Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senqubo Efanele

Inqubo ingenye yezinsika ezihlala njalo ze-jurisprudument yaseMelika, ehlanganiswe ngokuqondile emfuthweni woMthetho-sisekelo ngeziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi elinesine. Isichibiyeli sesihlanu simemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu ozobe "osuthola ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho" ezingeni likahulumeni, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo se 145 sinikeza isivikelo esifanayo kohulumeni. Uma sizonke, lezi zilungiselelo zakha isivikelo somthetho esiqapha abantu ngabanye kuzo zonke izinyathelo ezisekelwe ngokwesizathu somthetho womthetho. Ukuqonda inqubo efanele akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho esilinganisela ngayo amandla ombuso ukuba avikelwe ngokulunga komthetho.

Inqubo elindelekile ihlukaniswa ngokwesiko ibe amagatsha amabili ahlukene kodwa ahlobene: inqubo efanelekile nenqubo edingayo. Lenqubo efanelekile ibhekisa enqubweni ye- inqubo efanelekile nenqubo uhulumeni kumelwe alandele ngaphambi kokuba athathe ukuphila komuntu, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isaziso esilungile, ithuba lokuzwiwa, nenqubo efanelekile yokungathathi hlangothi. Inqubo edingayo, ngokwehluke, ivikela amalungelo athile abalulekile ekuphazameni kukahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo esetshenziswa ekugwebeni. Ilungelo elinje njengemisha, ubuzali, noma i-mini engomzimba liqashelwe njengenkululeko eyisisekelo yokuthi isimo asinakuncishwa ngokungenangqondo. Nakuba inqubo elandelana yemithetho engokomthetho ivame ukubusa ezinye inqubo engokomthetho, ivimbela inqubo engoko engokomthetho enqunywe ngenxa yokuqulwayo.

Inqubo Engokwemvelo Ehambisana Nesigebengu

Ekwenzeni ubugebengu, inqubo efanelekile yokukhipha imvume idinga ukuba uhulumeni anikeze ummangalelwa isaziso esinengqondo salokhu kumangalelwa, ukuqulwa ngokulunga phambi kwenkantolo engakhethi, nethuba lokunikeza isivikelo. Lezi zimfuneko aziyona imibandela engabonakali; ziphoqelelwa ngezivumelwano ezithile zomthetho-sisekelo ezibekwe eBill of Rights. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ukuphenywa okungenangqondo nokukhubazeka. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza ilungelo lokumelana nokuzihlukanisa futhi sivikele izingozi eziphindwe kabili. ISiphendulo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala nomphakathi, imvume engenacala, usizo lweseluleko, kanye nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi. Izigwebo zeSimemezelo se-8 semali esine sentambo ephakeme nesijeziso esingavamile. Ngokubonke, lezi zisebenza ngokusebenza ngokufaneleyo yonke inqubo yobugebengu, ukuqinisekisa ukuquliswa kwecala likahulumeni, ukuvikela kwelungelo lokuphatha inkululeko necala esiqinile.

Inqubo Eyinqaba Namalungelo Ayisisekelo

Nakuba inqubo efanele ibusa omakhenikha besimiso somthetho, inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ibeka amalungelo athile angenakufinyelelwa ukungenela kukahulumeni. Inkantolo ye-Sucreme] ibambe [[ inqubo efanelekile evimbelayo evikela amalungelo "asekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni nasemkhubeni wesizwe. [emongweni wecala], lokhu kuhlobene nezingalo zemithetho yobugebengu ngokwayo. Imithetho engacacile, edlula, noma ukuthi ukuziphatha okungathandekiyo phakathi kwezindawo zomuntu siqu siqu kungashaywa phansi njengenqubo engafanele yezenzweni. Inqulumo yecala engathiwa kakhulu inqunywe yinqubo edinga ukudukiswa kwezimiso ezifanele ukugcinwa yizelele. IzeNkakhulu yecala [FLT:][3] Imithetho eshabalazwe ngezindlela ezingathi zikhona phakathi kwecala eliphansi, ishiye inqubo yobugebengu eziyinhloko yecala elingumthetho.

