Ukuqulwa kwecala kungafana nokuhamba nge-rabylthin, ikakhulukazi kulabo abangajwayelene nezinqubo zenkantolo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumnini webhizinisi obhekene nesivumelwano noma umuntu ocabangela ukulimaza komuntu siqu, ukuqonda uhambo lwezikhathi zokumangalelwa kukusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo ezingokolwazi, ulawule okulindelwe, futhi ugweme iziphambeko ezibizayo. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuwohloka okubanzi, okuthatha inyathelo lokudlula kwenqubo yenkantolo, kusukela ekungavumelani kokuqala ukuya ekudluliseni isikhalo sokugcina.

Liyini Icala Lombango?

Icala lomphakathi liyimpikiswano engokomthetho engekhona enkantolo phakathi kwamaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu, ehilela isicelo sokulimala kwemali noma isenzo esithile (imvume yasenkantolo yokwenza noma ukungenzi lutho). Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, lapho uhulumeni umangalela khona umuntu ngenxa yokwephula umthetho womphakathi, amacala omphakathi aqulwa ngamaphutha ayimfihlo. Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [ guqula izingxabano – ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano esibhaliwe noma esibhalwe ngomlomo.
  • [ izimpikiswano ezishoyo[ - - izimpikiswano zomngcele, izingxabano ezithatha indawo, noma izinkinga zesiqu sesakhiwo.
  • [ u-Tort [ - - ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukunganaki, ukuhlanjalazwa, noma ukungasetshenziswa kahle kwezokwelapha.
  • [ umthetho womkhaya [ – isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala kwezingane, ubukhomanisi, nokutholwa.
  • [ izingxabano zezentengiselwano kanye nezentengiselwano – ukuchitheka kobuhlobo, ukugxambukela kwempahla yengqondo, noma ukungavumelani kwezentengiselwano.

Iqembu eliletha icala libizwa ngokuthi u-paltiff; umkhakha omangalelwayo uyi- i-dendending[. Umthwalo wobufakazi endabeni yomphakathi ubizwa ngokuthi “ukuqashelwa kobufakazi,” okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi lokho okushiwo yi-pectiveff kuyiqiniso, [=indingakho okungakho okungakholekiyo okungakholekiyo kulokhu kudinga ukungabaza okunengqondo” okudingwayo ekuvinyweni kobugebengu.

Ukuvinjelwa Kokuqala: Ukukhishwa Kwecala Nesinqumo Esihlukile

Ngaphambi kokuqulisa icala, amaqembu avame ukuzama ukuxazulula ukungezwani kwawo ngaphandle kwenkantolo. Lesisinyathelo sangaphambi kokwehliswa komthetho singalondoloza isikhathi, imali, namandla angokomzwelo. Izinyathelo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [ nezinhlamvu [ - ummeli we-paltiff uthumela incwadi engokomthetho echaza izikhangiso futhi acele ikhambi eliqondile. Izimpikiswano eziningi ziphela kuleliqophelo.
  • [ Izingxoxo eziqondile [ - izingxoxo eziqondile phakathi kwamaqembu noma abameli bawo ukuze bafinyelele isivumelwano esamukelekayo.
  • [ I-mediation - i-partive yesithathu isiza ukukhulumisana futhi isiza amalungu ukuba athole isisekelo esifanayo. Ukubopha akusebenzi ku-66, uma indawo ingafinyelelwa futhi isayiniwe.
  • I-Arbitanation - inqubo yangasese lapho umthumeli ezwa khona ubufakazi futhi enza isinqumo esibophayo noma esingabophayo 76. Izivumelwano eziningi zidinga ukuvalwa ngaphambi kokubekwa.

Ngisho noma imizamo yokuquliswa ingaphumelela, ngokuvamile izinkantolo zidinga ukuba amaqembu abe khona lapho kuqulwa icala khona ngaphambi kokuba icala liqulwe.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nezindaba Zokuqala

Ukuphenya izingxoxo zangaphambi kwe-lithiliation kungaba iphutha elibalulekile. Izinkantolo zingabheka kabi eqenjini elingafuni ukuxoxa ngokuxazulula impikiswano, futhi isinqumo sakuqala sigwema izindleko ezingalindelekile zokuthola nokuqulwa kwecala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe (njengomshuwalense ongahleleki) zifuna ukuba umenywa ukuba azame ukukhokha ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke.

