa okuhlongozwayo. Nokho angasakaza ulwazi olungeyilo, abangele ukuxhaphaza, futhi ahlukanise impikiswano. Indlela ohulumeni nomphakathi abasebenzisa ngayo ithonya lezenhlalo zomphakathi ezindleleni zokulungisa izinqubo, liyolithinta ngokuphawulekayo izinga lentando yeningi nomthetho-sisekelo wokushintsha.

Ukubhekana Nezinselele Zobuchwepheshe Nezendawo Ezungezile

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile nezinkinga zendawo ezungezile kudala ukucindezela kokulungisa izindaba ezingatshalwanga yizimiso zomthetho ezikhona. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokungafihliwe kwemishini kuphakamisa imibuzo ngamalungelo negunya likahulumeni okungase kungabhekisi kahle emalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo akhona. Ezinye izazi nabasekeli baphikisana ngokuvikela okucacile imfihlo yobuchwepheshe, ukuqondisa ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, noma ukumisa amalungelo ahlobene nobuchwepheshe obuvelayo.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile kuye kwabangela ukuba kuthuthukiswe ukuqaphela komthetho - sisekelo amalungelo emvelo noma imisebenzi kahulumeni efuna ukuvikela imvelo. Amazwe amaningana aye amukela amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo aphathelene nokuvikela indawo ezungezile, futhi izinhlangano zokulungisa indawo ezungezile ziyaqhubeka emikhakheni eminingi.

Inselele isekulungiseni izinto ezizolungisa eziqondene ngokwanele ukuba zinikeze isiqondiso esinengqondo kuyilapho zihlala zivumelana ngokwanele ukuze zikwazi ukusingatha intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nezesayensi. Izinguquko eziningi kakhulu zingaphelelwa isikhathi, kuyilapho amalungiselelo angacacile anganikeza isiqondiso esinganele. Ukuthola izinga elifanele lokulungisa izinto ezizodingidwa ngokushesha kudinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela futhi kungase kufune izindlela ezintsha zokuhlela ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho.

Ukwehlukana Kwezizwe Nezizwe

Izinhlangano zezifunda ezinjenge-European Union zinezinqubo zazo zokulungisa izivumelwano zesisekelo, ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi izimiso zemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe kufanele zilinganise ukuqina nokuvumelana. Ubuhlobo phakathi kokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe nezibopho ezingokomthetho zomhlaba wonke budala izingxabano ezingase zivele kuhulumeni.

Izimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zithonya ngokuqhubekayo izinqubo zokulungisa isizwe. Izinkantolo nabasekeli banxusa izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke lapho kuhlolwa ukuncitshiswa kwezinguquko, bephikisa ngokuthi izinguquko ezithile ziyophula izibopho zezizwe zonke noma izimiso zendawo yonke. Lokhu kubekwa kwenkulumo yomthetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke kuthinta indlela ukulungisa okuphikiswa ngayo nokuhlolwa, kwandisa amaphuzu angaphandle angaphandle angenakucatshangelwa nje kuphela.

Imfundo engqukuva nemfutho yemibono engokomthetho-sisekelo ithinta izindlela zokulungisa. Amazwe aqaphela futhi afunde kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabanye ngoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo, amukela izinto ezintsha eziphumelelayo futhi agweme ukuhlola okuhlulekile. Lokhu kushintshaniswa kwemibono engokomthetho-sisekelo kwembulunga yonke kudala ukuhlangana kwezinye izindawo kuyilapho kulondoloza izindlela ezihlukile zobuzwe kwezinye. Ukuqonda izinqubo zokulungisa kudinga ukunaka lokhu kuphakama komhlaba wonke kanye namathonya omhlaba wonke.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yezinqumo Eziphumelelayo

Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okuqhathanisa nokuhlaziywa kwezazi, izimiso eziningana ziba yimikhuba engcono kakhulu yokuklama nokusebenzisa izinqubo zokulungisa ezivumelana nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kuyilapho zilondoloza ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi.

Ukukhipha Umbono Ocacile Nomphakathi

Izinqubo zokulungisa eziphumelelayo zidinga ukuba sobala ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo namathuba okucabanga ngomphakathi onenjongo. Izakhamuzi kufanele zibe nokwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa okucacile mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinguquko ezizoshintsha, kungani zihlongozwa, nokuthi zingaba namiphi imiphumela. Isikhathi esanele sokucabangela umphakathi nengxoxo sivumela ukwenza izinqumo zolwazi nokuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kokulungisa okungathathwa ekugcineni.

Imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi ingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukulungisa okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ezinhlelweni zokulawula. Imithombo yokwaziswa echaza imiphumela yokulungisa ngaphandle kokusekela ukuvota nokuququzelela kobuqaba okubangelwa ubuchwepheshe. Izembulo zezezindaba, izikhundla zomphakathi, nezifundo zemfundo konke kuneqhaza ekubekeni isilinganiso sokuthembisana komphakathi ngokulungisa okuhlongozwayo.