Inqubo Efanele Yokuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kuphawula iphuzu lokuqala lapho uhulumeni elinganisela khona inkululeko yomuntu ngokomzimba, futhi inqubo yokuvikela iqala ngokushesha. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba konke ukuboshwa kusekelwe [ imbangela engenakuxazululwa ], okuyindinganiso efuna okungaphezu kokusola nje kodwa engaphansi kobufakazi obudingekayo ukuze umuntu athole ukuqiniseka. Isizathu esinokwenzeka sikhona uma amaqiniso nezimo ezisezimweni zesikhulu sanele ukuqinisekisa umuntu oyisixwayiso sokukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu bebukhona noma buyenziwa. Le mfuneko ivimbela ukugcinwa komthetho ekwenzeni noma ukuboshwa okungenasizathu, okungaphula isimiso esiyisisekelo senqubo efanele.

Imbangela Ephumelelayo Nemfuneko Efanelekile

ISichibiyelo sesine sinikeza imvume yokuthi isikhulu esibophayo esiboshweni, asisoze sathola isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekile esisekelwe yisikhulu sokwahlulela. Nokho, kuyenzeka ukuboshwa okuningi ngaphandle komthetho, ikakhulukazi lapho isikhulu sibona ubugebengu busenziwa noma bunezimo ezishayelele. Ezimweni ezinjalo, cishe kubangela ukuzimisela okwenziwa yisikhulu esibophayo esiphethe kulendawo, okumelwe kuhlolwe kamuva yisikhulu sokwahlulela. INkanto ePhakathi ebekwe ] i-liv v. McLaughlin [1991]) abantu ababoshwe ngaphandle kwemvume yokuboshelwa kumelwe bamukele isinqumo ngokushesha, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu-48 okuboshwa. Ukuboshelwa kudlulele ngalé kwalokho isikhathi kungenziwa ngokungenangqondo. Lokhu kuhlola okugxeka kwamaphoyisa, njengoba umuntu eboshwe ngaphandle kokuthola kulunganga.

Amalungelo KaMiranda NeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Mhlawumbe isivikelo esifanelekile esifanele eqenjini lokuboshwa yimfuneko yokuba abaqapha umthetho bazise abasolwa ngamalungelo abo ngaphansi uMenda ne-.Arizona [196]. Umthetho weMiranda udinga ukuba ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo lokubuswa kwejele, izikhulu ziqondise abasolwayo ngelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lommeli, nesixwayiso sokuthi noma yini abayishoyo ingasetshenziswa kubo enkantolo. Ukuphenya kubhekisele ekubuzeni ngecala ngemva kokuba umuntu ebekwe ejele noma aphucwe inkululeko yabo ngendlela ephawulekayo. Injongo ye-Mirenda ivikela ilungelo eliyindidayo ngokumelene nomphakathi, ukuvuma nokuziveza okugcwele. Uma kungenziwangakhonzi lutho, izixwayiso ezimweni ezidilisweni ezidingekayo, nakuba kusetshenziswa izimo ezinqunyweni ezinqulweni ezivamile.

Ukuboshwa Okungenamthetho Nombuso Wokuzibhubhisa

Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kuvimbela ukuboshwa ngaphandle kwesizathu noma ukwephula ezinye izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, ikhambi lingase lifike ngomthetho oweqisayo. Lemfundiso eyasungulwa ngokwenkantolo inikeza ubufakazi bokuthi ukwenziwa kwamalungelo omthetho-mshicileli, kuhlanganise nobufakazi bokukhishwa ekuboshweni okungekho emthethweni, buyinto engenakuvinjelwe. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa lomthetho ezizweni . Mapp v.[[FLT:] [196]]] [196], iphethe ukuthi umthetho owe-kwenqanyulwayo umthetho uyisicingo ebalulekile yenqubo yezenqabe engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho. Imthetho ophakeme uvimbela ukusebenza ngokususa amalungelo emthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-onqanda ukuvinyanisa amalungelo ongokomthetho womthetho (-19) futhi ungabi yikho ukuvuma ngokungemthetho okungekho ngokomthetho ngenxa yokukhohliswa ngokuvikelwa yiyo.

Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambi Kwesikhathi Nesivikelo Senqubo Elindelekile

Ngemva kokuboshwa, ummangalelwa ungena ochungechungeni lwezenzakalo ezidingeka ngaphambi kokwahlulela ezizolondolozwa inqubo efanele. Lokhu kumangalelwa kufeza izinjongo eziningi: kutshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, kuqinisekisa ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele bokuthethelela ukuqulwa kwecala, futhi kuxazululwe umbuzo wokuvalelwa noma ukukhululwa. Isigaba ngasinye siphatha isivikelo saso somthetho-sisekelo, futhi amaphutha kule ngxenye angaba nemiphumela enzima ekuqulweni kwecala ekugcineni.

