Ukhetho oluyinhloko luyisici esiyinhloko sentando yeningi yaseMelika, esisebenza njengendlela amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha ngayo abazovota. Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi wokhetho oyinhloko onikeza ngayo ukuqonda okubalulekile ngenqubo yentando yeningi nendlela ukuhola kwezombangazwe okunqunywe ngayo e-United States. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola inguquko yokhetho oluyinhloko, izinhlobo zazo ezihlukahlukene, intuthuko engokomlando, kanye nethonya laso elikhulu ekulolongeni ukuhola kwezombangazwe kuzo zonke izigaba zikahulumeni.

Yini Ekhethwa Kuqala?

Okhetho oluyinhloko noma iziqu zezikhulu kunezinqumo ezihlolwayo ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yibaphi abazokhetha abazokhetha bonke abantu abazolandela. Ukhetho oluyinhloko lwenzeka eqenjini lezombangazwe ngaphambi kokhetho oluvamile, futhi injongo yokukhetha okuyinhloko iwukuvala umkhakha wabazobhapathizwa phakathi kweqembu lezombangazwe. Lo khetho lumelela isigaba esibucayi enqubeni yokukhetha, luvumela amalungu eqembu futhi kwezinye izimo, abavoti abazimele ukuba basho ngokuqondile ukuthi ubani oyomelela iqembu labo enkonzweni yokhetho oluvamile.

Emincintiswaneni elwa namaqembu, iziprimende zisetshenziselwa ukukhetha ukuthi obani abazomelela iqembu lezombangazwe okhethweni oluvamile. Isimiso esiyinhloko sisebenza okhethweni kumazinga amaningi kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinhlanga zomongameli, izihlalo zobumongameli, imincintiswano yezikhulu, nombuso namahhovisi endawo. Nakuba abaholi bamaPrimento bethola ukunakekela okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba, okhetho oluyinhloko luyenzeka njalo emahhovisi ezombangazwe ahlukahlukene kulo lonke izwe.

Inqubo eyinhloko yokukhetha ivame ukuthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokhetho oluvamile, inikeza abazozuza isikhathi sokulungiselela umncintiswano wokhetho obanzi. Phakathi nalenkathi, abazowukhetha bahlanganyela kakhulu, bahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni, futhi basebenzele ukwakha imifelandawonye yokusekela phakathi kwabavoti ekugcineni abayonquma isiphetho sabo ebhokisini lokuvota.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Yemibono Eyinhloko

Umsuka wokhetho oluyinhloko ungalandelelwa emzabalazweni oqhubekayo eUnited States, owawuhlose ukuthatha amandla okukhethwa kusuka kubaholi beqembu kuya kubantu. Ngaphambi kokuba ukuthathwa kwezindawo ezizimele ezizimele kwande, amaqembu ezombangazwe alawula inqubo yokuhlobanisa ngezindlela ezithile, ngokuvamile ehilela abaqondisi beqembu nemishini yezombangazwe eyayinethonya elikhulu ekukhetheni abavoti.

Isimiso esiyinhloko sasingasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba yilapho kusungulwa isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili ngo-1796, lapho abezombangazwe behlukaniswa baba abaFederali, beholwa u-Alexander Hamilton, no-Democratic-Republicans, ababeholwa uThomas Jefferson. Kusukela ngalowo nyaka, kungaba i-partion communion noma i-caucus yenhlangano yomthetho kahulumeni yayinquma abameleli abaphethe isigaba ngasinye. Lesimiso sasinganquma amandla aphezulu ezandleni zababephezulu bezombangazwe kanye nokuhlanganyela okuvota okunga ngqo enqunyweni enqubeni yokuvota.

Isimiso se-caucus sasiyindlela yokuqala lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe ayekhetha khona abazobhapathizwa. Nokho, abantu baqala ukuba nomuzwa wokuthi i-bollat eyimfihlo yayiyi-fauter, isimiso sentando yeningi kakhulu ngakho ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izikhulu zaqala ukudlulela esimisweni esiyinhloko. Lokhu kushintshwa kwasho ukuguqulwa okuphawulekayo kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, ukudluliselwa kwamandla eqenjini elingaphakathi kwabavoti abavamile futhi kwavela nenqubo yokuhlukanisa esobala kakhulu.

Izinguquko zenkathi ethuthukayo ngokuyisisekelo zashintsha indlela amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha ngayo abazohlolwa, amisa isisekelo sesimiso sanamuhla esiyinhloko esisalokhu siguquka. Lezinguquko zabonisa imibono ebanzi yentando yeningi nenkolelo yokuthi abavoti, kunokuba babe abaphakeme, kufanele banqume ukuthi obani abamelelayo okhethweni.

Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zezici Eziyinhloko

Indlela isigaba esiyinhloko sokhetho esiqhutshwa ngayo iyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye. Izindawo zingahlukaniswa ngokuthi zivalwe, zivalwe ngokwengxenye, zivuleke ngokwengxenye, zivuleke kubavoti abangabhaliswanga, zivuliwe noma zingaphezulu-mbili. Uhlobo ngalunye lwemithetho ehlukene elawulayo engakwazi ukuhlanganyela nendlela amavoti afakwa ngayo, ngokuphawulekayo ithonya lenqubo yokukhetha nemiphumela.

Ukuvula Imisebenzi

Ku "vula isici esiyinhloko", umvoti obhalisiwe angavota kunoma yiliphi iqembu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lisonkelele kuphi. Izifunda ze 14ne `Alabazama, Arkansas, Georgia, Hawaii, Michigan, Missopa, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, neWisconsin `ahvahvahries'. Lesimiso sindisa ukuvota ngokuvumela bonke abavoti ababhalisweyo ukuba bahlanganyele ekukhetheni okuyinhloko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banelungelo labo lokubhalisa iqembu labo.

Okhetho abayinhloko abavoti abakhiqizekile ngokuvamile bavumela bonke abavoti ukuba bahlanganyele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlanganyela kuphi kwezombangazwe. Kwezinye izifundazwe ezivulekile, abavoti kumelwe bameme obala ukuthi yisiphi isiteshi seqembu abafisa ukusithatha endaweni yokuvota, kuyilapho ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe ngasese ngaphakathi kwendlu yokuvota. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba bathathe iqhaza elikhulu futhi kungaholela ekubeni abavoti abangcono kakhulu, ngoba abafuna ukuvota kumelwe banxuse abantu abaningi abangcono kakhulu kunabanye abangaphansi kweqembu labo.

Nokho, lesi simiso ngezinye izikhathi siyagxekwa ngokwandisa ukuqashelwa abavoti abangangenela ngakho ekuhlaseleni iqembu. Ukuhlasela kweqembu kwenzeka lapho abavoti beqembu elithile bevota ngokwenhlangano yeqembu elithile ukuze bathonye ukukhetha umphikisi obuthakathaka kakhulu okhethweni oluvamile.

Izinhlamvu Zemali Ezivalekile

Ku-"clone" okuyinhloko", abantu bangavota kuphela uma bengamalungu abhalisiwe aleloqembu ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho. Ama- Independent awakwazi ukuhlanganyela. Amaphesenti angu-20 ezifundazwe, kanye no-D.C. anomfashisi ovaliweyo. Ngokuvamile, ukhetho oluyinhloko oluvaliweyo luwukhetho lapho abavoti abahlangene neqembu lezombangazwe abaphethe isigaba esiyinhloko kuphela bekufanele ukuthatha khona futhi abavoti bamukele uhlu lwebhola labafuni kuphela abasebenzela ukuthatha isikhundla seqembu lezombangazwe abavoti abavoti abahlangene nalo.

Amaprimend avalelwe aklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu eqembu kuphela azinikele anesisho ekukhetheni ama-mine. Lesimiso sivikela amalungu ekuphazanyisweni ngaphandle futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi abazobhapathizwa bakhethwa yilabo abaye babonakalisa ukwethembeka ezimisweni nasezindinganisweni zeqembu. Ezimisweni eziyinhloko, izizimele zeqiniso, zikhona, ngenxa yazo zonke izinjongo ezisebenzayo, zivalwe ngaphandle kwenqubo.

Ezinye izifundazwe eziyinhloko ezivalekile zivumela abavoti ukuba babhalise noma bashintshe izinhlangano zabo ngosuku lokhetho, kanti ezinye zidinga ushintsho ukuze kwenziwe amasonto noma izinyanga ngaphambili. Lokhu kushintsha kuthinta indlela inqubo eyinhloko efinyeleleka ngayo kubavoti abangase bafune ukushintsha amaqembu noma ukubhalisa okusha.

Ama - semi - Primicrial Avalekile

Kuvoti abavalelwe kancane, abangahlangani, bangakhetha ukuthi obani abazovota, kuyilapho abavoti ababhaliswe neqembu elithile bengavota kuphela eqenjini eliyinhloko. Lesimiso sisho indawo ephakathi kokuvuleka kwezindawo zokuvula nokuvaleka kwezindawo zokuvota, bevumela abavoti abazimele ukuba bahlanganyele kuyilapho bevimbela amalungu eqembu elibhalisiwe ukuba anqamule ayovota kwenye indawo eyinhloko.