Izimfuneko Ezifanelekile Zesayensi Yemvelo

Izinqubo zokuchithwa kufanele zifune izindleko ezanele ukuqinisekisa ukusekelwa okubanzi nokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kodwa zingagodli kakhulu ukuze kuvinjelwe izinguquko ezidingekile. Izinga elifanele lobunzima lixhomeke ezicini ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa isiko lomthetho-sisekelo, isimo sikahulumeni, kanye nohlobo lwamalungiselelo alungiswayo. Amalungiselelo amaningi ayisisekelo angadinga izinqubo ezifuna ukushintshwa kakhulu, kuyilapho amalungiselelo amancane angalungiseka ngezinqubo ezingezinhle.

Izinqubo zokulungisa ezihluka-hlukene ngokusekelwe ekubalulekeni koshintsho zinikeza ukuvumelana lapho kuvikelwa izimiso eziyisisekelo. Lendlela ivumela ukushintshwa kwenqubo ngenqubo ngenqubo yezimiso ezivamile kuyilapho idinga ukuvumelana okungavamile kwezinguquko eziyisisekelo. Izimiso ezicacile zokunquma ukuthi iziphi izinqubo ezisebenza ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zenguquko zithuthukisa ukubikezela futhi zinciphisa amathuba okuxhashazwa.

Ukubukeza Nokwengamela Ukwahlulela

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela okuzimele kwezinqubo zokulungisa kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthobela imithetho futhi kuvikele ekulungiseni okungqubuzana nezimiso eziyisisekelo. Izinkantolo kufanele zibe negunya lokuhlola ukuthi izinguquko zamukelwa ngezinqubo ezifanelekile nokuthi ziyaphikisana yini namalungiselelo angenakulungiseka noma imingcele ephelele yomthetho-sisekelo. Le nkonzo ivikela ubuqotho bomthetho-sisekelo uma ihlonipha ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi phakathi kwemingcele efanelekile.

Nokho, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ngokulungisa kufanele kwenziwe ngokuqapha, njengoba izinkantolo zifaka engozini yokululaza ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi uma zinciphisa kalula kakhulu ukusekela okuthandwayo. Izindinganiso ezicacile zomthetho ngokomthetho zokuhlola ukulungiswa kwezimiso zisiza izinkantolo ukuba zilawule lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kokuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo kanye nokuhlonipha izinqubo zentando yeningi.

Ukubukeza Umthetho - sisekelo Wezikhathi Ezithile

Ezinye izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zizuza ekubukezeni okubanzi ngezikhathi ezithile okuhlola ukuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo ziyadingeka yini. Lokhu kuhlola kungaveza amalungiselelo aphelelwe isikhathi, ukungavumelani, noma izikhala ezisemithethweni. Ngokudala amathuba ahlelwe kahle okuhlola umthetho-sisekelo, ukubukeza ngezikhathi ezithile kungasiza ekulungiseni okudingekile kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuqina komthetho sisekelo.

Izinqubo zokubukeza zomthetho-mthetho kufanele zihlanganise abasekeli bezomthetho abahlukene kuhlanganise nochwepheshe bezezomthetho, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ukuhlanganyela ezindaweni ezibanzi kuthuthukisa ukufaneleka futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene yazisa ukutuswa koshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukubukezwa kuholela ekulungiseni okukhethekile noma ekushintsheni okukhulu, kufeza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuqina nokubaluleka komthetho-sisekelo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwezinqumo

Iziphendu zimelela indlela eyisisekelo ohulumeni abavumelanisa ngayo izimiso zomthetho nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho begcina ukuqhubekela phambili nezimiso ezimisiwe nezinhlangano. Igunya lokulungisa imithetho ."Izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo noma izimiso ezivamile) zihlela izimiso ezingokomthetho zokuziguqula ngaphandle kokufuna ukwakhiwa okuphelele. Lokhu mandla okushintsha okuqhubekayo asekela kokubili ukuhleleka nokuvumelana nezimo, ukuvumela imiphakathi ukuba ilondoloze amasiko abalulekile angokomthetho kuyilapho isingatha izinselele ezintsha namathuba.

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa inqubo ezisezindaweni ezihlukene zibonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo: ukuncintisana kwesimiso sombuso weningi nomthetho-sisekelo, ukuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo, ukubusa okuningi nesivikelo esincane. Akukho sifanekiso esisebenza kuwo wonke amaphuzu ngokufanayo, izinqubo ezifanele zixhomeke empucukweni yomthetho-sisekelo, ehlelweni, nasekwenzeni komlando. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukahlukahluka kuthuthukisa ukwazisa ngezindlela eziningi izimiso zomthetho ezingazivumelanisa nokuzibopha izibopho eziyisisekelo.

Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili ezihlanganisa ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile, kanye nokukhubazeka okungalawuleki kwamalungelo nokubusa, izinqubo zokulungisa ziyoqhubeka zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umthetho nomthetho-sisekelo. Izinga lalezi zinqubo (_ukubonakala kwayo, ukuvaleka kwayo, nokuthembeka ezimisweni zentando yeningi nezomthetho-sisekelo) liyothinta kakhulu ukuthi izimiso ezingokomthetho ziyakwazi yini ukusingatha izinselele ezizayo kuyilapho zilondoloza izindinganiso nezinhlangano ezibalulekile.