Icala Nelungelo Lokuqaphela

Ukuqulwa kwecala kungokokuqala ukubonakala kwenkantolo okungokomthetho ngemva kokuboshwa. Kulokhu, ummangalelwa ufunda izikhalo futhi ucelwa ukuba angene ekuceleni icala, angabi nacala, noma angabi namncintiswano. Imfuneko efunekayo ye [[FLT: 0]] igcwalisiwe ekuhlonishweni: ummangalelwa kumelwe atshelwe ngamacala akhethekile abawathwele, kuhlanganise nesisekelo esiqondile salawomacala. ISiphakamiso seSithath sinamathela elulekweni noma phambi kwe-arragignogne, futhi abamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukunikezwa usizo lommeli obala noma ukumiswa. Inkantolo ephakeme igcizelela ukubaluleka komjikelezo [Fragn] [vram].[3] [Fram]

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Okungalawuleki NeSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sinikeza ukuthi "ibheyili yecala ngeke idingeke," kodwa ayiqinisekisi ilungelo lokukhokhwa emacaleni onke. Nokho, inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba izinqumo eziphathelene nokuvalelwa kwangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala zenziwe ngokungakhethi futhi zisekelwe ezicini ezingokomthetho. Ekuzweni kwebheyili, inkantolo kumelwe icabangele isimo nezimo zecala, ubunzima bobufakazi obumelene nommangalelwa, ukwakheka kommangalelwa, nobuhlobo bomphakathi, nengozi yokubalekela noma ingozi emphakathini. I-Bail Reformation Act ka- 1984 kanye nemithetho efanayo ivumela ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwebheyili ezindaweni lapho kungekho sizathu esiqinisekile sokukhokha ubufakazi obuqinisekile bokubukeka kommangalelwa. INkanto ephakeme isekela ingozi yokuvinjelwa, njengoba kusemzingenisemzingenisweni womphakathi. [FU.NU.NUmbuso u-Salton] uhulumeni uyavuma futhi uhulumeni uveza ukuthi umbangoso womphakathi okhululekileyo.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambi Kokuqala Nelungelo Lokuvivinya Icala

Ukuzwa kokwandulela, okwaziwayo futhi njengesizathu sokuzwa, kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni unobufakazi obanele bokuqhubeka ngecala. Kulokhu kuqulwa kwecala, umshushisi kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi obanele ukuze aqinisekise umahluleli ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kubangelwe ukukholelwa ummangalelwa owenzile ubugebengu obubekwe icala. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokufika, ukumelelwa ngeseluleko, nokunqamula ofakazi abasemthethweni. Ezindaweni eziningi, ummangalelwa angase anikeze ubufakazi obubo, nakuba isivikelo ngokuvamile singadingenzeki ukuba sidale icebo lakhe kulesigaba sokuqala. Ukulalela kokuqala kunikeza inqubo ebalulekile yokuhlola: uma uhulumeni engakwazi ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wawo, ukumangalelwa kungalahlwa. Nakuba ukuvala izikhala zokulalela kungakhishwa komthetho kunganikezwanga ubufakazi obuqhubekayo, kuphinde kunikezwe amandla amakhulu.

Ukutholakala Kwezinto Nelungelo Lobufakazi Bokuqulwa Kwamacala

Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba ukushushisa kudlulise ubufakazi obuthile ekwahluleleni ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Indaba ephawulekayo ye Brady v. Maryland (1963) iqinisekise ukuthi ukushushiswa kumelwe kwambule ubufakazi obuvumelana nommangalelwa kanye nezinto ezimenze abe necala noma isijeziso. Lokhu kusebenza kubo bonke ubufakazi obungaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuqinisekisa iqiniso kunokuba kube umdlalo omangalisayo. Ukuhluleka ukuveza ubufakazi obuhle noma ukuphatha kahle komshushisi. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT]] umthetho owenziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe umthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi ukuququlwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kuyiqiniso, kunobufakazi obuhlanganisa nobufakazi obubodwa obusekelayo. Ukuhluleka ukuveza ubufakazi obuhle noma obulungile besenzo esihle sokholo. [Fradmist] [F]