26% yezifundazwe zivalwe kancane noma zivuleke kancane. Ezingxenyeni ezivalekile zokhetho oluyinhloko, amaqembu esifundazwe anquma ukuthi bayabavumela yini abavoti ababhaliswe ngaphandle kweqembu lezombangazwe ukuba bahlanganyele okhethweni lwabo oluyinhloko. Lokhu kushintsha kuvumela amaqembu ukuba anqume imithetho yawo siqu ngokuphathelene nokuhlanganyela komvoti ngokuzimele, alinganisele isifiso sokulawula iqembu kanye nesidingo sokuvota ngaphandle kokuvota.

Iziribhi eziphezulu-mbili nangaphezulu

Ezinye zalezi zifundazwe zinefomethi "phezulu-2" noma "phezulu-sine" abavoti, lapho bonke bethola khona ibhola kanye nabo bonke abazovota, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabamalungu eqembu noma abavoti noma abavoti. Ababili noma abane abanamanani aphezulu kakhulu abavota baqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile, ngisho noma bekanye nabo.

ECalifornia, ngaphansi kweProposition 14 (Izinketho Eziphezulu Ezibili Zivula I-Play Act), i-authomper-agnomed, kuzo zonke izinhlanga ngaphandle kwalelo likamongameli wase-U.S. namahhovisi ayinhloko amakomiti esifundazwe, bonke abavoti abasebenza kukhetho oluyinhloko kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba esisodwa sokhetho olulodwa noma isivoti singavela kukhetho olulodwa oluyinhloko, uma labo abavoti bethola ukusekela okukhulu kakhulu kwevoti.

Lesimiso ngokuyisisekelo sishintsha amandla okhetho oluyinhloko ngokususa amavoloti aqondene neqembu futhi ngokunokwenzeka sivumele abazohlanganyela abafana ukuba babhekane ekukhethweni okuvamile. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kukhuthaza abazothatha i-operate futhi kunciphisa ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo, kuyilapho abagxeki bethi ingasusa amaqembu amancane futhi inciphise ukhetho lomvoti okhethwe jikelele.

I - caucus: Indlela Ehlukile Yokukhetha Izindawo Eziyinhloko

Nakuba izifundazwe eziningi zisebenzisa ukhetho oluyinhloko, ezinye zisebenzisa ama-caucus njengendlela yazo yokukhetha umbuthano. Ngokungafani nowokuqala, lapho izakhamuzi zimane nje ziphonsa khona amabhola azo, i-caucus umbuthano wendawo lapho abavoti benquma khona obala ukuthi yimuphi umjoli abangamsekela. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwama-caucuuse namaprintary kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ngokugcwele izinqubo zokungathathi hlangothi kwezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Indlela I - caucuuse Esebenza Ngayo

I-Caucuuse iyimihlangano eqhutshwa amaqembu ezombangazwe aqhutshelwa esifundeni, esifundeni, noma esiteji. Abanye abakhokhi bakhetha abazothatha i-oda yangasese. Nokho, amakhasethi amaningi ahilela ukuboniswa komphakathi kokusekela, ngokuvota ngokuvamile okwenziwa ngokuphakamisa izandla noma ngokugqekeza amaqembu ngokwezisekelo zababezokuthatha igalelo.

Umehluko wokuqala oyinhloko phakathi komongameli oyisigebengu nohulumeni bendawo ungowabalawulayo. Ama-caucuuse alawulwa ngokuphelele futhi alawulwa amaqembu ezombangazwe, engenakho ukuxhaswa ngokwezimali, ukuqondiswa noma ukwenganyelwa okunikezwa nguhulumeni nendawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amacala endlu alawulwa ngokuqondile uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo. Lokhu futhi kusho ukuthi alawula ukhetho olukuyo, njengezimfuneko zomvoti, amiswa amaqembu akwizikhungo zokuvota kodwa alawulwa uhulumeni ezimisweni zokhetho ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Ama-caucuse ayindaba ehlukile, futhi enza njengesenzakalo sezombangazwe esimatasa kakhulu. Uma ubekwa esifundeni, esifundeni noma esifundeni, ama-caucuse aqala ngesikhathi esithile sosuku. I-interaction phakathi kwabavoti ivamile, njengoba ihamba phambili ukuze ithole ukusekela. Le nqubo yenza isimo esiyingqayizivele sezombangazwe lapho ithonya nenkulumo kufeza indima ebalulekile khona umphumela.

Izinzuzo Nezingozi Zezimpaphe

Ikhomu lohlelo lwecaucus livumela abazobhapathizwa abanokuzinikela nabahlelekile abalandelayo ngoba iqembu elincane lezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezizinikele lingasebenzisa ithonya elinamandla ekuvulweni kwe-caucus. Lesisici singazuzisa abazohlolwa abangase bangabi nagama noma imithombo yemali kodwa babe nabasekeli abashisekayo abazimisele ukusebenzisa isikhathi namandla enqubo yecaucus.

