Ukuqonda amalungelo akho omphakathi nokuqaphela lapho ephulwa kubalulekile ukuze uzivikele futhi ufune ubulungisa. Amalungelo omphakathi ayinkululeko eyisisekelo nesivikelo esiqinisekiswe kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubudala, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe. Lenkululeko iqinisekisa ukuphatha okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho futhi ivikele ukucwaswa ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Uma ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kwenzeka, kungaba nethonya elikhulu emsebenzini wakho, endlini, imfundo, ukufinyelela izinkonzo zomphakathi, kanye nezinga lokuphila kwakho. Lesiqondiso esibanzi siyokusiza ukuba ubone ukuphulwa kwemithetho, uqonde isivikelo sakho esingokomthetho, futhi uthathe isinyathelo esifanele sokuvikela amalungelo akho.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omphakathi Nezimfanelo Ezivikelwe

Amalungelo omphakathi ayisivikelo esingokomthetho esivimbela ubandlululo futhi siqinisekise ukuthi bonke abantu baphathwa ngendlela efanayo. E-United States, imithetho eminingi kahulumeni imisa lezi sivikelo, kuhlanganise noMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, i-Fair Howard Act, i-American ene-Dapause Disection Act (ADA), ne-Age Discissistic in Observation Act (ADEA). Lemithetho ivimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ezicini ezithile ezithiyeni ezithile ezivikelweyo, ezihlanganisa uhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, ukukhula, ukuma, ukukhubazeka, nokungazazi izakhi zofuzo. Ukuqonda okuvikelwa ngaphansi komthetho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqaphela lapho amalungelo akho ephulwa.

Izici ezivikelayo zidlulela ngalé kwezigaba ezaziwayo kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhundla sobufazi sivikelekile ezindaweni zokwakha, okusho ukuthi abaninizo abanakukhetha imikhaya nezingane. Ukuba umfowenu kuvikeleka ezimweni zemisebenzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ezinye izifundazwe nezindawo zendawo zinikeza isivikelo esengeziwe ngaphandle komthetho kahulumeni, ukuhlanganisa izimali zezombangazwe, noma umthombo wemali. Ukuzivumelanisa kwakho kokubili imithetho yesizwe neyamalungelo omphakathi kukusiza ukuba uqonde izinga eligcwele lesivikelo sakho futhi uqaphele lapho ubandlululo luqhubeka.

Izimpawu Ezivamile Zokwephulwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuqaphela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kudinga ukuqashelwa kwezindlela zobandlululo ezisobala nezicashile. Izimpawu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile kunabanye ezimweni ezifanayo ezisekelwe esicini esivikelekile, ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukuziphatha konya okuhlobene nobuntu bakho, ukuncishwa izinkonzo noma amathuba atholakala kwabanye, ukubhekana nokuphindisela ngemva kokubika ubandlululo noma ukuhlanganyela ekuhlolweni kwamalungelo omphakathi, nokubhekana nezimiso noma imikhuba ethinta amaqembu athile ngokungenakuthethelelwa.

Ezimweni zemisebenzi, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kungabonakala njengokudluliswa ngenxa yokukhushulwa naphezu kwezimfanelo, ukuthola iholo elingalingani uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo abasebenza nabo abasebenza nabo, ukubhekana nezindinganiso ezihlukene zokuyala kunabanye abantu abasebenza nabo, ukuhlatshwa ngamazwi angcolile noma amahlaya aphathelene nezici ezivikelwe, noma ukucwaswa ukukhulelwa noma ukunqatshelwa indawo yokuhlala efanelekile ngenxa yokukhubazeka. Lokhu kwenziwa phakathi nanoma isiphi isigaba semisebenzi, ukuqashwa nokugxabha nokukhutshwa ngemuva kwemisebenzi.

Ubandlululo lwezindlu lunezimpawu zalo eziyisixwayiso. Ungabhekana nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi uma abanikazi benqaba ukukuqasha ngenxa yezici ezivikelwe, bebhekene nezindlela ezihlukene zokuqasha noma izimo kunabanye abaqashi, bethola isivinini esiya ezindaweni ezithile ezisekelwe ngokohlanga noma ekudalweni kwezwe, benqatshelwa izindawo zokulala ezifanele zokukhubazeka, noma behlushwa abaninizo noma omakhelwane abasekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe. Abanikazi bezindawo, ababolekisi bezindlu, nabanikazi bezindlu nabo bangahlanganyela emikhubeni yokukhokha ubugebengu engqubuzana nemithetho engokomthetho yezindlu elungile.

Ezindaweni zomphakathi zokulala nezinkonzo, ukwephulwa kwemisebenzi kuhlanganisa ukunqatshelwa ukungena emabhizinisini noma ezikhungweni zemisebenzi, ukunikezwa inkonzo ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye, ukubhekana nokuhlukunyezwa ezimbonini noma ezitolo zokudlela, ukukhishwa ezimisweni noma emisebenzini, noma ukubhekana nezithiyo zokuthola abantu abakhubazekile ezivimbela ukufinyelela izinkonzo. Izindawo zomphakathi zihlanganisa izindawo eziningi zokuhlala, kuhlanganise namahhotela, amahhotela, amaholo emidlalo, izitolo, izitolo, izitolo zokuthengisa, izindawo zokwelapha, nezindawo zokuzilibazisa.

Ukuqaphela Ngokungaphezu Kwamandla Okuqhathaniswa Nobandlululo Olucashile

Ubandlululo lukhona ngobubanzi obungacacile nobungaqondakali. Ukucwasa okungaqondakali kuhlanganisa izenzo ezicacile, ezisobala noma izinkulumo ezikhomba ngokuqondile ezibonisa izici ezivikelekile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umqashi osho ngokucacile ukuthi ngeke aqashe othile ngenxa yenkolo yakhe, umninindlu wenqaba ukukhombisa izindlu emikhayeni enabantwana, noma umnikazi webhizinisi obeka izimpawu ezihlukanisa amaqembu athile. Nakuba ukucwaswa ngokweqile sekuye kwaba okungavamile ngenxa yemiphumela engokomthetho nokuqashelwa umphakathi, kuseyenzeka futhi kulula ukufakazela ngoba injongo yokucwala ingcaca icacile.

Ubandlululo olucashile, olubizwa nangokuthi ukucwasa okungaqondakali noma ukucwasana okungaqondakali, kunzima kakhulu ukukwazi nokuveza futhi kubonise ukulimaza okufanayo. Loluhlobo lobandlululo luhlanganisa ukuqamba ngamakhono omuntu asekelwe ekusebenziseni izimpawu ezilandelanayo, ukusebenzisa ulimi olubhalwe ukuthi izikhombo ezivikelwe, ukusebenzisa izimiso ezingathathi hlangothi ebusweni ezithinta amaqembu athile ngokungenakulinganiswa, ukunikeza ukunakekela noma usizo oluncane kubantu abasemaqenjini avikelekile, noma ukwenza izindawo lapho amaqembu athile ezizwa engamukeleki noma enganakiwe. Ubandlululo olucashisiwe luvame ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokuziphatha kunezezehlakalo olulodwa, ukwenza ukubhalwa kwezincwadi nobufakazi bubaluleke kakhulu.

Ubandlululo lwesimiso lumelela olunye uhlobo olusebenza ngezimiso zezindawo, imikhuba, nezakhiwo kunokuba kube yizenzo zomuntu siqu. Lokhu kungahlanganisa imikhuba yokuqasha ekhipha ngokulandelana abafanelekayo ezizindeni ezithile, ukuboleka izinqubo eziphumela ekuhlukaniseni amaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, noma izimiso zemfundo ezinikeza imithombo engafani ezikoleni ezikhonza imiphakathi ehlukahlukene. Ukucwaswa kwezimiso kungayinselele ngoba kusekwe ezimisweni zenhlangano futhi kungahlanganisa ukungacwasi ngenhloso kwanoma yimuphi umuntu oyedwa.

Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Emsebenzini

Indawo yomsebenzi ingenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi kungavela kunoma yiliphi izinga lomsebenzi, kusukela ngokukhangisa ngomsebenzi kanye nezicelo. Ukuthunyelwa komsebenzi wobushiqela kungahlanganisa ukukhetha iminyaka yobudala, ukuchaza ubulili, noma izimfuneko ezingahambisani namaqembu athile ngaphandle kwesidingo sezebhizinisi. Phakathi nezingxoxo, imibuzo engekho emthethweni ngokuphathelene nobudala, isimo somshado, amasu ezingane, imikhuba yenkolo, noma ukukhubazeka kungabonisa injongo yokungaqondisi.

Ukuqapha ubandlululo kwenzeka lapho abafanelekayo belahlwa ngenxa yezici ezivikelweyo kunezimfanelo ezihlobene nomsebenzi. Lokhu kungahilela ukuhlola ukuqashelwa ngamagama azwakalayo esizwe, ukwenqaba ukuqasha abesifazane abaneminyaka yokuzala abantwana, noma ukunqaba ukuhlalisa imikhosi engokwenkolo phakathi nenqubo yengxoxo. Uma beqashelwe, izisebenzi zingabhekana nokucwaswa emisebenzini, amathuba okuqeqesha, ukukhushulwa, ukukhokhelwa, nokukhokhwa. Ukungakhokhwa ngokulinganayo ngomsebenzi osekelwe ongokobulili noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe ngokomthetho wesizwe, kodwa zikhokha izikhala eziqhubeka zibhekene ezimbonini eziningi zemisebenzi.

Ukuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini kumelela uhlobo olungathi sína lobandlululo lomsebenzi. Ukuhlukunyezwa okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelweyo kudala isimo somsebenzi esinzima noma esisakazeke ngokwanele ukuba sishintshe izimo zemisebenzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusheshisa kobulili okungamukeleki, amahlaya ahlazisayo noma izinkulumo ezihlazisayo ngohlanga noma inkolo, ukubonisa izimpawu zobukhazikhazi noma izithombe, ukwesabisa ngokomzimba, noma ukudededa emisebenzini ehlobene nomsebenzi. Abaqashi banesibopho esingokomthetho sokuvimbela ukuhlukunyezwa nokudingiswa, futhi ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekuphuleni amalungelo omphakathi.

Izinkinga zokuhlala ezinengqondo zivame ukuphakama lapho kusebenza. Ngaphansi kwe-ADA, abaqashi kumelwe banikeze izindawo ezifanele abantu abafanelekayo abakhubazekile ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungadingekile. Ngokufanayo, iSihloko VII sidinga indawo yokuhlala engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba sifake ubunzima obungadingekile. Ukujezisa kwenzeka uma abaqashi benqaba ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yokuhlala, benqaba izicelo ezinengqondo ngaphandle kokuzithethelela, noma bephindisela ngokumelene nezisebenzi ezicela indawo yokuhlala. Ukucwasa ngokukhulelwa, kuhlanganise nokuhluleka ukunikeza indawo yokukhulelwa ehlobene nomthetho kahulumeni.

Ukubuyiselwa kungezinye zezindlela ezivame ukubikwa zokucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Kwenzeka uma abaqashi bethatha izenzo ezimbi ngokumelene nezisebenzi ezimelene nobandlululo, ukukhononda ngamafayela, noma behlanganyela ekuhlolweni. Izenzo zokuziphindisela zingahlanganisa ukuqedwa, ukuncishiswa, ukuncishiswa kwamahora, ukubukezwa kokusebenza okungathandeki, noma ukuveza isimo sokungavumelani nokusemthethweni. Ukubuyiselwa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho ngisho noma ukusho okusobala kokucwaswa kutholakala ukuthi akunanzuzo, uma nje isisebenzi sinenkolelo enengqondo yokuthi inkolelo elungile yokucwasana kwenzeka.

Ukucwaswa Kwezindlu Namalungelo Afanele Ezindlu

I-Fair Howard Act ivikela abantu ekucwaseni ngokucwasana ezinhlanganweni zezindlu, kuhlanganise nokuqasha indlu, ukuthenga, ukuthenga ngokwezimali, nokuthola izinkonzo zezindlu. Ukucwaswa kwezindlu kungaqala ngokukhangisa okubonisa izintando noma ukulinganiselwa okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe. Izimpawu ezinjengo-"ezophelelekile ochwepheshe" noma "azikho izingane" zingaphula imithetho elungile yezindlu ngokunqanda izicelo zeqembu elithile.

Ukucwaswa kwamazinyo kunezizindlela eziningi, kusukela ekunqabeni ngokuqondile ukuqasha kuya emikhubeni efihlekile. Abaholi bangathi awekho lapho bekhona ngempela, bacaphuna amagama okuqasha ahlukene kubantu abacela okuhlukile, basebenzise iziqondiso eziguquguqukayo, noma baqondise izilinganiso ezithile noma izakhiwo ezisekelwe ezicini ezivikelekile. Imikhuba yokuqasha ihlanganisa nokwenqaba ukwenza indawo yokuhlala efanelekile yabaqashi abakhubazekile, njengokuvumela izilwane ukuba zisebenze naphezu kwemithetho engekho noma ukuvumela izinhlelo zokuthola imvume.

Ezindaweni zokuthengisa zasekhaya nokuboleka izikweletu, ubandlululo lungase luhilele ukwenqaba ukuveza izimpahla ezindaweni ezithile, ukunikeza ukwaziswa okuhlukile ngezakhiwo ezikhona, ukunikeza izikweleti noma inzalo ehlukahlukene, noma ukuqondisa abathengi ezindaweni ezithile ezisekelwe ezinhlangani noma ezweni. URedlining, umkhuba wokuncisha izinkonzo ezakhamuzini ezithile ezisekelwe ezindaweni ezithile ezisekelwe ekwakheni kwezinhlanga noma ubuzwe, unomlando omude eUnited States futhi uyaqhubeka unemiphumela ehlala njalo ezinhlalweni zezindlu nasebuthweni lengcebo.

Abanikazi bezindlu namabhodi ezindawo ezikhuselwe nabo bangahlanganyela emikhubeni yokukhipha ubandlululo ngokumisa imithetho ngokukhethayo, ngokunqabela izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele, noma ngokusungula izimiso ezithinta amaqembu athile ngokungenakuqhathaniswa. Ukuhlukunyezwa omakhelwane noma abaphathi bempahla abasekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe kungase futhi kubangele ukucwaswa kwezindlu, ikakhulukazi lapho abaninindawo noma izinkampani behluleka ukusingatha ukuhlukunyezwa ngemva kokutshelwa.

Ukubandlululwa Ezindlini Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Isihloko II soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944 senqabela ukucwaswa ezindaweni zomphakathi, ezihlanganisa amahhotela, izitolo zokudlela, izitolo, namanye amabhizinisi akhonza umphakathi. Izindawo zomphakathi kumelwe zinikeze ukufika nokusebenza okulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinhlanga, ibala, inkolo, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. AmaMelika akhubazekile anikeza lezi zikhuselo kubantu abakhubazekile, okufuna amabhizinisi asuse imigoqo yokwakha, anikeze usizo nezinkonzo zokusiza, futhi alungise izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi bakhona.