Inqubo Efanele Ekulahlweni

Icala ngokwalo limelela isigaba esiwumvuthwandaba senqubo yobugebengu, lapho inqubo yokuvikela ibonakala kakhulu khona futhi iphikiswa kakhulu. ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ukumangalelwa "kwecala lomphakathi necala lomphakathi, ngejaji elingakhethi loMbuso nesifunda lapho ubugebengu buyobe senziwe khona." Lezi ziqinisekiso azizona nje izimpawu ezingcono; ziyizindlela ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sinqumo sibonisa ubufakazi nomthetho, hhayi ukucwasa, ukucindezela, noma ukukhohlakala kukahulumeni.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Lomphakathi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi liqinisekisa ukuthi imicimbi ivuliwe futhi ibonwa umphakathi, ewukuvikela ekuphatheni okubi kokwahlulela noma komshushisi. Icala lomphakathi liqinisekisa ukuthi kuzuzisa kokubili ummangalelwa nomphakathi. Kuyo, ummangalelwa uqinisekisa ukuthi ofakazi bafakazele ngokuhlola komphakathi, unciphisa ingozi yokuvikelwa noma ukuphoqelelwa. Kukhuthaza ukulondeka kofakazi ngokuvikela noma ngokuphoqeka. Kukhuthaza ukuqiniseka esimisweni sokwahlulela ngokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi ukwahlulela kuyafezeka. INkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lokuqulwa kwamacala aliso aliphelele, kodwa, kodwa, kungalinganiselwa ezimweni ezimngciphelweni ezincane, ukuze kuvikelwe ukuphepha kofakazi noma ukugcinwa kokwaziswa okuthathelwanayo. Kodwa noma yisiphi isikhulu isikhululo senkantolo kumelwe sikhululwe ngesithakazelo futhi singakhonziswa isithakazelo esidingekayo. Inkantolo kumelwe ibone ukuthi icala elifanele lisetshenziswe ngokuseduze.

Ukufaneleka KobuJuda Obungakhethi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala liyikhomba ikomiti engakhethi lisemqoka enqubweni efanelekile. Ijaji lifanele ukumelela ukunqamuleka komphakathi futhi linqume icala kuphela ebufakazini obunikezwa enkantolo. Phakathi ne-voir, abameli bazo zombili izinhlangothi babuza ukuthi kungaba khona ukucwasana noma ubandlululo oluyozivimbela ekubeni zingabandluli. ISimemezelo seSiThathu sidinga ukuba abahluleli bakhethe echibini elibonisa isiqephu esivulekile somphakathi, futhi iSiphendulo se 1450 seSiphendulo uClausle sinqabela ukukhishwa kwesilinganiso somfundazo zohlanga, ubulili, ubulili, noma ubuhlanga. [[FLF] noma ubuhlanga obungaphezulu]. [empethwane] iziphetho ze-empepho, i-ft.[3] futhi kudinga ukukhokhwasa i-bonke] ukukhoselelwa kwe-bonke.[Fosethi engu-Fosethi:]

Ukubhekana No - Claus Nokungcoliswa Kwesiphambano

ISixth Resible Renabition Claus inikeza osolwayo ilungelo "lokubhekana nofakazi abamelene naye." Lelilungelo livame ukusetshenziswa ngokuncitshiswa, okuvumela iseluleko sokuvikela ukuba sibeke inselele isiqinisekiso, ukunemba, nokuthembeka kofakazi benkantolo. [ ku-Pointerrrev. Texas [65], iNkantolo Ephakeme yafaka ukuphikisa u-Claus ezindaweni ezikhona, yenza ukuba kubekelwe i-Intelligement eqinileyo, futhi ibophe impela i-partivessssssss. [[Fod] futhi ifaka ukuvunywa kwe-heacerth-ose.[5] i-avd , futhi isekela ukuphaka kweqiniso le-mossion.[F]