Nokho, ama-caucus anezinkinga ezinkulu ngokuphathelene nokuthola nokuhlanganyela. Imfuneko yokuba khona ngesikhathi esithile nendawo ethile, ngokuvamile kusihlwa, ingasusa abavoti abasebenza amahora angefani, abanemithwalo yemfanelo yokunakekela izingane, noma ababhekene nezinselele zokuhamba. Uma inqubo ethandekayo yokushaya umongameli, i-coucuss iye yathathelwa indawo ngokhetho oluyinhloko ezizweni eziningi phakathi neminyaka eminingi. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi abantu abavotayo bayasebenza futhi banesifiso sokundisa ukungenela kwenqubo yokuvota.

Inqubo Eyinhloko Kamongameli

Iziqu zikamongameli zimelela ukusebenza okubonakalayo kakhulu nokulandela isimiso sokhetho. Inqubo yokukhetha umongameli ihlanganisa ukudlala okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemincintiswano yesifundazwe, ukwabiwa kwesabelo, nemihlangano yesifunda yezizwe ekugcineni enquma ukuthi ubani ozoncintisana nomongameli.

Indima Yezihambeli

Kumongameli oyisigebengu, abavoti ngokuvamile bavotela izihambeli zeqembu, kunokuba bazikhethele bona ngokwabo. Phakathi nenqubo yokuvota kuyisigebengu. Umbuso ngamunye unenani elithile lezihambeli ezimelela umbuso eMhlanganweni weSizwe wenhlangano yezombangazwe (i-Democrat noma iRepublican). Kulesi senzakalo lapho kukhethwa khona umongameli weqembu ngalinye. Izihambeli zesifunda ngasinye "ziklomekwa" koyedwa wababethwali besifundazwe kanye nomfundiswa yinani elikhulu lezihambeli zesifunda sakhe.

Isimiso sokuthuma izihambeli sinezela ungwengwezi lobunkimbinkimbi kumongameli, njengoba ubuhlobo phakathi kwamavoti athandwayo nokhetho olunikezwayo buhlukahluka ngokombuso neqembu. Ukuqonda indlela izihambeli ezinikezwa ngayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abazothatha idili abazokwazi ngayo ukusekela okudingekayo ukuze bavikele ukufakwa kweqembu labo.

Inani lezihambeli ezinikezwa umbhalisa ngamunye nge-caucus eyinhloko noma enzima lisekelwe ehlelweni lemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi. Lemithetho iyahluka ngokwezwe, futhi imiswe amaqembu ezombangazwe kokubili ngokwesilinganiso sezwe nesifundazwe. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa isilinganiso esilinganiselwe, lapho izihambeli zihlukaniswa ngokwesilinganiso samavoti atholwayo, kuyilapho amanye esebenzisa izimiso zokuthola wonke umhloli othola amavoti kahulumeni.

Ikhalenda Eliyinhloko Nokubaluleka Kwalo

Isikhathi sokhetho oluyinhloko nophawulo lufeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni inqubo yokuhlobisa umongameli. Amazwe ancintisana ngokuhlela imincintiswano yawo ekuqaleni komjikelezo wokhetho, kuholele ekhalendeni eligcwele phambili lapho izifunda eziningi zigcina khona izitsha zazo eziqashisayo noma izicubu phakathi kwesimiso esifushane.

Ngokomlando, uIowa noNew Hampshire baye baba nezikhundla ezihloniphekile njengenkampane yokuqala nezifundazwe zokuqala. Lokhu kubekwa kwakuqala kunikeza lezizifunda ithonya elingalinganiyo enqubweni yokukhipha impompo, njengoba imidlalo enamandla ingabangela ukunaka okukhulu nabezindaba, kuyilapho imikhankaso ephansi ingaqeda imikhankaso ngaphambi kokuba iqale ngempela.

Nokho, lesi simiso siye sagxekwa. Kuye kwaba khona izimpikiswano zokuthi u-Iowa akumelwe abe nevoti yokuqala, njengoba umbuso uncane futhi umhlophe kakhulu, futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-Iowa iveza imiphumela ayimbikezeli ngaso sonke isikhathi ozobhapathizwayo, inethonya. iDemocratic National Convention yavote ngo 2023 ukuze kube nedemocratic Democratic yokuqala eNingizimu Carolina ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuba umphakathi ohlukene ube nethonya elikhulu. Lokhu kubonisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngomfanekiso nobulungisa enqubweni eyinhloko.

