Kuyini Ukuqulwa Kwecala Lobugebengu?

Icala lobugebengu liyinqubo engokomthetho lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona umuntu ngokumenzela icala. Kuyisigaba lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, kuhlolwa khona ofakazi, futhi kufinyelelwa khona isinqumo. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka-hlukene ngokomthetho, injongo eyisisekelo ihlala ingaguquki: ukunquma icala noma ukungabi nacala kommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani phakathi necala lobugebengu kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile esimisweni somthetho (*) njengommangalelwa, ufakazi, noma uchwepheshe wezehlulele umthetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza imininingwane, ukunqanyulwa kwenqubo yobugebengu, kusukela ekumangalelweni kwecala eliwumthetho nangaphandle.

Ukubukeza Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwecala Lobugebengu

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu iklanyelwe ukulinganisela amalungelo omangalelwa kanye nezinzuzo zobulungisa. Iqala ngemva kokuboshwa nokufakwa kwecala elingokomthetho, futhi iqhubekela ezigabeni eziningana ezihlukene. Isigaba ngasinye sinemithetho eqondile nezimiso eziqinisekisa ubulungisa nenqubo efaneleyo. Inqubo ayisebenzi nje ngokuqulwa kwecala ngokwalo; ukuquliswa kwecala (kumelela umbuso) ngokumelene nokuzivikela (kumelela ummangalelwa), kanye nomahluleli ongathathi hlangothi ophethe izikhalo. Inqubo ayisebenzi nje njenge-lithi-lithi yeqiniso.

Indima Yomahluleli, UJury Nezimfunda

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezigabeni, kuwusizo ukuqonda abadlali abayinhloko. ukwahlulela ukwahlulela icala, umthetho ophikisayo, ufundisa abahluleli bomthetho, futhi, uma isinqumo esinecala sibuyiswa, siphoqelela isigwebo. [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:] jury [[FLT]] [12] [ilungu] elisezinhlabeni ezibucayi] lilalela ubufakazi futhi linikeze isahlulelo esihlangene. Uma ummangalelwa ebeka isigwebo sakhe esabelweni sokuhlulelwa, [[FLT]] ufaka ukungabaza [FLT] [FLT], futhi uvika ubufakazi obuthuliwe. [FT] umele ubufakazi obuvinjiwe. [FT] [FT] [octrect] [oct]

IPhasi Eliphambili: Ukubeka Umsebenzi Oyisisekelo

Icala ngokwalo aliqali ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa. Izinyathelo eziningana zangaphambi kokwahlulela zibalulekile enqubweni futhi ngokuvamile zinquma ukuthi icala liyaqulwa noma lixazululwe ngokucela.

Ukuboshwa Nokubhalisa

Inqubo yobugebengu iqala ngokuboshwa, kungaba ngemvume noma ngaphandle. Umsoli uboshwa afakwe ejele futhi abhaliswe izincwadi, okuhlanganisa ukuthwebula iminwe, ukuthatha izithombe nokuqopha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu. Ezizweni eziningi, ukubonakala kokuqala phambi komahluleli kwenzeka phakathi namahora angu-48, lapho umboshi etshelwa khona ngamacala futhi alulekwa amalungelo awo. UBail angabekwa kuleliqophelo.

Icala

Njengoba kuphawuliwe esihlokweni sokuqala, inkantolo yokuqala engokomthetho eqhubeka ngemva kokubekwa kwamacala igcinwe. Ummangalelwa ulethwa phambi komahluleli, ufunda izikhalo, futhi acelwa ukuba angene esicelweni. Izicelo ezintathu ezivamile zingu uGuilty, ungabi necala [, futhi [[FLT]] u-anoere [umncintiswano]. Isikhankamiso esivinyiweyo sisho ukuthi ummangalelwa akavumi isijeziso kodwa uthatha isijeziso njengokungathi unecala elinecala. Uma ummangalelwa engenzi lutho, inkantolo ihlela inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala futhi igwebe. Uma enecala evuma ukuqulwa.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili Nezindlebe

Ngemva kokubekwa umthetho, nhlangothi zombili zithatha amafayela ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano zomthetho ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuguqula ukuvimbela ubufakazi – Argees ukuthi ubufakazi butholakele ngokungemthetho (umz., ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso noma imbangela okungenzeka) futhi kufanele kukhishwe ngaphandle.
  • Ukukhipha [ - kusho ukuthi amacala awanele ngokomthetho noma aphula amalungelo ommangalelwa.
  • [ Ukuguqula indawo[ – ifuna ukuyisa icala endaweni ehlukile ukuqinisekisa ijaji elilungile.
  • Ukuthola – izimfuno ezicela ukuba abashushisi bahlanganyele ubufakazi, uhlu lobufakazi, nezinye izinto ezifanele isivikelo.

Umahluleli uqulwa ngalezi zenzo, ngokuvamile ukhipha izimemezelo kuzo ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqulwa kwecala. Lezi zinqumo zingabuhlela kakhulu ubufakazi necebo lecala. Icala ligcina ngokunxusa okucetshiswayo kuleliqophelo(cishe ku-95% yamacala obugebengu e-U.S. lixazululwa ngezicelo kunokulingwa (U.S.U.S. []).