Isici Sesibili: Ukukhononda Nokuhlanekezela Umthetho

Uma ukuqubuka kwecala kungaphumeleli, ummangaleli uqala icala ngokufaka umbango enkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kuyincwadi engokomthetho emisayo:

  • Ukuthi obani ababengamele inkantolo nokuthi yayibuphi ububusi bayo.
  • Izinsolo eziyiqiniso ezibangela ukumangalelwa.
  • Izinkolelo - mbono ezingokomthetho (izimbangela zokuthatha isinyathelo) okufunwa kuzo ukukhululeka.
  • Ikhambi eliqondile lalidinga, njengokulimala kwemali, umyalo, noma ukwahlulela okuhlazisayo.

Kuhambisana nokukhononda, ummangalelwa ufaka ummon idokhumende eyazisa ummangalelwa ukuthi icala liboshiwe futhi kumelwe aphendule phakathi nesikhathi esithile (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu 20 kuya kwezingu-30, kuye ngokuthi uphethe).

Ukukhetha Inkantolo Efanele

Ukukhethwa kwenkantolo kulungile. AmaPlaintiff kumelwe abe khona enkantolo eneziphakamiso zombili eziphethe (igunya lohlobo lwecala) kanye umbuso womuntu [[ (igunya phezu kommangalelwa). Ngokwesibonelo, icala elincane lase-Barcamcamcamisms elihilela u-$5 000) alikwazi ukugcinwa enkantolo yesifundazwe sombuso; lisenkantolo yezezwe encane ye-66icaims. Ngokufanayo, ukuphikisana phakathi kwezakhamuzi zamazwe ahlukene kungabekwa enkantolo yezwe uma inani lempikiswano lidlula u-$75,000 (umbuso).

Isiteji Sesithathu: Inkonzo Yenqubo

Ukudlulisa isikhalo akwanele; ummangalelwa kumelwe atshelwe ngokomthetho icala. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-ace yenqubo. Umthetho ufuna ukuba ummangalelwa amukele isikhalo futhi abize ngendlela enikeza isaziso esinengqondo nethuba lokusabela. Izindlela zihlanganisa:

  • Inkonzo yakho siqu[ – isiphakeli senqubo noma i-hempper ye-odoli inikeza ummangalelwa amabhukwana.
  • Inkonzo efakiwe - - ukushiya amafakthi encwadi nomuntu omdala onomthwalo wemfanelo ekhaya noma ebhizinisini lommangalelwa, kulandelwe ngeposi.
  • Isicelo ngeposi - - iposi eqinisekisiwe, irisithi lokubuyisa liceliwe (livunyelwe kwezinye izifunda).
  • Isicelo ngokukhishwa kwencwadi[ – uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala, inkantolo ingavumela ukukhishwa kwesaziso ephephandabeni isikhathi esithile esicacisiwe.

Inkonzo efanele ibalulekile. Uma ummangalelwa engakhonzwa kahle, inkantolo ayinagunya lomuntu siqu, futhi icala lingase lisuswe noma lihlehliswe. Amacala amaningi ayahluleka noma abekelwe eceleni ngenxa yenkonzo yobudlabha.

Isiteji Sesine: Ukusabela Kwesikhulumi

Uma eseqediwe, ummangalelwa unenkathi elinganiselwe (kaningi izinsuku ezingu-20-30) ukubhala impendulo engokomthetho. Ukusabela okuvame kakhulu yilokhu:

  • Phendula [ - ummangalelwa uyavuma noma uphika impikiswano ngayinye ekukhonondeni. Ukuphika kufaka amaqiniso empikiswano. Impendulo ingasho futhi ukuthi isivikelo esiqinile [[, njengomthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukunganaki, noma ukunganaki okunikiwe.
  • Ukuxosha - ummangalelwa uphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma konke ukumangalelwa kuyiqiniso, ukukhononda kwehluleka ukusho ukumangalela okungokomthetho, noma ukuthi inkantolo ayinagunya lokulawula. Ukuxosha kungaqeda icala ngokushesha uma kuphumelela.
  • Ibalaumest - ummangalelwa ufaka icala ngokumelene ne-pasttiff, ngokuyisisekelo uguqula amatafula (umz., ikhasimende liqunga ikhempani ngomsebenzi okhubazekileyo, kanye nezincwadi zokukhokha ezingakhokhi).
  • Crossàclaim - - ukumangalela i-cotubance (ejwayelekile engxenyeni ephindaphindiwe).

Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula phakathi nosuku olumisiwe, ummangalelwa angacela isahlulelo esingaphucukile , esinikeza usizo olufunwayo ekukhonondeni ngaphandle kokuqulwa.