NgoLwesibili oludlule, lapho izifunda eziningi ziphatha iziteji zazo ngosuku olufanayo, zimelela enye inkathi ebucayi ekhalendeni eliyinhloko. Lokhu kugxila kwemincintiswano kunganquma kahle ukuthi ikuphi ukugcona ngokuklomelisa inani elikhulu lezihambeli ngosuku olulodwa, ngokuvamile kuthande abazothatha isimemo ngokuqashelwa kakhulu, ngezimali ezinkulu, nangemikhankaso yesizwe ehlelwe kahle.

Indlela Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Okukuthonya Ngayo Ukuhola Kwezombangazwe

Okhetho oluyinhloko lunethonya elikhulu ekuholeni kwezombangazwe e - United States, olungathinteli nje kuphela ukuthi ubani okhethwayo kodwa nendlela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezibusa ngayo naziphi izimiso eziziphishekelayo.

Ukukhetha Nemfanelo Yekhandidethi

Okhetho oluyinhloko lusebenza njengendlela yokuziphindiselela kwabazohlolwa, ukuhlola ikhono labo lokuhlela imikhankaso, ukuphakamisa izimali, ukuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo nabavoti, nokuhlola. Abaphumelele ezingeni eliphansi babonakalisa amakhono ezombangazwe nokuzinza okungase kubasize kahle okhethweni oluvamile nasesikhundleni. Isimo sokuncintisana sabaveleli abangaqinisa abachazi ngokuphoqelela ukuba baloze imiyalezo yabo, bakhe izinhlangano zomkhankaso eziqinile, futhi bathuthukise amandla adingekayo emikhankasweni eqhubekayo yezombangazwe.

Nokho, amaprojekthi angaveza futhi abavoti abambalwa okhethweni oluvamile. Ezimisweni eziyinhloko ezivaliwe, abafuna ukudlulisa isikhalo ngokuyinhloko esisekelweni sombango wabo, okungase kuthandwe kakhulu abashisekeli beqembu kodwa kungathakazelisi kakhulu abavoti ababanzi. Lokhu kunganezela ekuhleleni izikhulu ezikhethiwe ngokwezombangazwe futhi kukwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuthola izindawo ezifanayo ezisemigqeni yeqembu.

Ukulandisa nomelelo

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lunikeza indlela yokuba izikhulu ezikhethiwe zilandise izikhulu ezikhethiwe. Izikhulu ezihluleka ukumelela izithakazelo zamalungu azo noma ezihlukanisiwe nesisekelo seqembu lazo zingabhekana nezinselele eziyinhloko kubavoti abathembisa ukumela kangcono abavoti. Lenqubo yokulandisa iqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe kumelwe ziqhubeke zisabela ezikhundleni zazo, hhayi phakathi nemikhankaso yokhetho.

Usongo lwenselele eyinhloko lungathonya indlela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezibusa ngayo, zikhuthaza ukuba zilondoloze ukuxhumana okuqinile nesisekelo seqembu lazo futhi zigweme izikhundla ezingase zibangele abasekeli abaphambili bahlukane. Nakuba lokhu kungathuthukisa imibono yamalungu eqembu, kunganqanda ukubambisana kokuhlehla nokubhanana uma izenzo ezinjalo zibhekwa kabi ngabavoti abayinhloko.

Iqembu Liyazikhandla Futhi Liyaqondisa

Okhetho oluyinhloko lunendima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuqondisa kwemibono yamaqembu ezombangazwe. Uma abavoti abayinhloko besekela njalo abazothatha isigaba esithile seqembu elithile ``bathumela izimpawu ezisesilinganisweni noma ezeqisayo kakhulu ngokuqondiswa kwemibono'amaqembu'. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kukhetha kungashintsha yonke isikhungo semibono yeqembu esilawulwa amandla adonsela phansi, kuthinta izikhundla zesimiso, ukwakha izinhlangano, kanye namasu okukhetha.

Ukwakheka kokhetho oluyinhloko kuthonya kakhulu laba abanamandla. Abavoti abayinhloko bathambekele ekubeni bathembisene kakhulu kwezombangazwe futhi ngokuvamile bathambekele kakhulu ngokwemibono kunabavoti abavamile. Lokhu kungaphumela ekukhetheni okuyinhloko okungameleki ngokugcwele kwamalungu eqembu elikhulu noma abavoti abavamile, okungase kuholele ekukhetheni abamele ukuvota okuhlukile kwezemithombo yezindaba.