Ilungelo Lokunikeza Inqubo Yokuvikela Neyokuphoqelela

Inqubo efanele yokunikeza isivikelo iphakathi kwesivikelo esiyisisekelo esinikezwa abamangalelwa. ISiphendulo seSixth Commission Claus siqinisekisa ummangalelwa ilungelo lokubeka ofakazi abangaphansi kwempoo enkantolo futhi siqhubele phambili ukuba khona kwabo ekuqulweni. Shahington v. Texas [1967], iNkantolo ePhakathi Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi lelilungelo libalulekile ekuqulweni okulungile futhi engenakubandlulela ofakazi abavikelayo. Ilungelo lokubeka isivikelo lihlanganisa nelungelo lokuletha ubufakazi, ukunikeza umuntu ngokwakhe (ukungakhonzi), futhi ukunikeza ubufakazi obukhona. Nokho, lokhu kungabungabuningi: izinkantolo zingabuhlukanisa ubufakazi obungenamfazelele, noma obuhambisana nemithetho emele ihambisane nemithetho ehambisana nemithetho esobala. [[Foperalst])] i-Foperated produced , i-Erse i-Ersethist, iqinisekisa ukuthi umphation: "umphalctive, futhi

Ilungelo Leseluleko Nosizo Oluphumelelayo

ISiphazamiso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokumangalelwa lokunikezwa iseluleko kukho konke ukuqulwa kwezigebengu. [Ku- Gedeon v. Wainright (1963), iNkantolo Ephakeme yenza lesisibopho esilungile ezindaweni futhi yaqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze iseluleko kubamangalelwa ababhekene neziphakamiso ezingathi sína. Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo siqaphela ukuthi "abamangalelwa ezinkantolo zobugebengu bayizidingo, hhayi ukunethengwa kwemali" nokuthi ukuqulwa kwecala akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kommelelo olungokomthetho olufanele. Iseluleko sokulunga sidlulela kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi zokumangalelwa, kusuka ekuvivinyweni nasekugwetshweni, futhi kuhlanganisa neselulekwayo phakathi nokuncitshiswa kwecala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iseluleko sokulunga asisona esinikezwayo kuphela; [Fractive:[3] [F] iziphetho zomthetho eziqinile] [f.[3]

Inqubo Elandela Inqubo Ezolandela Inqubo

Inqubo ayipheli lapho abahluleli bebuyisela isinqumo. Ngisho nangemva kokukholwa, izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo ziyaqhubeka zibusa isigaba sokugweba nanoma ikuphi ukubukeza okulandelayo. ISichibiyelo seNguqulo se-Eighth esiphathelene nesijeziso sonya nesingavamile, ilungelo leSichibiyelo seSibetho sesithupha lokunikeza iseluleko, futhi isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seMinyaka Eyisine sokulunga okuyisisekelo konke kuyaqhubeka sisebenza.

Ukugwetshwa Nokubaluleka Kokucabangela Umuntu Ngamunye

Inqubo efanele yokugwetshwa ngokufanelekile ihlanganisa ilungelo lokuthola isigwebo, ilungelo lokukhipha iseluleko, nelungelo lokuncintisana nokwaziswa okuthathwa inkantolo ekunqumeni isigwebo. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ekutheni umahluleli ogwetshiwe kumelwe asekele isigwebo ekwazisweni okunokwethenjelwa futhi kumelwe anikeze ummangalelwa ithuba lokubekela noma imaphi amaqiniso aphi okungatshazwayo. Emacaleni amakhulu, iNkantolo ibeke ezinye izimfuneko ezifanele, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi obuyindinisa nelungelo lesinqumo sanoma iliphi isigwebo sommangalelwa esivumela ukufaneleka. ISiphendumiso Sesi-Height sifuna ukuba isigwebo sibe sesilinganiselo sobugebengu futhi singabi sesimo sobugebengu. Inkantolo ngayinye ibone ukuthi isikhulu singenze inqubo edinga ukuphakathwa. [FLDill] v.[FUlmalson [202] [20]

Ilungelo Lokudlulisa Isikhalo Nenqubo Yokufuna Ukukhanga

Ilungelo lokudlulisa isiqinisekiso sobugebengu alivezwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni-sisekelo, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukuthi lapho isifundazwe silungiselela ukubukeza, kumelwe senze kanjalo ngendlela yokuba inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esifanayo. Griffin v. Illinois[[FLD:1] [1956] [iNkakhulu], iNkantolo ibambe ukuthi abamangalelwa kumelwe banikezwe imvume yokuhlola ngenkululeko noma irekhodi elifanayo ukuze baphishekele ukudluliswa kwecala. I-Celasmeoce idinga futhi ukuba izinqubo ze-aultlabelces zibe ngcono ngokuyisisekelo: umShovisi wesi, kumelwe ukuba ithuba lokuzwakala ngokudlulisa futhi ngempikiswano, futhi nesinqumo esisekelwe embhalweni wemithetho. Uma i-Cellahsell ithole imposiso engokomthetho engathi isetshenziswe ngokulungisa kakhulu, inqubo yokuhlola yecala edinga ukulungiswa kwephutha. kodwa ilulekwa ngokulandelana kwendlela yomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ehlukahlukeneyo, kodwa inikeza imposo elandelayo.