Isigaba Sesihlanu: Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokudlulela engxenyeni enkulu yokuthola, kungaba yinoma yimuphi umkhakha othatha isikhathi ngaphambi kwe-struct engabumba noma ixazulule udaba. Izenzo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuthatha isahlulelo ku- – ucela inkantolo ukuba ilawule ngokusekelwe ekukhonondeni nasekuphenduleni, ngaphandle kokucabangela ubufakazi.
  • Ukuthatha i-Motion yesahlulelo esifushanisiwe[ - iphikisa ngokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso lento, ngakho umnyakazo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Lokhu kunyaka kusekelwa ubufakazi (ama-affidavits, imibhalo, izingcaphuno zokugcina). Uma kuvunyelwe, kuphelela icala ngaphandle kokulingwa.
  • Motion ukuphoqelela ukutholwa [ – uma omunye ehluleka ukunikeza ukwaziswa okuceliwe, omunye ucela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe umyalo.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] i-limine - - ufuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekunikezelweni enkantolo.

Ukuthatha izinyathelo zokwahlulela kuqala kungamathuluzi anamandla. Ukuthatha isahlulelo esifingqiwe kungasindisa izinyanga zokuziphikisa, kodwa izinkantolo ziyanqikaza ukunikeza zona lapho kusecaleni lapho ukuthembeka noma amaqiniso aphikiswayo eyisisekelo.

Ingxenye Yesithupha: Ukutholakala — Inhliziyo Yomthetho

Ukuthola ukuthi kuyindlela evamile yokuxoxa ngokwaziswa nobufakazi obuhlobene nempikiswano. Ngokuvamile kuyisigaxa eside nesibiza kakhulu. Umgomo uwukuqeda izinto ezimangalisayo futhi uvumele uhlangothi ngalunye luhlole amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba. Amathuluzi avamile okuthola izinto ahlanganisa:

  • [ Izinqumo[ – imibuzo ebhaliwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo, ngokuvamile ilinganiselwe ku 25 noma 30 (imivuzo ngegunya).
  • Izicelo zokukhiqizwa kwamaphepha – imfuno yama-imeyili, izivumelwano, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, izitatimende zemali, nezinye izinto ezihlobene.
  • Izicelo zokuvuma [ - - ukucela umphikisi ukuba avume noma aphike izitatimende ezicacisiwe noma ezingokomthetho. Uma zivunywa, lawomaqiniso abhekwa njengaqinisekisiwe ekuqulweni kwecala.
  • [ Izimo[ – imibuzo yomlomo yofakazi (kuhlanganise amaqembu nochwepheshe) ebhaliwe yintatheli yasenkantolo. Izikhala zigxeka ukuhlolwa kwethemba nokuvala ubufakazi.
  • Imboni yobufakazi obutholakele – ezimweni ezidinga ulwazi olukhethekile (ubuchwepheshe obungalawuleki kwezokwelapha, ukukhubazeka kobunjiniyela, i-antensic contelligic quentification), amaqembu kumelwe adalule imibono nemibiko engochwepheshe.

Ukuvubukulwa akunamingcele. Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalezo ezivikelayo zokuvimbela ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukuvikela izimfihlo zezohwebo. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nezibopho zokuthola kungaholela ekuvumeni, kuhlanganise nokuncenga okusha noma isahlulelo esiphelele.

Ukuthola Imishini (e ­ Discopey)

I-ligigate yanamuhla ihlanganisa ukwaziswa okuningi okugcinwe ngemishini (ESI). I-email, imiyalezo ye-meter, izingxoxo ezingekho, amarekhodi e-Ebladification. Ukwanda kwe-eÚluvey kuye kwanezela ubunkimbinkimbi nezindleko. Izindawo kumelwe zilondoloze i-ESI kusukela esikhathini esilindelwe ngokunengqondo, futhi ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekujezisweni. Izinkantolo eziningi zinemithetho ekhethekile ebusa ukusungula, kuhlanganise nohlelo lokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa kwemishwankambiso.

Isigaba Sesikhombisa: Ukuqulwa Kwamacala

Uma icala liqhubeka likhona ngaphambi kokuba kuhlanzwe futhi lingaxazululwa, liqhubekela ekuqulweni. Ukulingwa kungaba yikho kokubili:

  • Icala le-Bench - umahluleli wenza njengomtholi weqiniso nomthetho, unquma kokubili isikweleti nomonakalo.
  • Icala le-JURY - iqembu lezakhamuzi (ngokomqondo 6-12) linquma amaqiniso, futhi umahluleli uyabayala ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji ezicabeni zomphakathi liqinisekisiwe yiSichibiyelo seSebete kuMthetho-sisekelo (ngezindaba zikahulumeni) kanye nemithetho-mthetho yombuso eminingi.