Izimpande Ezinomsuka Ezihlanganyelayo Nokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi

Okhetho oluyinhloko lunikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe nokuthembisana komphakathi. Amavoter angahileleka emikhankasweni, ekungeneni ezindaweni zokuvota, nasethonyeni eliqondile elizomelela iqembu lawo okhethweni oluvamile. Lesi sici sokuthatha izintambo siqinisa inqubo yentando yeningi futhi sinikeza izakhamuzi ezivamile ithonya elibalulekile enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Izisebenzi zokuzithandela zomkhankaso, abanikelayo nabashisekeli abahlanganyela emikhankasweni eyinhloko ngokuvamile basalokhu behileleke kulo lonke ukhetho oluvamile nangalé kwalo, bakha isisekelo sokuhileleka okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwesimiso Esiyinhloko

Naphezu kwendima yabo ebalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika, okhetho oluyinhloko babhekana nokugxekwa okuhlukahlukene nezinselele ezithinta ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kwabo.

I - “poter Turrout ” Ephansi

Okhetho oluyinhloko ngokuvamile luthola umvoti ophansi kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile. Abavoti abaningi abazi ngezinsuku zokhetho oluyinhloko, bazizwa beshukumiseleka kancane ukuba bahlanganyele emincintiswaneni ehamba phambili, noma babhekene nemingcele yokuhlanganyela njengemithetho eyinhloko evimbela ukuvota okuzimele. Ukukhetha kuveza ukuthi abanqobi abayinhloko bangakhethwa ngesigamu esincane, esingakhonjwayo, siphakamisa imibuzo mayelana negunya lobukhompuyuthe lenqubo yokukhetha.

Ukubekwa kwesikhathi sabaphathi kungathinta futhi ukudlula. amacala aqanjwe ekuqaleni komjikelezo wokhetho angase abone ukuhlanganyela okukhulu ngenxa yokunaka kwezinhlanga nokuncintisana kwemithombo yezindaba, kuyilapho iziqu zamuva zingase zingaba yisici esiphambili uma umnumzane esenqunywe ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kudala ukungalingani okunethonya phakathi kwezifundazwe futhi kungavimbela ukuhlanganyela ezifundazweni eziseza kamuva.

Izithiyo Zemali Nokungalingani

Imikhankaso eyinhloko yokuncintisana idinga imali eningi yokukhangisa, izisebenzi, uhambo, kanye nokuvota. Abangakwazi ukungenela imikhankaso yabo babhekana nezingqinamba ezinkulu, okunganciphisa ukuhlukahlukahluka kwabancintisanayo abakwaziyo ukumelela abameleli babo kodwa abangakwazi ukuphakamisa imali edingekayo yokuqhuba imikhankaso ephumelelayo.

Isidingo sokuphakamisa izizumbulu zemali singathonya futhi izikhundla zomuntu ozofuna ukuzuza futhi zize kuqala, njengoba abazobhapathizwa bengase bazizwe becindezelwa ukuba babe nezikhundla ezithandwa abanikela kakhulu noma bagweme ukuphanga imithombo ehlukahlukene engokwezimali.

Ithonya Lemithombo Yezindaba Nokuhlanganiswa Kwemijaho Yamahhashi

Imithombo yezindaba egxile ekuhloleni, ekuqoqeni, nasekuhleleni izinhlelo zomkhankaso esikhundleni sezingxoxo ezingokwezimiso. Lokhu "Umjaho wamahhashi" kungaphazamisa inqubo eyinhloko ngokugcizelela ukukhetheka namandla angaphezulu kwezimfanelo zabazohlolwa, ulwazi, kanye nezikhundla zezimiso. Abathola imibiko encomekayo yezindaba zingazuza ekuqashelweni okukhulisweni kwegama nokuhlonipheka okucatshangelwayo, kuyilapho labo abalwayo bezama ukuzuza kancane ukuzuza inzuzo yabo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banezinzuzo zabo.

Indima yemithombo yezindaba ekulolongeni izindaba eziyinhloko ingadala iziprofetho ezizigcwalisayo, lapho abaqondisi bezindaba ababhekwa njengabaphambili be-runner bethola khona imfihlo eyengeziwe, okuthi nayo ibasiza ukuba balondoloze noma bandise amakhotha abo. Lokhu kunamandla kungalinganisela ukhetho lomvoti futhi kuvimbele abambalwa abangaziwa kodwa abafanelekayo ukuba bahlolwe kahle.

Ukwenelisa Nokususa

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi okhetho oluyinhloko lunengxenye ekungcolisweni kwezombangazwe ngabavoti abavuzi ababoshelwe kakhulu ngokwemibono kunalabo abangase baphumelele kakhulu ekwakheni imifelandawonye ebanzi noma ukubusa ngokulandelana. Ezindaweni ezilondekile lapho iqembu elilodwa libusa khona, ngokuyinhloko kunquma umphumela wokhetho oluvamile, kunikeza ithonya elingenakulinganiswa futhi okungaholela ekukhetheni abavoti abathathe isigaba esiphezulu.