Ukucwasa ezindlini zomphakathi kungaba sobala, njengokwenqaba ukukhonza othile ngenxa yohlanga noma inkolo yabo, noma okunye okucashile, njengokunikeza amakhasimende athile inkonzo ephansi noma ephansi. Amabhizinisi awanakuphoqelela ukuba kufakwe imithetho yokugqoka noma aqhube izinqubo zobandlululo, njengokusebenzisa izindinganiso zokuzilungisa ngokwehlukile ngokusekelwe ebuhlotsheni noma ebulilini. Ukufuna abathengi ukuba babonise noma bakhokhe kusengaphambili kuphela uma bengaba amaqembu athile avikelwe nakho kuveza ubandlululo.

Ukutholakala kwabantu abakhubazekile kuyisici esibucayi samalungelo omphakathi. Amabhizinisi kumelwe aqinisekise ukutholakala ngokomzimba ngezici ezinjenge-ampps, ipali etholakalayo, nezindawo zendlu yangasese. Kumele futhi anikeze ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo ngezinsiza-msikelo ezinjengokuchaza ulimi lwezandla, imishini yokulalela, noma izinto ezibhaliwe ezitholakalayo kumafomethi atholakalayo. Izilwane zenkonzo kumelwe zivunyelwe kuzo zonke izindawo lapho amakhasi evunyelwe khona, futhi amabhizinisi awakwazi ukukhokha izimali ezengeziwe zezilwane ezincengwayo noma adinge imvume yokucela imvume yokubuza ukuthi isilwane siyadingeka yini ngenxa yokukhubazeka nangenxa yemisebenzi ezenzayo.

Izinkonzo zikahulumeni nezinhlelo kumelwe zinikezwe ngaphandle kobandlululo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukwazi ukuvota, imfundo yomphakathi, izinkonzo zokuqinisekisa umthetho, izinkantolo, izinkonzo zezenhlalo, kanye nezinto zokuthutha zomphakathi. Ukucwaswa komphakathi kule zindawo kungahlanganisa izithiyo zolimi ezivimbela ukutholakala, ukuhluleka ukunikeza izindawo zokulala ezikhubazekile, noma ukungabekezeli ukunakekelwa okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelekile. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziye zaqinisa izibopho zokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela okulinganayo futhi zingaba ngaphansi kwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezingaphezu kwalezo ezihambela amabhizinisi ezizimele.

Amalungelo Emfundo Nobandlululo Ezikoleni

Abafundi banezimiso zemfundo zemfundo ezisekelwe ezingeni lemfundo ezingenisweni zemfundo eziqalayo ngemfundo ephakeme. UMthetho we-Civil Rights unqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, noma umsuka wezwe ezimisweni ezithola imali kahulumeni. Isihloko i-IX sivimbela ukucwaswa kwezobulili emfundweni, sihlanganisa izimpikiswano ezisukela kumathuba emidlalo aholela ekuhlukunyezweni ngokobulili nasekuhlaseleni. Ingxenye 504 ye-Rehabilita Act ne-Atures ene-Druble Edult (IDEA) ivikela abafundi ngokukhubazeka futhi idinga indawo nemisebenzi efanele.

Ubandlululo lwemfundo lungabonakala ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuthola ngokungenakulinganiswa izifundo eziphambili noma izinhlelo, imikhuba yokuyala ngokungakhethi ethinta ngokungenakulinganiswa amaqembu athile, usizo olungenalo ulimi olusetshenziswa abafundi besiNgisi, ukuhluleka ukusingatha ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukuqinelwa okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe, noma ukuphikwa kwezinkonzo ezikhethekile zemfundo. Izikole zingawaphula amalungelo omphakathi ngezimiso eziye zasusa imiphumela, njengemithetho yokugqoka efuna imikhuba ethile yezesiko noma yenkolo noma izimiso ezingekho ezisetshenziswa ngokuphambene.

Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokuhlaselwa kwezemfundo kuyizindlela zokucwaswa ngokobulili ngaphansi kwe-Title IX. Izikole zinezibopho ezingokomthetho zokusabela ngokushesha nangempumelelo kwimibiko yokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, zinikeza izinyathelo ezisekelayo zokuhlola nokulungisa izinqubo. Ukwehluleka ukusingatha ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili noma ukuziphindiselela kubafundi ababika ukuhlukunyezwa komthetho kahulumeni. Isihloko i-IX futhi sivikela abafundi ekucwaseni okusekelwe ekukhulelweni, okufuna izikole ukuba zinikeze izindawo zokulala ezifanele futhi ziqinisekise ukufinyelela amathuba alinganayo okufundisa.

Abafundi abakhubazekile banelungelo lokukhulula imfundo yomphakathi efanelekile (FAPE) endaweni ebekelwe imingcele elinganiselwe. Lokhu kudinga izikole ukuba zinikeze izinhlelo zemfundo (IEP) noma i-504 izinhlelo ezinikeza abafundi izidingo ezikhethekile. Ukuphula umthetho kwenzeka lapho izikole zihluleka ukubona abafundi abadinga izinkonzo, abanikeza izinkonzo ezingafaneleki, abenqaba ukusebenzisa indawo yokuhlala, noma bakhiphe abafundi abakhubazekile ezimisweni zemfundo ezivamile ngaphandle kokulunga. Abazali banamalungelo okuhlanganyela ezinqumweni zemfundo nasemacaleni okuphikisa lapho bekholelwa ukuthi amalungelo abantwana babo aphulwa.

Ukucwaswa Kwempilo Namalungelo Eziguli

Ukuthola umnyango wempilo ngaphandle kobandlululo kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo lomphakathi. Ingxenye 1557 ye-Affordal Care Act inqabela ukucwaswa kwezinhlelo zempilo nemisebenzi uhulumeni athole imali esekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubulili, ubudala, noma ukukhubazeka. Ukucwaswa kwempilo kungaba khona ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokunganikezwa ukwelashwa okungalingani, ukunakekelwa okungangeni ezinkonzweni zolimi, ukuhluleka ukunikeza indawo yokulala ekhubazekile, noma imishwalayezo yokukhokha.

Iziguli zingabhekana nokucwaswa okusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga noma ebuhlangani obunemiphumela ecacile yokungahlolwa kwesifo nokwelashwa, ukulawulwa kwezinhlungu, noma ukucatshangelwa okunganele mayelana nokuziphatha kwempilo nokulalela. Imingcele yolimi ingavimbela ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo nemvume enikezwa ulwazi lapho abasizi bezempilo behluleka ukunikeza izinkonzo zokuchaza. Ukubandlululwa okusekelwe ebulilini kuhlanganisa ukunqatshelwa kwezinkonzo zokunakekela ukuzala, ukuphathwa ngokungafanele kwezimo ezithinta abesifazane, noma ukucwaswa kwabantu abafuna ukunakekelwa kwabobulili obuhlukile.

Abantu abakhubazekile babhekana nezinselele eziyingqayizivele ezimweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Abanikazi bempilo kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi bayakwazi ukufinyelela izakhiwo, banikeze usizo olusizayo nezinkonzo zokuxhumana okuphumelelayo, futhi banikeze imishini nezinkonzo ezilinganayo. Abameli bezempilo abanakuveza incazelo engcono ngokuphila noma benqabe ukwelashwa okusekelwe ekukhubazekeni. Kumelwe futhi bagcine imfihlo futhi bahloniphe ukuzibusa kweziguli ezikhubazekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zempilo.

Ukucwaswa komshuwalense kumelela enye into ekhathazayo. Nakuba i-Affordal Care Act inqabela ukunqatshelwa kwemali ethathwayo esekelwe ezimweni ezikhona futhi idinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzuzo ezisemgangathweni zempilo, ubandlululo lusengavela ngezindaba zezesayensi yokungalawuleki, izimfuneko zokugunyaza ezithinta izimo ezithile ngokungenakulinganiswa, noma ukuthengwa okunganele kwezindlela zokwelapha ezidingekayo. Imithetho yempilo yengqondo idinga izicwangciso zomshuwalense zokukhokhwa kwempilo ngokwengqondo nezomzimba ukusebenzisa izinkonzo zokuphazamiseka kwezifo ezingokwempilo kanye nezinkonzo zokuhlinza kodwa izinselele ziyaqhubeka.