Impumuzo Yangemva KweSikhathi NeHabeas Corpus

Ngalé kokudlulisa isikhalo esiqondile, abamangalelwa bangafuna ukukhululeka ngemva kokuboshwa. I-Susbeas Claus ivikela ilungelo lokungenela uhulumeni ngokumelene nokugxambukela kukahulumeni. I-habeas corpus, uMthetho-sisekelo oyibiza ngokuthi "i-Great Writ," ivumela isiboshwa ukuba sibeke inselele ukuvalelwa kwazo ngokomthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ziphula amalungelo omthetho-mthetho. Inkantolo elawulayo ivikela ilungelo lokuvikela i-habeas corpus ekungeneni kukahulumeni okungenangqondo. I-Frederal habeas corpus ngaphansi kuka-28.C. inikeza inqubo yokuvikelwa kwecala engekhoyo, i-As. I-All habeas.

Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kwenqubo Efanele

Inqubo efanelekile ingaphezu nje komqondo ongokomthetho ongokobuchwepheshe; kuwuphawu lwezindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezisekela ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika. Imfuneko yokuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezimisiwe, ahloniphe amalungelo ngamanye, futhi anikeze amathuba abalulekile okuzwakala yilokho okuhlukanisa isimiso sobulungisa nesimiso samandla omthetho. Kubaqondisi nabafundi abaqala ukuboshwa nokuqhubeka beqinisekisa ukuthi isimo sisebenzisa amandla aso amakhulu [, ukuqonda inqubo efanele ukuze kuqondwe indlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani siphoqelela ukuhlonishwa ngisho nakulabo abamangalelwa ububi.

Izinqanda ze-procedical eziqiniswe enqubweni efanele", izixwayiso ezingafanele, iMiranda izixwayiso, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokudlulisa icala elilungile, nelungelo lokudlulisa izicelo. Zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe uhlelo olulwela ukunemba nokulunga. Asikho isimiso esiphelele, futhi izinkolelo ezingalungile zenzeka. Kodwa inqubo efanele inikeza amathuluzi okuhlukanisa nokulungisa amaphutha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokudlulisa ngokuqondisa okuqondile, ukubukeza kobuphindisa iposi, noma i-habeas corpus. Cornell Information Information iphawula ukuthi inqubo efanelekile ihlala isendaweni eshukumisayo kanye nedingayo yomthetho, ngezindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezikhona njengezindlela zobungako zobungako zomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Uhambo olusuka ekuboshweni ukuya ekuqulweni kwecala lunezinto eziningi ezivikelayo ezifanele ezivikela amalungelo ommangalelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kusukela ekufuneni ukuba athole isizathu sokuboshwa kwesokudla sokuqulwa ngokulunga namathuba okudluliswa kwecala, uMthetho-sisekelo umisa uhlelo olubanzi oluklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukusebenza kukahulumeni ngokungenazimiso nokuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oncishwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kokuzwa ngokugcwele. Kulabo abafunda ngesimiso somthetho waseMelika, ukuqonda lezisivikelo akuyona into engakhethi; kuyisisekelo sokuqaphela indlela ubulungisa obumelwe busebenze ngayo. Inqubo egcina isimiso sibhekene necala lemigomo ephakeme kakhulu, ifuna ukuba wonke ummangalelwa aphathwe njengomuntu ofanelwe inhlonipho, inhlonipho, futhi abe nethuba elilungile lokuvikela iziphakatho ngokubonana kwabafundi, futhi azuze ulwazi olungokomthetho ngolwazi ngolwazi olungokomthetho.

Ekugcineni, inqubo efanele ayisona isithiyo sobulungisa kodwa indlela ubulungisa obufinyelelwa ngayo. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izinkolelo zithembekile, imisho iyalingana, futhi umphakathi ungaqiniseka ebuqothweni besimiso sokwahlulela. Esizweni esizinikele ekubuseni umthetho, inqubo efanele ayisona isithiyo sokunethezeka; kuyisidingo esivikela wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nabasengozini kakhulu, emandleni angenakuvinjelwa alesi sizwe.