Lokhu kuhlukana kungenza ukubusa kube nzima kakhulu ngokunciphisa inani lezishaya - mthetho ezilinganiselayo ezizimisele ukuhlehla ezinhlwini zeqembu.

Izinguquko Nokumiswa Kwazo Ngokukhetha Okuyinhloko

Njengoba kuqashelwa izinselele ezibhekene nesimiso esiyinhloko, kuye kwahlongozwa futhi kwasetshenziswa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo yokukhipha i - frommon futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi.

Ukukhetha Okuhle

Amanye amagunya aye amukela ukuvota okunqunyiwe kokhetho oluyinhloko, avumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izikhundla ezingcono kunakhetha eyodwa. Uma kungekho mvoti wevoti yokuqala, umvoti onamavoti ambalwa uqediwe futhi ukukhetha kwesibili kwabasekeli bawo kukhishwa. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umvoti okhethiwe efinyelela inani elikhulu. Ukuvota okugunyaziwe kunganciphisa umkhankaso ophambene, kukhuthaze isakhiwo seqembu, futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi abawini bakhona banesisekelo esikhulu.

Ukubhalisa nokuthola okukhuliswe ngosuku olufanayo

Ukunwetshwa kokuthola ukhetho oluyinhloko ngokubhaliswa ngosuku olulodwa, ukunwetshwa kwezikhathi zokuvota kwakuqala, nokukhetha ngeposi kungandisa ukuthatha isinyathelo futhi kwenze inqubo yokukhipha impompo ibe yinxusa. Lezi zinguquko zinciphisa izithiyo zokuhlanganyela futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi abavoti abaningi bangawazwa amazwi abo ekukhetheni i-minees.

Usuku Lwempela Lwesizwe

Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko baye bahlongoza ukumiswa kosuku oluyinhloko lapho zonke izifundazwe ziyogcina izingeniso zazo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kungaqeda ithonya elingalinganiyo lezifunda zakuqala futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi bonke abavoti basho okufanayo enqubweni yokukhipha izithombo. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izwe eliyinhloko lingakhetha ukuthandwa kahle, abazobhapathizwa abaphambili futhi linciphise amathuba abangaziyo abazamukela amandla anamandla ngemisebenzi emikhulu emazweni akuqala.

Izinhlangano Zesifunda

Enye inguquko ehlongozwayo ihilela ukuhlela izindawo zokufundela ubufundisi ngezindawo, lapho izifunda ezihlukahlukene zivota ukuthi izinsuku zishintshashintshana phakathi nenkathi eyinhloko.

Ikusasa Lokukhethwa Okuyinhloko

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luzoqhubeka lushintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kwenani labantu, ezobuchwepheshe, amandla ezombangazwe nemizamo yokulungisa.

Ukwanda Kokwanda Kokuhlukahluka Nokumelela

Njengoba i-United States iba nezindlela ezihlukene, ukucindezela kuyokhula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inqubo eyinhloko ibonakalisa lokhu kuhlukahluka futhi inikeza yonke imiphakathi ithonya elinengqondo ngokukhetha umuntu ozofuna ukubhapathizwa. Lokhu kungaholela ezinguqukoni zekhalenda eliyinhloko, izinguquko ekubekeni imithetho, nemizamo yokwandisa ukuhlanganyela phakathi kwamaqembu angaphansi kwesigaba.

Ubuchwepheshe Nomkhankaso Wezinombolo

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ishintsha indlela imikhankaso eyinhloko eqhutshwa ngayo, ngemithombo yezokuxhumana, ngezokuxhumana, ngemininingwane yezokukhangisa, nangezikhangiso zemishini ezifeza indima ebalulekile. La mathuluzi angasiza abavoti ukuba bafinyelele kahle futhi asize izimpande zotshani ziqoqe imali, kodwa futhi abangela ukukhathazeka mayelana nokungaqondisi, izindaba zomuntu siqu, kanye nethonya lezobuchwepheshe ezinkulumweni zezombangazwe.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Ngezinhlobo Eziyinhloko

Amazwe ayaqhubeka ephikisana futhi alungise izimiso zawo eziyinhloko, alinganise izinzuzo zezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukukhetha phakathi kokuvula, ukuvala, nokuvala izakhiwo kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nokuzichaza kweqembu, ukuvota, nokulinganisela phakathi kokulawula kweqembu nokufakwa kwentando yeningi. Lempikiswano izohlela indlela umsebenzi wokhetho oyinhloko nongahlanganyela kuyo.

Ulwazi Oluwusizo Kwabavoluti

Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlanganyela okhethweni oluyinhloko kubalulekile kubavoti abafuna ukuthonya ukukhetha abazokhetha nokuhola kwezombangazwe.