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Ilungelo lokuvota liyisisekelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi futhi livikelwe ngokulungisa izivumelwano eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni. UMthetho we-Voting Rights unqabela ukucwasana kohlanga ekuvoteni, kuyilapho eminye imithetho ivikela izilimi ezincane, abantu abakhubazekile, nabavoti bezempi nabaphesheya. Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo kungahlanganisa izimfuneko zokuvota ngokukhetha, usizo olungenamandla, ukuvota, ukuvota, noma imikhuba elulaza amandla okuvota amancane ngezimiso zokuvota noma ngezimiso zokuvota ezinkulu.

Amasu okucindezela amavoter angaba amacashile noma adlulele. Izindawo zokuhlola ezisemiphakathini emincane, ukunciphisa amathuba okuvota ngokushesha, ukunciphisa imithetho eqinile yomvoti ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuhlukanisa, ukukhipha imicu yamavoti ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekile, noma ukunikeza imishini yokuvota elinganiselwe ephumela emigqeni emide kungathinta wonke amaqembu athile futhi kungaphula amalungelo omphakathi. Ukungaqondi okungaqondani ngezimfuneko zokuvota, izinsuku, noma izindawo ezikhomba imiphakathi ethile nakho kuveza ukucishwa kwevota.

Abantu abakhubazekile banesivikelo esikhethekile ngaphansi koMthetho woBulema ne-Help America Vote Act. Izindawo ezisolwayo kumelwe zingeneke ngokomzimba, futhi abavoti abakhubazekile kumelwe bakwazi ukuvota izimiso zokuvota ezinikeza ithuba elifanayo lokuzivota nokuzimela njengabavoti. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imishini yokuvota etholakala kalula, ukuvimbela ukuvota uma izindawo zingangeni, nelungelo lokuthola usizo kumuntu okhethayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi sidlulela ekuxhumaneni nomthetho ophoqelelwe nakwezomthetho nesimiso sokwahlulela somthetho. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza inqubo efanelekile, futhi iSichibiyelo se-Eighth sivimbela isijeziso sonya nesobugqila. Imithetho yamalungelo ehlangene evimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni ekuthatheni izinhlelo noma imikhuba yokuziphatha okungavumelani nomthetho, kuhlanganise namandla amakhulu, umthetho wobuphekula, nokungavunyelwe kwamthetho kanye nokuboshwa.

Ukuhlasela kwezinhlanga, umkhuba wokusola abantu ngobugebengu obusekelwe ebunhlalweni, ezinhlangani, noma ezweni, kuphula amalungelo omphakathi futhi kululaza ukuphepha komphakathi. Ukuthumba kungavela eziteshini zomgwaqo, ekuma kwezimoto, ekuhloleni, noma ekuhloleni. Ubufakazi bokukhipha izibalo buhlanganisa ukunqanda ukuhlukana okungenakuchazwa ngezici ezingokomthetho, ukwelashwa okuhlukile phakathi nokunqamuka okusekelwe ezinhlangani, noma izimiso ezikhuthaza izikhulu ukuba zicabangele izinhlanga eziphethe.

Ukuphoqelelwa umthetho ngokweqile kuphula iSichibiyelo sesine uma singacabangeli nhlobo ngaphansi kwalezi zimo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo okungalingani nosongo olunikezwayo, ukuqhubekela phambili kwempoqo ngemva kokuba umuntu enqotshiwe, noma ukwehluleka ukungenela lapho ezinye izikhulu zisebenzisa amandla adlulele. Abantu banamalungelo futhi phakathi nokuboshwa nokuboshwa, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokukhululeka ekuxhashazweni ngokomzimba, ukutholakala kokwelashwa, kanye nokuvikelwa ezimweni eziyingozi zokuvalelwa.

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu kumelwe sinikeze isivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, uhlanga, noma isimo sezomnotho. Ukuphula umthetho kungavela ngezinqumo zokujezisa icala, imikhuba yebheyili ephumela ekuboshweni kwangaphambi kwecala ngenxa yokuhluleka ukukhokha, ukumelela okungokomthetho okungafanele, noma ukugwetshwa. Abantu abakhubazekile banelungelo lokuthola indawo yokuhlala efanelekile phakathi nenqubo yokwahlulela yobugebengu, kuhlanganise phakathi nokuboshwa, ukuphenywa, ukuqulwa kwenkantolo, nokuboshwa.

Ukubhala Ukwephulwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Izincwadi eziphelele zibalulekile ekuphishekeleni izikhalo zamalungelo omphakathi nokuzisholo okungokomthetho. Uma uthola noma uzibonela ngawakho ukucwaswa, uqala ukubhala ngokushesha. Khuluma usuku, isikhathi, nendawo, kanye nezincazelo eziningiliziwe zalokho okwenzeka. Hlanganisa amagama nokwaziswa kwabantu abahilelekile, kuhlanganise nabafehli bomthetho, ofakazi, nanoma ubani ongase abe nokwaziswa okubalulekile. Qaphela ubufakazi obungokoqobo, obunjengama-imeyili, imiyalezo, izincwadi, izinqubo, noma izithombe ezisekela ukulandisa kwakho.

Yenza uhlelo lwezenzakalo, njengendlela yokucwasa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungaba yithonya kakhulu kunezenzakalo ezizodwa. Hlanganisa umongo ngendlela abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezingafani abaphathwa ngayo, njengoba ubufakazi obuqhathanisa bubonisa ukungalingani. Uma ubandlululo luhlanganisa izinkulumo zomlomo, bhala amagama aqondile asetshenziswa kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma ungenakubhala amagama afanayo abhalwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, bhala izinkumbulo zakho lapho imininingwane imisha.

Gcina wonke amaphepha ahlobene nezokuxhumana. Yenza amakhophi emisebenzi erekhodi, ukuhlola, ukukhokhela iziphazamiso, ukuthunyelwa komsebenzi, izivumelwano zokuqasha, iposi, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezihlobene nobandlululo. Gcina ama-imeyili nemiyalezo ye-metam, kuhlanganise ne-metams ebonisa izinsuku nezikhathi. Thatha izithombe zobufakazi obungokoqobo, njengezindawo ezingafinyeleki, izimpawu zokufihla, noma izimo ezibonisa ukuphathwa ngokungalingani. Uma ufaka izikhalo noma ubika ukucwaswa kwabaphathi, gcina amakhophi alezo mibiko nanoma yiziphi izindlela.

Izinkulumo zoFakazi zinganikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile bokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho. Yazi abantu abaqaphela ukuziphatha kobandlululo noma abangafakazela ngezindlela zokuziphatha, izimiso, noma imikhuba. Buza ofakazi ukuthi bangathanda yini ukunikeza izinkulumo ezibhaliwe noma ukukhuluma nabaphenyi. Ngisho noma ofakazi bengathandi ukufika ngokushesha, ukulondoloza ukwaziswa kwabo kukuvumela ukuba ufinyelele kamuva uma kudingeka.