Ukuqulwa kwecala elivamile kwangaphakathi kuqhubeka phakathi nalezi zigaba:

  1. [ Ukukhetha (impicabadala) - abameli babuza abameleli abangathola ubandlululo.
  2. [[[UMTL:0] Izinkulumo ezivulayo[[[QL:1] - uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza ubufakazi.
  3. Icala likaPlaintiff àin hip - - izingcingo zofakazi bobufebe, izikhangiso, futhi inikeza ubufakazi.
  4. [ Icala likaDefentant [icala le-quentant] - Ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi bakhe nofakazi.
  5. [[UMTL:0] Ukuveza nokufunda – amathuba alinganiselwe okuxazulula umpikiswano omusha ophakanyiswe ngakolunye uhlangothi.
  6. Izimpikiswano ezivezayo - uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi lunxusa abasizi bejaji (noma amajaji) ukuba bathole umusa wabo.
  7. [ Iziqondiso ze-JURT - umahluleli uchaza izindinganiso zomthetho okufanele izijaji zisebenzise.
  8. [[QULT:0] Isinqumo kanye nesinqumo – amajaji (noma umahluleli ekuqulweni kwebhentshi) ufinyelela esinqumweni.

Amacala angathatha usuku olulodwa kuya ezinyangeni eziningana, kuye ngokuthi udaba luyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani. Icala lomphakathi alifinyeleli emacaleni — angaphezu kuka - 95% ahlala noma axoshwe phambi kokuba kuvuleke izicabha zenkantolo.

Isiteji Sesishiyagalombili: Ukuhamba Kwangemva Kwehora Nokwahlulela

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elikhona licela inkantolo ukuba ingene ekwahluleleni [[FLT:]. Iqembu elilahlekile lingase lifake inqubo yangemva konyaka, kuhlanganise:

  • [[NT.:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha [ - - ukuphikisa ukuthi amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa (umz., ubufakazi obungafanele, ukuziphatha okubi komthetho) kukhetha umphumela.
  • Ukuthatha i-Motion yesahlulelo naphezu kwesinqumo (JNOV) – ibizwa futhi ngokuthi ukunyakaza okuvuselelwe kokwahlulela ngokomthetho. Iqembu elilahlekelwayo ligomela ukuthi akukho jaji elinengqondo elalingafinyelela isinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo.
  • Ukuguqula isahlulelo – ukucela inkantolo ukuba ishintshe isilinganiso somonakalo noma ezinye izici zokwahlulela.

Uma umahluleli ephika le mithetho, isahlulelo siba esokugcina, iqembu elibusayo liyothatha izinyathelo zokuphoqelela isahlulelo (isimo, ukuphonsa iholo, ukubeka amaphutha ezintweni).

Isiteji Esiyisishiyagalolunye: Ukukhanga

Iqembu elilahlekile lingase lidlulisele isahlulelo enkantolo ephakeme. Ukudlulisa icala akulona ikhambi elisha; ukubukeza ukumangalelwa kwenkantolo ephansi ngamaphutha angokomthetho. U-apulant (umkhangisi) kumelwe abonise ukuthi iphutha lenzekile okungenzeka lathinta umphumela. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa:

  • Iziqondiso ezingalungile zabasizi bejaji.
  • Ukuthola ubufakazi obungafanele.
  • Ubufakazi obunganele bokusekela lesi sinqumo.
  • Amaphutha ekusebenziseni umthetho.

Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo zivame ukubukeza umlando wenkantolo equlunqiwe ("imibhalo ebhalwe phansi, imibukiso,) futhi zizwe izimpikiswano zomlomo nhlangothi zombili. Zingase zithi:

  • Isiqinisekiso - - isekela isinqumo senkantolo ephansi.
  • landela i-verse – gumbuqela isinqumo.
  • I-Remand – ithumela icala emuva ukuze liqhubeke (umz., ukuqulwa okusha noma ukubuyiselwa kwengozi).
  • [[Umthetho:0] ushintshe [[[Umthetho:1] – ukushintsha ingxenye yokwahlulela.

Kwezinye izimo, umcimbi angase afune ukubukezwa okwengeziwe enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni noma eNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States, kodwa ukumukelwa akuvamile futhi kuyivelakancane.