Ukuhlola uhlobo oluyisisekelo lwezwe lakho

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekuhlanganyeleni kukhetho oluyinhloko ukuqonda ukuthi hlobo luni lwezimfuneko eziyinhloko zezwe lakho kanye nalokho okufunwa yi-oyili okufanele bahlole nombuso wabo noma izikhulu zokhetho zendawo ukuze banqume ukuthi badinga ukubhalisa neqembu yini ukuze bahlanganyele, ukuthi imiphi imikhawulo yokubhalisa, nokuthi imiphi imikhawulo yesikhathi esiyinhloko sombuso wabo.

Izindawo Zokubhalisa Nezabafileyo

Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga ukuba abavoti babhaliswe ngenkathi ethile ngaphambi kokhetho oluyinhloko. Ezifundazweni eziyinhloko, abavoti kungase kudingeke babhaliswe neqembu ngaphambi kokukhetha. Ukuqonda lezi zikhathi ezimisiwe nezimfuneko kubalulekile ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ungahlanganyela ekukhetheni kwakho okuyinhloko.

Izifundo Zokucwaninga

Ngokuvamile okhethweni abayinhloko baveza abantu abaningi abanezizinda, okuhlangenwe nakho, nezikhundla ezihlukene.

Ukuhileleka Ngaphandle Kokukhazimula

Abavoti bangahlanganyela okhethweni oluyinhloko ngezindlela eziningi ngaphandle kokufaka isikhokhelo. Ukuvolontiya imikhankaso, ukuya ezimpikiswaneni zokuyohlolwa, ukwenza iminikelo, nokukhuthaza abanye ukuba bavote konke kusiza enqubweni eyinhloko eqinile neyokwehlukana. Lokhu kuthembisana okujulile kuqinisa idemokrasi futhi kwenza izakhamuzi zibe nethonya elikhulu kakhulu emiphumeleni yezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Okhetho oluyinhloko lumelela isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, lunikeza indlela amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha ngayo abazokubusa nabavoti abathonye ukuhola kwezombangazwe. Kusukela ekuqalekeni kwawo eNkathini Yentuthuko kuya ezimweni zayo zamanje eziyinkimbinkimbi nezihlukahlukene emazweni ahlukahlukene, amaqembu eziqu ziye zavela ukuze alinganisele izindinganiso zokulawula amaqembu aphikisanayo, ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, nokubusa okuphumelelayo.

Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-primrives(ukungaqondi) kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela yokulawula kwezombangazwe zaseMelika ezinqunywa ngayo kuphela kodwa nendlela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezibuswa ngayo, iziphi izimiso eziziphishekelayo, nendlela ezisabela ngayo ekufuneni izinkathazo.

Nakuba okhetho abayinhloko bebhekene nokugxekwa okungokomthetho ngokuphathelene nokungasheshi ukuphuma, imingcele engokwezimali, ithonya lemithombo yezindaba, kanye nengxenye engase ibe yinzuzo ekuqhelaneni, bahlala beyinhlangano yentando yeningi ebalulekile. Izinguquko eziqhubekayo nezintsha zifuna ukusingatha lezinselele kuyilapho kulondolozwa izinzuzo zokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ekukhetheni abavoti.

Ngezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuthonya ukuhola kwezombangazwe nezimiso, ukuhlanganyela okhethweni oluyinhloko kubalulekile. Ngokuqonda indlela umsebenzi oyisisekelo osebenza ngayo, ukuhlala wazisiwe ngezinqumo, nokuhlanganyela ngentshiseko enqubweni yokukhetha, abavoti bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi okhethweni abayinhloko bagcwalisa isithembiso sabo sentando yeningi sokunikeza abantu igunya elinenjongo phezu kobuholi babo bezombangazwe.

Njengoba idemokrasi yaseMelika iqhubeka iguquka, ngokungangabazeki okhetho oluyinhloko luyozivumelanisa nokubhekana nezinselele ezintsha namathuba. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, inguquko yokwakha, noma inguquko yezombangazwe, isimiso esiyinhloko siyohlala sisemqoka endleleni i-United States ekhetha ngayo abaholi bayo bezombangazwe futhi sinqume ukuqondisa kwayo. Ukuqonda lesi simiso nokuhlanganyela ngentshiseko kuso kumelela kokubili ilungelo nomthwalo wezakhamuzi ezizinikele ekuzilawuleni kobukhonzisi obubusa ngentando yeningi.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokuvota nokhetho, vakashela i- U.S. i-Infation Arease Commission noma i-website yokhetho kazwelonke. Ukufunda ngezinsuku nezimfuneko ezizayo ezizayo ezweni lakho, thinta i-Conference yesizwe ye-State Legislatures yezezenyulo.