Ibhalwe ithonya lobandlululo ekuphileni kwakho. Gcina amarekhodi okwelapha ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, noma eminye imiphumela yempilo ebangelwa ubandlululo. Gcina amarekhodi okulahlekelwa ngokwezimali, njengeholo elilahlekile, izindleko zokufuna umsebenzi, noma izindleko ezihlobene nokuthola ezinye izindawo zokuhlala. Qaphela ithonya elingokomzwelo nengokwengqondo, kuhlanganise nemiphumela ebuhlotsheni, imisebenzi yansuku zonke, nenhlalakahle. Le mibhalo isekela ukulimala futhi ibonisa umonakalo obangelwa ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukubika Ukwephulwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Izinhlangano eziningi zisingatha izikhalo zezentengiselwano zesizwe, futhi ukukhetha i-forum efanelekile kuxhomeke ohlotsheni lobandlululo kanye nenhlangano ehilelekile. Ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, i-Aumedial Accounting Opportotion Commission (EOC) imisa imithetho elawula amalungelo esizwe. Kumelwe ubeke icala nge-EEOC ngaphambi kokuphishekela ukumangalelwa enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi imingcele eqinile yesikhathi isebenza izinsuku ezingu-1880 noma 300 ukusuka esenzweni somthetho wezempatho-mthetho.

Izikhalazo zokucwasa ngokucwasana ezindlini zingafakwa kuMnyango Wendawo Yokuhlala ne-Urban Development (HUD) noma kuhulumeni kanye nezinhlangano zezindawo ezilungile. I-HUD ihlola ukukhononda futhi ingaphishekela ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, noma ibhekise amacala kuMnyango wobulungisa ukuze udlulisele icala. Ungafaka icala ngokuqondile enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ngaphandle kokudlulisa isikhalo sokuqala sokulawula, nakuba izinqubo zokuphatha zinganikeza isinqumo esisheshayo kwezinye izimo.

Ukuze kucatshwe imfundo, i-Dervince of Education Office for Civil Rights (OCR) ihlola izikhalo ezihilela izikole nezinhlangano zemfundo ezithola imali kahulumeni. I-OCR isingatha izikhalo ezihlobene nohlanga, umsuka wesizwe, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nokucwaswa kobudala. Izikhalo kumelwe zigcinwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-180 zobandlululo olumangalelwayo, nakuba i-OCR ingase idlulisele lesi sikhathi ngenxa yesizathu esihle. Izinhlangano zemfundo kazwe nezifundazwe nazo zinezindlela zokukhononda ezingaphakathi okungase kudingeke ukuba ziphele ngaphambi kokuba kulandele amanye amakhambi.

I-Davince of Justice Civil Rights Division ihlola izindlela noma imikhuba yokucwasa ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zomthetho eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho, izinkantolo, nezindawo zokuqondisa izigwegwe. Abantu bangabhala phansi izikhalo ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, nakuba iDOJ ngokuvamile igxila ezindabeni ezihlelekile kunasemacaleni ahlukene. Ukumangalelwa komuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni, iSigaba 1983 sinikeza inqubo yokufuna izindleko nempumuzo.

Izikhalo eziningi zamalungelo abantu zingafakwa kuyiwebhusayithi yezinhlangano, okwenza le nqubo itholakale kalula. Uma kukhishwa isikhalo, nikeza imininingwane eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka mayelana nobandlululo, izinsuku, izindawo, abantu abahilelekile, nesisekelo sobandlululo. Qopha amarekhodi okusekela nokwaziswa. Ngemva kokufaka izicelo, izinhlangano ziyokwazisa abaphendulayo futhi zenze uphenyo, okungase kuhlanganise izingxoxo, izicelo zezincwadi, nokuhambela kwezebhukwana. Ukubambisana nabaphengululi kanye nokusabela ngokushesha ekuceleni kokwaziswa okuqinisekisa ukuphenywa okuphelele kwecala lakho.

Ukufuna Usizo Olungokomthetho

Ukuxhumana nommeli owelaphayo ekwakheni amalungelo abantu kungakusiza ukuba uqonde izindlela ongazikhetha futhi usebenzise izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho. Abameli bamalungelo omphakathi bangahlola amandla ecala lakho, banikeze iziqondiso zokuthi i-cums ingaphi, baqoqe ubufakazi, bathintane, futhi bakumele ezindaweni zokuqondisa noma zokukumelela. Icala lamalungelo abantu lisingathwa ngesisekelo senkokhelo, okusho abameli bathola inkokhelo kuphela uma uthola izindleko, ukwenza ukumelelwa okungokomthetho kutholakale ngisho noma ungakwazi ukukhokha intengo yemali.

Ukuthola ummeli ofanele kudinga ukucwaninga nokuhlola. Funa abameli ngolwazi oluqondile lohlobo lobandlululo owabhekana nalo, kungaba umsebenzi, indlu, imfundo, noma ezinye izindawo. Izinhlangano zeBar ngokuvamile zinikeza izinkonzo zomamese, futhi izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zingagcina uhlu lwabameli abafanelekayo. Phakathi nokuhlola kokuqala, buza ngokuhlangenwe nakho kommeli ngezindaba ezifanayo, ukuhlola kwakhe icala lakho, amasu akho, namalungiselelo okukhokha imali. Abameli abaningi banikeza izinkonzo zamahhalali noma eziphansi ukuze bahlole izindaba ezingase zifike.

Uma ungenamali yokunikeza ummeli, imithombo eminingi inikeza usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho zisiza abantu abahlawulwa kancane futhi zingasingatha iziphakamiso zamalungelo omphakathi. Imithola-mthetho yezomthetho inikeza izimpawu zesihle ngabafundi bomthetho abaqondiswa abameli abangomakade. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ngezinye izikhathi zinikeza ukumelelwa okuqondile noma zingakukhomba ukuba uthathe izigqebhene. I-American Civil Liberéries Union (ACLU) neNaACP Leviccial Defense Fund yizibonelo zezinhlangano ezisingatha amalungelo abalulekile omphakathi, nakuba zisingatha izenzakalo ezithinta kakhulu ngaphandle kwezimo.

Ngisho noma uqhubeka ngaphandle kommeli ekuqaleni, ukuxoxa ngokomthetho kungaba yigugu ezingeni ezihlukahlukene. Ummeli angabukeza amaphepha ngaphambi kokuba udlulise izikhalo zamafayela, axwayise ngokukhokhwa, noma akumele uma icala lakho liqhubeka libekwa. Abanye abantu basingatha izindaba zokuphatha bona ngokwabo futhi baqashe abameli kuphela uma amacala eqhubeka enkantolo. Ukuqonda ukukhetha kwakho nobunkimbinkimbi becala lakho kukusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo ezisekelwe enkantolo ngolwazini ngokubaluleka komthetho.

Ukuqonda Izindlela Zokwelapha Nokukhululeka

Imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi inikeza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhululeka ekulungiseni ukucwaswa kobandlululo futhi yenza izisulu ziphele. Ukukhokhwa kwezisulu ngokukhokhelwa imbuyiselo yangempela, kuhlanganise neholo elilahlekile, izinzuzo, izindleko zezokwelapha, nezindleko zokungahoxi ngenxa yokucwaswa. Ezimweni zomsebenzi, amakhambi angahlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kweholo elilahlekileyo, ukukhokhelwa iholo lesikhathi esizayo elilahlekile, ukubuyiselwa ezikhundleni, noma ukuqasha uma umsebenzi wobushiqela obungagunyaziwe. Izindlela zokucwasa zingahlanganisa ukulimala kwangempela, ukutholakala kwezindlu ezilahlweniswe, kanye nenkokhelo yokukhathazeka okungokomzwelo.