Ezinye Izindlela: Ukuhlala, Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Nokushintsha

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi “indlela yokumangalela” ayiyona indlela elandelanayo emacaleni amaningi. Izingxoxo zokuzinza zingaqala nganoma yiliphi iqophelo ("ngaphambi kokuhlelwa, phakathi nokutholwa, ngisho naphakathi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna amaqembu ukuba abe khona ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ukubopha ukuqulwa komthetho kungokunye okuvamile; ngokuvamile kushesha futhi akukho umthetho osemthethweni, kodwa ilungelo lokudluliswa lilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Ukuqonda lezi zindlela zokwelapha kuvumela abantu ukuba bahlole ukuthi ukuqhubeka behamba endleleni yokuziphilisa kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokusebenzisa isikhathi nengcebo. Ummeli onekhono uyoluleka ukuba kuvele impumelelo ekuqulweni kwecala kanye nokuqiniseka kwesithembiso sokukhokha.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezithonya Uhlelo Lwesikhathi Esifanele

Icala elincane elisho okuthile lingase lixazululwe ngezinyanga ezimbalwa, kuyilapho impikiswano yezentengiselwano eyinkimbinkimbi ingaqhubekela phambili iminyaka eminingi. Izici ezinkulu zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuminyana kwechweba lokubukisa – izinkantolo ezimatasa zihlela ukuqulwa kwezinyanga noma iminyaka.
  • [ Ukulandelana kwezindaba [ – inxenye ebanzi, izibalo eziningi zidinga ukutholakala kakhulu.
  • Izimpikiswano ezifihlekile – uthutho lokuphoqelela nokuvikela kungavimbela intuthuko.
  • [ Iziphakamiso zisebenza[-inqumo yokwahlulela ngokufingqiwe, uma igcinwa, yengeza izinyanga.
  • [ Izingxoxo ezicushiwe [ – zinganciphisa noma zivule isikhathi kuye ngokuthi idili lizimisele ukuhlehla.

Ukucabangela Imali Nokuphathwa Kwezindleko

Ukuqamba imilomo kuyabiza. Imali ekhokhelwayo idla ihora, futhi izindleko zihlanganisa izindleko zenkantolo, amarekhodi okufaka imali, izindleko zobufakazi, nezindleko zomkhiqizo. Isivumelwano esilula singabiza uR950 000 000 (R150 000), kuyilapho ukuqulwa kwecala ngesonto kungadlula u-R150 000. Ukulawula izindleko:

  • Hlela imali ozoyisebenzisa futhi uyisebenzise njalo.
  • Cabangela amanye amalungiselelo (izindleko ezikhokhelwayo, izindleko zokukhokha imali, noma ukukhokha imali eqoshiwe).
  • Yenza isinqumo (ukudlulisa noma ukunquma).
  • Nciphisa izinga lokuthola izinto ezidingekayo — kuphela ukufuna lokho okudingeka ngempela.
  • Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe (eנdiscorey platifomu, izakhiwo ezifaka imali) ukuze unciphise izindleko.

Ngezinye izikhathi imishuwalense ihlanganisa izindleko. Uma ungummangalelwa, hlola ukuthi isikweleti sakho se - inshuwalense sinomthwalo yini wokuvikela nokufaka isigwebo.

Iseluleko Esinengqondo Emasontweni

  • gcina ubufakazi kusukela ngosuku olulodwa. Ungacimi ama-imeyili, imibhalo, noma amabhukwana. Ukuphotha kungaholela eziyalweni eziphikisayo noma ekuxoshweni.
  • [ Ukuhlangana nommeli wakho njalo. Bagcine belwazi ngentuthuko entsha, ukukhokha izindleko, noma ukukhathazeka.
  • Cwangcisa ukulimala okungokomzwelo. I-Litigation ingacindezela. Yakha isimiso sokusekela futhi ulondoloze umbono.
  • Isakhiwo esiqinile sinikeza isimo esingokoqobo. Isabelo esinengqondo namuhla sidlula ukunqoba okucatshangelwayo eminyakeni kamuva.
  • Ngaphansi kwenqubo yokudlulisa. Ngisho noma uwina lapho uqulwa, olahlekelwayo angakhanga, anwebe icala unyaka noma ngaphezulu.

Isiphetho

Indlela yokumangalelana ayivamile ukuba ibe yindawo eqondile. Kusukela empikiswaneni yokuqala ngengxoxo edluliselwe phambili, ukukhononda, ukuthola, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokudluliswa kwecala, isigaba ngasinye siphethe imithetho yaso siqu, izindleko, nokucabangela okufanelekile. Ngokuqonda lezi zigaba, abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi bangasondela ekuchazeni ngokucaciswa okucacile nezinqumo ezingcono. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphishekela noma uvikela inqubo yokuzifunela noma ukuvikela, ulwazi lwendlela yokuzimela ithuluzi lakho lokuqala nelibaluleke kakhulu emshinini wakho wokuzisebenzela.