Ekugcineni, ukulungisa kuhlanganisa isimiso sokuthi umthetho kufanele ukhonze izidingo zomuntu nezindinganiso kunokuba uphile njengefa elingashintshiyo kusukela esikhathini esidlule. Ngokulungiselela izimiso ezihleliwe zoshintsho olungokomthetho, izinqubo zokulungisa isizukulwane ngasinye zenza sikwazi ukuhlela uhlelo lwaso olungokomthetho lapho sihlonipha ukuhlakanipha nezibopho zabanduleli. Lokhu kulinganisela phakathi kokuqhubekela phambili noshintsho, phakathi kokulondolozwa nokusungulwa, kusemnyombweni wezimiso eziphumelelayo zomthetho nokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, izinqubo zokuqonda zibalulekile ukuze kutholwe ukubusa kwentando yeningi ngokuphumelelayo. Izigwegwe zivame ukuxoxa ngezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu neziphikisayo umphakathi, kusukela emalungelweni ayisisekelo kuya ekwakheni uhulumeni kuya ekuxazululeni izinselele ezivelayo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo zokulungisa ushintsho olukhona (ukuthi ngokuvota ngemishini, ukuthatha iqhaza emphakathini, noma ukubeka abameleli abazolandisa ngenkinga ebalulekile yesizwe sentando yeningi.)

Kubenzi bezimiso nochwepheshe bezomthetho, ukuklama nokusebenzisa izinqubo eziphumelelayo zokulungisa kudinga ukunaka ngokucophelela imininingwane yokuhlela, izindinganiso zentando yeningi, nemiphumela esebenzayo. Izici zobuchwepheshe zezinqubo zokulungisa inqubo ("imikhawulo yokulungisa"imigoqo, izimfuneko zokulungisa, izikhawu zesikhashana"nezehlakalo zesikhashana) ngokuphawulekayo ukuthi iziphi izinguquko eziphumelelayo nendlela ezilungisa ngayo izimiso zomthetho. Umklamo walezi zinqubo ungathuthukisa ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi kuyilapho uvikela ukuthembeka komthetho wesisekelo.

Ukubheka phambili, izinqubo zokulungisa cishe ziyoqhubeka ziguqula ukusabela ekushintsheni kwezesayensi, amasiko ezombangazwe ashintshayo, kanye nokuqonda okusha kwentando yeningi nomthetho-sisekelo. Ubuchwepheshe bamanani bungasiza ukuba izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganyela ezinyangweni zokulungisa, kuyilapho ukuxhumana kwembulunga yonke kungandisa amathonya ezwe jikelele ekushintsheni komthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Indlela izinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo lezi zinqubo kuyilapho zilondoloza ushintsho oludingekile lokulungisa − ukukhuphuka lapho zilondoloza izibopho eziyisisekelo, kungenza ikusasa lomthetho nezokubusa.

Ngakho ukuhlolwa kokulungisa akunikezi ukuqonda kuphela kwabaqondisi bezomthetho kodwa futhi nasemibuzoni ejulile mayelana nentando yeningi, umthetho-sisekelo, nokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Izinhlangano kufanele zilinganisele kanjani ukuhlonipha umthetho omisiwe ngokuqaphela ukuthi izimo nezinqumo zezizukulwane ezidlule zingadinga ukubukezwa? Yiziphi izinqubo ezingcono eziqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezingokomthetho zibonisa ukuvumelana kwangempela kwentando yeningi ngokwezesikhashana kunokususa ezisetshenziswayo? Izimiso ezingokomthetho zingahlala kanjani zivumelana ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuzinza nokuzinza nokubikezela okwenza umthetho uphumelele?

Lemibuzo ayinazo izimpendulo ezilula noma ezigcwele, kodwa ukuhlola izinqubo zokulungisa ezisemiqondweni ehlukene nezinkathi ezingokomlando kukhanyisa uchungechunge lwezindlela ezingase zisetshenziswe kanye nemiphumela yazo. Ngokuqonda indlela ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo ukulungisa ukuze bashintshe umthetho, sizuza ukuqonda ngobuhlobo obunamandla phakathi komthetho nomphakathi, izindlela izimiso ezingokomthetho eziphenduka ngazo, nenselele eqhubekayo yokulondoloza izimiso zokubusa eziqinile nezisabelayo ekushintsheni izidingo nezindinganiso.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nomthetho-sisekelo olinganiswayo, vakashela i- Constitute Project , enikeza ukufinyelela komthetho-sisekelo ovela emhlabeni wonke nokuhlaziywa kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Inhlangano yolwazi eCornell Law School inikeza imithombo ebanzi eUnited States Constitutions kanye neziphendulo zayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- Internationalpolate Institute ye-Dracticus ne-Exterlinection inikeza ukucwaninga okulinganayomklano no-mthetho-mthetho-siseko wezwe lonke.