Ukulimala okungokomzwelo kubuyisela umonakalo ongokwengqondo obangelwa ukucwasana, kuhlanganise nokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukudumazeka, nokulahlekelwa injabulo yokuphila. Lokhu kulimala kuyaqaphela ukuthi ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kubangela umonakalo ongaphezu kokulahlekelwa ngokwezomnotho. Izinkantolo zicabangela ubukhulu nokuthatha isikhathi sokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo, ukuthi ukwelashwa kwakudingekile yini, nokuthi ubandlululo lwathinta kanjani ukuphila kwansuku zonke nobuhlobo. Ukuchazwa kwemiphumela engokomzwelo ngemibhalo yezokwelapha, amaphuzu okwelapha, kanye nokulandisa komuntu siqu kuyawasekela lamazwi.

Isijeziso singatholakala ezimweni ezihilela ukucwaswa ngenhloso noma ukunganaki amalungelo omphakathi. Lokhu kujezisa abenzi bokubi futhi kunqande ukwephulwa komthetho esikhathini esizayo. Impoqo ze-compastic nesijeziso ezicatshangelweni zobandlululo lwemisebenzi ezisekelwe endodeni yabaqashi, kusukela kuR250 000 kubaqashi abancane kuya kuR350 000 kubaqashi abakhulu. Akukho zikhombathi ezisebenza ekukhetheni izinhlanga ngenhloso ngaphansi kweZigaba 1981 noma ezithenjiswa umthetho kahulumeni, ezingase zinikeze izindleko ezinkulu.

Ukukhululeka kudinga abamangalelwa ukuba bathathe izenzo ezithile noma bagweme ukuziphatha okuxekethile. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izinguquko zenqubo, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, ukuhlola nokubika izimfuneko, noma ukulungisa ukwakhiwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwezindaba zezinhlelo zosizo futhi kuvimbele ukucwaswa kwesikhathi esizayo, kungazuzisi abantu ngabanye abakhonondayo kuphela kodwa nabanye abangase babhekane nokujeziswa okufanayo. Ezimweni ezihilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma ukucwaswa, imithetho yokuvuma ingamisa izinguquko ezibanzi nokuqondisa okuqhubekayo.

Izindleko ze-athorney zivame ukuvuselelwa ezicaleni zamalungelo abantu, ukukhuthaza abameli ukuba bathathe amacala nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izisulu azinqandwa yizindleko zokuphoqwa. Ukunqoba amaqhinga ezimpikiswano zamalungelo omphakathi kungathola izindleko ezifanele zommeli, izindleko zofakazi abangochwepheshe, nezindleko zenkantolo. Lelungiselelo lokusheshisa imali libalulekile ekubekeleni amalungelo abantu inselele ukucwaswa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu, njengoba lisiza abantu ukuba babeke inselele ukucwaswa ngisho nalapho izindleko zingaba nesizo esilinganiselwe ekutheni izindleko zokukhokhishweni.

Isivikelo Ekuphindiseleni

Imithetho evikelayo yelungelo lomphakathi yenqabela ukuziphindiselela kubantu abamelene nobandlululo, ukukhononda ngamafayela, noma ukuhlanganyela ekuhloleni. Isivikelo sokuphindisela sibalulekile ngoba yenza abantu bakwazi ukuqinisa amalungelo abo ngaphandle kokwesaba imiphumela emibi. Imisebenzi evikelayo ihlanganisa ukukhipha izikhalo zokucwaswa kwezinhlangano, ukukhononda ngabaphathi noma izimali zabantu ngokucwaswa, ukuhlanganyela njengofakazi ekuhlolweni noma ekuhlolweni, nokucela indawo yokuhlala efanelekile ngenxa yokukhubazeka noma imikhuba engokwenkolo.

Ukubuyiselwa emuva kungaba nezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuqeda, ukuthotshiswa, ukuncishiswa kwemali, ukuncishiswa kwekhono, ukuhlaziywa noma ukukhuzwa, ukukhishwa kwamathuba, ukuphathwa ngonya, noma izinsongo. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi isenzo esibi singamvimbela yini umuntu onengqondo ukuba angene emsebenzini ovikelekile. Ngisho nezenzo ezibonakala zingasho ukuziphindiselela uma ziveza ithonya elihlasimulisayo ekuqini amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuze ubonise ukuthi usuke wenza umsebenzi ovikelekile, umqashi noma enye inhlangano yathatha isinyathelo esibuhlungu kuwe, futhi kwakunokuhlobana okukhulu phakathi komsebenzi ovikelwe nesenzo esibi. Ukuziphindiselela ngokuvamile kuwubufakazi obubalulekile (izenzo ezithathekayo) ezithathwa ngemva nje komsebenzi ovikelwe osikisela ukuziphindiselela. Nokho, ukuziphindiselela kungenzeka ngemva kwezinyanga ezithile kamuva, nobufakazi bokushintsha kwencazelo, izizathu zangaphambi kombhalo, noma ukuphathwa ngendlela ephambene uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye kusekela lokho okushiwoyo.

Uma ubhekene nokuphindisela, kubhale kahle futhi ukubike ngokushesha. Uma ukhala ngenhlangano efanayo engasingatha ukuphikisa okuyisisekelo kobandlululo. Ukuzisholo kuvame ukuveza kalula kunokusho ukuthi ubandlululo olungaphansi kwecala ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlobana kobuhlanga kungase kube sobala kakhulu. Izinkantolo namanxusa aziphindiseli ngoba zilulaza ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngisho noma ukucwasa kwakho kwakuqala kungaphumeleli, unganqoba ekuphindiseleni uma ungabonisa ukuthi isenzo esibi sithathwe ngenxa yokuphikisa kwakho.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzela ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi futhi zinikeze izimali kubantu ababhekene nobandlululo. Izinhlangano zesizwe ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), NAACP, National Organization for Women (NOW), Lambda Legal, neDisability Rights Education and Defense Fund (DEFF) ezibaluleke kakhulu ezicaleni zamalungelo omphakathi, zisekela izinguquko zezimiso, futhi zinikeza imithombo yemfundo. Lezi zinhlangano ngokuvamile zigxila emacaleni angathi angathintana kakhulu kodwa zinganikeza nesiqondiso futhi zinikeze izikhombo zeze izimo ezithile.

Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zendawo nezikhulu zikahulumeni zinikeza usizo oluqondile kubantu abahlala emiphakathini yazo. Izinhlangano zezindlu eziqotho zihlola ukucwaswa kwezindlu futhi zinikeza izinkonzo zokuhlola ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi yobugebengu. Izikhungo zezisebenzi nezinhlangano zamalungelo ezisebenzi zisiza ekukhetheni imisebenzi futhi zikhokhele izimpikiswano zokweba. Izikhungo zamalungelo ezinganelwayo kunoma yisiphi isifundazwe zinikeza ukubhalisa abantu abakhubazekile izinkonzo zomthetho. Izikhungo zomphakathi zinikeza imithombo yezindawo kanye nezikhokhisi zokucwa kwezenzo zobuhlanga ezisekelwe ekucwaseni ngezindlela zocalulo olusekelwe ekusebenziseni ubulili kanye nasekuzibonakaliseni ubulili.

Izinhlangano zamalungelo ezakhamuzi zinikeza izinkonzo ezihlukahlukene ngaphandle kokubekwa ngokomthetho. Zinikeza ukuqeqeshwa ngamalungelo akho olwazi, zisiza abantu ukuba baqonde imithetho yamalungelo abantu, zisiza ngokukhala, zinikeza ukusekela okungokomzwelo nokuhlobana nomphakathi, futhi zisekela izinguquko ezingokwezimiso ukuze kuvinjelwe ubandlululo. Izinhlangano eziningi zigcina izingcingo ezishisayo noma imithombo ye-inthanethi lapho ungabuza khona imibuzo futhi uthole isiqondiso mayelana nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuhlangana nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi kufeza izinjongo eziningi. Ngisho noma inhlangano ingakwazi ukukumelela ngokuqondile, ingakunikeza ukwaziswa okuyigugu, ikhombe kubameli noma kwezinye imithombo, noma ibhale okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho njengengxenye yemizamo ebanzi yokulawula. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kunganezela ekuhlolweni okufanayo nasekusebenziseni inqubo noma ukuhlelwa kwezimiso okuthinta ukucwaswa kwezimiso ezithinta abantu abaningi. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zinikeza umphakathi kanye nokugunyazwa, zikusize uqonde ukuthi ubandlululo akulona iphutha lakho nokuthi abanye banezinto ezifanayo.

Imingcele Yesikhathi Nezici Ezifile Zokukhononda

Ukukhononda ngamalungelo ezakhamuzi kungaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yesikhathi, ebizwa ngokuthi imithetho yokulinganiselwa, ehluka kuye ngohlobo lobandlululo ne-asperm. Izinsuku ezingekho zingakuvimbela ngokuphelele ukuvuma kwakho, okwenza kudingeke ukuba uthathe isinyathelo ngokushesha lapho ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho ephuliwe. Ukuze ubandlululo lwemisebenzi, amacala e-EOC kumelwe agcinwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 180 zesenzo sokubulala, noma izinsuku ezingu-300 ezisezizweni kanye nezinhlangano zawo ezilungile zemisebenzi. Lemikhawulo ingumthetho yegunya, okusho ukuthi izinkantolo azinakuwandisa ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile.

Ukukhononda ngokucwasa ngokuhlala ne-HID kumelwe kubekwe phakathi nonyaka owodwa kulokhu kucwasana. Uma ufaka icala ngokuqondile enkantolo ngaphandle kokukhipha ukukhononda kobuphathi, imithetho yokulinganiselwa iyahluka ngokwezwe, ngokuvamile kusukela eminyakeni eyodwa kuya kwemithathu. Ezinye izikhangiso zamalungelo ezakhamuzi zinezinsuku ezithatha isikhathi eside (ngokwesibonelo), ukumangalelwa ngaphansi kwe-Cult 1981 ngenxa yokucwaswa kwezinhlanga kunomthetho weminyaka emine wemingcele eminingi.

Ukunquma lapho umthetho wokulinganisela uqala kungaba yinkimbinkimbi. Izenzo zobandlululo, iwashi liqala ngosuku lobushiqela obabuqala ngalo. Nokho, okunye ukuphula umthetho kuhilela ukuziphatha okuqhubekayo, futhi isenzo ngasinye sokukhipha ubandlululo singaqala inkathi elinganiselwe. Indawo yomsebenzi ephetheyo ingase ihlanganise izenzo ngaphandle kwenkathi yokulinganiselwa uma iyingxenye yendlela eqhubekayo. Ukutholakala kungabambezela ukuqala kwenkathi yokweqiswa kuze kube yilapho wazi noma wazi ukuthi kufanele ukuba uthathe imingcele.

Uma ucabangela imingcele yesikhathi eyinkimbinkimbi nengozi yokulahlekelwa ngamalungelo akho, thintana nommeli noma ubhale isikhalo ngokushesha ngemva kokucwaswa. Ngisho noma ungaqiniseki ukuthi ubandlululo lwenzekile noma uzama ukuxazulula isimo ngokwethukela, ukudlulisa isikhalo kulondoloza amalungelo akho uma uhlola ezinye izindlela. Ungawasusa noma ulungise isikhalo kamuva, kodwa ngeke ubhale phansi ngemva kokuba sekudlule isikhathi esimisiwe.

Izisusa Zomsebenzi Zokusingatha Ukucwaswa

Uma ubhekene nobandlululo emsebenzini, cabangela kokubili amasu angokomthetho nathunyiwe okusingatha isimo. Abaqashi abaningi banezinqubo zangaphakathi zokukhononda, futhi ukusebenzisa lezi zinqubo kungaxazulula izimpikiswano ngaphandle kokungenela kwangaphandle. Bukeza incwadi yakho yezisebenzi noma izimiso zempahla yabantu ukuze uqonde izinqubo ezikhona.

Lapho ubika ubandlululo ngaphakathi, bhala uchwepheshe namaphuzu ayiqiniso. Gxila ekuziphatheni okuqondile kanye nasemphumeleni wakho kunokuba uhlasele noma usole nganoma ubani. Cela amakhambi aqondile, njengokuphenya isikhalo, isiyalo sabantu abakhankasela ubandlululo, ushintsho lwezimiso, noma ukudluliselwa komphathi noma umnyango ohlukile.

Ukuqonda ukuthi ukubika ubandlululo ngaphakathi akukuvimbeli ekufakeni izikhalo zangaphandle noma emacaleni. Eqinisweni, ukukhononda kwangaphakathi kungaqinisa isimo sakho ngokubonisa ukuthi umqashi uqaphele ubandlululo futhi akathathi isinyathelo esifanele. Nokho, qaphela ukuthi ukubika ubandlululo kungase kushintshe amandla emsebenzini futhi kungaholela ekuphindiseleni, okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho. Qhubeka ubhala okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho nanoma iziphi izinguquko zokwelapha ngemva kokubika ubandlululo.

Uma ukucwasana kuhilela ukungaqondani noma izenzakalo ezizehlukanisayo zezisebenzi kunokuba ziqondise, ukukhulumisana okuqondile kungaxazulula inkinga. Nokho, ungazizwa ubophekile ukubhekana nabantu abacasukela wena, ikakhulukazi uma uzizwa ungalondekile noma ukholelwa ukuthi ukuxabana kuzoba ngcono kakhulu. Ukuphepha kwakho nokuhlala kahle kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi izinqubo ezingokomthetho zokukhononda zikhona ngenxa yokuthi isinqumo ngokwethukela asivamile singenzeka noma asifanelekile ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Amalungu enhlangano kufanele asebenzise izinqubo zenhlangano ezibonisa izikhalazo futhi acele ukumelelwa kwenyunyana lapho esingatha ukucwaswa. Ama - Union anezibopho zokumelela amalungu ngokufanelekile futhi anganikeza ukusekela kuzo zonke izinqubo zokukhononda. Izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa zinganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe esingaphezu kwesilinganiso esingokomthetho, futhi abameleli benhlangano bangasiza ekusebenziseni kokubili amakhambi avumelanayo nangokomthetho.

Ukuzinakekela Nokusekela Lapho Ukuphishekela Amalungelo Omphakathi Kusho Ukuthi

Ukubhekana nobandlululo nokulwela amalungelo omphakathi kungakhandla ngokomzwelo nangokomzimba. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuphinde ubhekane nokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu, ukubhekana nokungabaza noma ubutha, nokukhuthazelela uphenyo olude noma ukuphikisa. Ukuzikhathalela nokusekela kukusiza ukuba ulondoloze ukuqina phakathi nale nqubo eyinselele.

Funa ukusekelwa ingqondo odokotela noma abeluleki abaqonda ukukhubazeka nobandlululo. Odokotela abaningi abasebenza nabantu abaye bacwaswa, bahlukunyezwa noma baphulwa amalungelo abantu. Ukwelapha kunikeza indawo ephephile yokulungisa imizwelo, ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokubhekana nazo, nokusingatha imiphumela engokwengqondo yokucwasa. Ukwelashwa ngengqondo kuveza futhi ubufakazi bokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo okungase kusekele amalungelo akho omphakathi.

Yakha ukusekela komkhaya, abangane, kanye nomphakathi okukholelwayo nokukusekelayo. Ukubandlululana kungaba yizehlukanisa, ikakhulukazi uma abanye belulaza okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho noma besikisela ukuthi uthatha izinto ngokweqile. Ukuzihlanganisa nabantu abavuma okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho futhi bakusekele ngokomzwelo kubalulekile ukuze ulondoloze umbono nokuzimisela. Amaqembu asekela abantu abaye babhekana nobandlululo olufanayo anganikeza umphakathi, iseluleko esiwusizo, kanye nesiqinisekiso sokuthi awuwedwa.

Beka imingcele yesikhathi namandla owawanikezayo ecaleni lamalungelo omphakathi. Nakuba ukuphishekela ubulungisa kubalulekile, akumelwe kuqedwe konke ukuphila kwakho. Ukukhetha izikhathi ezithile zokusebenza eqophelweni lakho, futhi uvikele isikhathi semisebenzi ekunika injabulo nokuphumula. Gcina isimiso futhi uhileleke emisebenzini yokuzinakekela njengendlela yokuzivivinya, imisebenzi yokuzilibazisa, isikhathi nesikhathi nabathandekayo. Ukuthatha ikhefu emisebenzini ehlobene nezenzo akunikezi ukuqina okudingekayo ukuze wenze into ethatha isikhathi eside.

Kulungele ukuthi ukuphishekela amalungelo ezakhamuzi kungase kungaphumeli emphumeleni owethembayo. Uphenyo lungase lungagcini, izindawo zingaba ngcono kunalokho ocabanga ukuthi ufanele ukukwenza, noma ukuxoshwa kungase kungaphumeleli. Nakuba lemiphumela ingadumali, ayisho ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kwakungekulona iqiniso noma ukuthi ukuphishekela amalungelo akho kwakungalungile. Ukukhuluma ngobandlululo kunokubaluleka okungaphezu kwemiphumela yomuntu ngamunye, okuyiyona mibhalo yokuziphatha kokuthathela umlomo, kungavikela abanye ekuphathweni okufanayo, futhi kufake isandla emizamweni yokugcinwa kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Ukuvimbela Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Nakuba abantu bengenakulawula ukuthi abanye bayabakhetha yini, ukuqaphela nokuphatha kabi kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Izinhlangano nezinhlangano zinemithwalo yemfanelo yokwakha indawo ezungezile engenakho ubandlululo ngezimiso ezicacile, ukuqeqeshwa, ukulandisa, nezinqubo zokukhononda ezisabelayo.

Izimiso eziphumelelayo zokumelana nokungavumelani zichaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe ngokucacile, zichaze izinqubo zokukhononda, ziqinisekise imiphumela engabekelwe ukujeziswa, futhi zichaze imiphumela yokuphulwa. Izikhulu zesonto kufanele zikhulunyelwe njalo kuzo zonke izisebenzi, abafundi, noma amalungu omphakathi futhi zifinyeleleke kalula. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha kufanele zidlulele ngalé kokuvumelana okuyisisekelo okungokomthetho ukunikeza ukucwaswa okusobala, zibangele ukuqaphela ukuthi ubandlululo lubonakala kanjani, futhi zinikeze amathuluzi okungenela uma ubandlululo luqhubeka.

Izinqubo zokulandisa ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso ziphoqelelwe ngokungaguquki. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphenya ngokusheshisa nangokucophelela izikhalo, ukujezisa okufanelekile kubantu abathatha ubandlululo, nokulandela izindlela zokukhononda ukuze kubonwe izindaba ezihlangene. Ukuzibophezela kwezenhlalakahle kuyadingeka (h_a lapho abaholi behlela izinhlobonhlobo, ukulingana, nokufakwa, kunikeza yonke inhlangano indlela.

Abantu bangasiza ekuvimbeleni ukucwaswa lapho bebona ubandlululo, besekela osebenza nabo noma amalungu omphakathi abhekana nobandlululo, futhi besekela izinguquko ezingokwezimiso ezikhuthaza ukungakhethi. Ukungenela kufundisa abantu indlela yokungenela ngokuphephile lapho bebona ubandlululo noma ukuhlukunyezwa. Ukusungula amasiko lapho ubandlululo lungabekezelelwa kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esihlangene, hhayi izinqubo zokukhononda komuntu ngamunye.

Ukuhlukahluka, ukuhlanganisa, nokuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlanganisa, uma kusetshenziswa ngokucabangela nangokuyiqiniso, kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukucwaswa kobandlululo ngokulungisa imingcele ehleliwe, ukwandisa ukumelelwa kwamaqembu azimele, nokwakha izindawo ezizungezile ezihlukene. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo kumelwe zidlulele ngalé kwezimpawu ukuze zakhe ushintsho olungokoqobo emithethweni, emikhubeni, nasemphakathini. Ukuhlolwa njalo kwemiphumela nokuzimisela ukulungisa amasu asekelwe emiphumelweni kubalulekile emizamweni ephumelelayo yokuvimbela.

Imithombo Nezinyathelo Ezilandelayo

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho omphakathi ephulwa, imithombo eminingi ingakusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho futhi uthathe isinyathelo. izinhlangano zikahulumeni zinikeza ukwaziswa futhi zixazulule izikhalo, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zinikeza ukugunyazwa nokusekelwa, futhi ochwepheshe bezomthetho banganikeza ukumelela neseluleko. Ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuvikela amalungelo akho kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekulungeni lobulungisa, kokubili wena kanye nabanye abangase babhekane nokucwaswa okufanayo.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Okumelwe Zithathwe

  • Zibhale ngokuphelele zonke izenzakalo, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, izikhathi, izindawo, abantu abahilelekile, nofakazi
  • Gcina ubufakazi obunjengobuthi email, imiyalezo, izithombe nezincwadi ezifanele
  • Ubika ubandlululo ngezinqubo zangaphakathi zokukhononda uma kufanele
  • Ukukhononda okungenafayili ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezifanelekayo phakathi nesikhathi esilinganiselwe esisebenzayo
  • Xoxa nabameli bamalungelo omphakathi ukuze uqonde izindlela okhetha kuzo ezingokomthetho
  • Ukuzihlanganisa nezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu ukuze uthole ukusekelwa, imithombo yengcebo, nokukhokha
  • Funa ukusekelwa ngokwengqondo ukuze ubhekane nemizwelo ebuhlungu yokucwaswa
  • Yakha isimiso sokusekela amalungu omkhaya, abangane, nomphakathi
  • Zivikele ekuphindiseleni ngokubhala phansi noma iziphi izenzo ezimbi ngemva kokubika ubandlululo
  • Hlala wazi ngamalungelo akho nangentuthuko yamalungelo abantu engase ithinte isimo sakho

Imicebo Kahulumeni Ebalulekile

  • I-Auncime Opportunity Commission (EOC) yobandlululo lwemisebenzi e-' www.eoc.gov
  • Department of Home and Urban Development (HUD) yokuhlala ubandlululo e www.hud.gov
  • Department of Education Office for Civil Rights yemfundo ekhethelwe www.ed.gov/ocr
  • Umnyango weJaji i-Civil Rights Division for article statificial statiss e www.structure.gov/crt
  • Ingxenye yamalungelo esigaba sokukhetha ukukhubazeka e www.ada.gov

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho omphakathi nokuqaphela ukuphulwa komthetho kukunika amandla okuthatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nobandlululo. Nakuba inqubo yokufuna amalungelo omphakathi ingaba yinselele, isivikelo esingokomthetho sikhona ukuze kulungiswe ubandlululo futhi kubekwe icala labo abaphula umthetho. Ngokubhala imibiko yokuphula umthetho, ukubika ezinhlanganweni ezifanele, ukufuna usizo olungokomthetho, nokuxhumana nemithombo esekelayo, ungaqinisa amalungelo akho futhi unikele emizamweni ebanzi yokuqinisekisa ukulingana nobulungisa kubo bonke abantu. Khumbula ukuthi ukukhuluma ngobandlululo akuyona nje kuphela impikiswano yobulungisa.