Ukudla I - “lea ”

I-Plea iwukuphikisana phakathi komshushisi nolwelwelo lapho ummangalelwa evuma ukumangalela icala, ngokuvamile ekumangaleleni okuncane noma ekushintsheni isigwebo esincishisiwe. Nakuba kungelona isigaba sokuqulwa kwecala ngesodwa, kuyingxenye ebucayi yenqubo engokomthetho. Ijaji kumelwe livume noma isiphi isivumelo futhi liqinisekise ummangalelwa ukuba aqonde imiphumela.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala: Ukuqulwa Kwecala Ngokwakho

Uma kungekho sikhalazo esifinyelelwe, icala liqhubekela ecaleni. Icala liyingxenye yomphakathi neyaziwa kakhulu yenqubo yobugebengu.

Ukhetho lwe Jury ([[QUL: 0] Ukukhipha i-Voir [[[QL:1]])

Ecaleni lejaji, isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha ijaji. Abangase babe abahluleli babizwa emphakathini futhi baphenywe amajaji nabameli. Umgomo i - offir uwukuthola abahluleli abangakhethi abanganquma icala ngokusekelwe ebufakazini. Bobabili abameli bangabizwa [[FLT:]] bangaba nesizathu (e.g., ubuhlobo, ukungezwani neqembu) futhi basebenzise inselele [[FLT:] [FLT]] [12] inseleleka yecala eliphansi, nakuba kungenakushiwo isizathu sokungabekwa kwemithetho [FOct:] [FT]]

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Lapho ijaji selifungiwe, icala liqala ngokomthetho ngezinkulumo zokuqala. Abashushisi bakhuluma kuqala, basho ubufakazi abalindele ukubunikeza futhi basho indaba yalokho abakukholelwayo. Ukuzivikela kunganikeza inkulumo yokuvula ngokushesha ngemva noma kugcine kuze kube ngemva kokudlulisa icala lalo. Izinkulumo zokuvula akuzona izimpikiswano; ziwubufakazi obuqanjiwe. Ama-Attorney awakwazi ukuphikisana noma ukuveza iziphetho kulesigaba; bangasho kuphela lokho ubufakazi obuzokubonisa.

Umbukiso Wobufakazi: Icala Lomshushisi

Umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi bawo kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. OFakazi bafunga ukuthi bazokhuluma iqiniso futhi bahlolwa ngokuhlola okuqondile umshushisi. Ngemva kokuqondisa, ukuzivikela kunelungelo [ku lokudlulisa imilayelo [ ufakazi, ngokuvamile ukuhlasela ukuthembeka noma ukuveza ukungavumelani. Ubufakazi bungaba ubufakazi, izikhali, izihloko, noma izimpawu (umz. g., imidwebo, amavidiyo). Imithetho yobufakazi ilawula lokho okungakhomba, kanye nomahluleli abahluleli abaphikisayo kuzo zombili.

Isihluthulelo semiqondo esobala:[

  • [[UMTH:0] I-releving – Ubufakazi kumele buthambekele ekufakazeleni noma ekuphikiseni iqiniso elikumagazini.
  • izindlebe [ - Izitatiso ezithenjiswe ukufakazela iqiniso lendaba ngokuvamile azinakufinyelelwa, ngaphandle okuningi.
  • [[[NT:0] I-Privilege - Imiyalezo eyimfihlo (i-attney-cleen, i-spousal) iyavikelwa.

Umshushisi kumelwe afakazele zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza.

Isenzo Sesinqumo Esiqondiswe Ngqo

Ngemva kokuba icala libekwe, ukuzivikela kungathatha isinqumo esiqondiswe [ [ebizwa futhi ngokuthi isahlulelo sokuvala icala]. Isivikelo siphikisa ngokuthi umshushisi wehluleka ukunikeza ubufakazi obanele bokusekela isiqinisekiso. Uma umahluleli enikeza ukunyakaza, icala liyaphela futhi ummangalelwa ukhululiwe. Uma enqatshwe, icala liyaqhubeka.

Ubufakazi: Icala Lezokuzivikela

Khona - ke ukuzivikela kunikeza ubufakazi bakho siqu nofakazi. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokufakaza, kodwa futhi banelungelo lokuthula. Uma bekhetha ukungafakazeli, abahluleli abanakuvuma icala ngenxa yalokho kuthula. Ukuvikela kungabiza ofakazi abangofakazi abangochwepheshe (umz., ochwepheshe bezengqondo, izazi zengqondo), noma ofakazi abanobuntu. Abamangali bafakaza labofakazi ngokuphambana nje njengoba abavikeli benza ngofakazi abamangalela.

Ngemva kokuba isivikelo sesiphelile, abamangalelwa banganikeza ubufakazi obuphikisayo [ ukuphendula umbuzo omusha ophakanyiswe yi-alta. Isivikelo singanikeza u-'u-av'umbhabhuthi' [.]

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Zombili izinhlangothi zikhipha izimpikiswano zokuphetha, zifingqa ubufakazi futhi zinxuse abahluleli ukuba bafinyelele isinqumo esithile. Umshushisi uthatha kuqala, abese evikela, futhi abashushisi bangathola impikiswano yokugcina. Izimpikiswano zokuvala zingaba lapho abameli bangaphikisana khona, baveze ukungavumelani, futhi badlulise isikhalazo sobulungisa. Abakwazi ukubhekisela ebufakazini obunganikezwanga noma obungahlaselwanga muntu siqu.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli baqale ukuvala icala, ijaji lifunda iziyalezo zobujukujezi [ (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi icala). Lezi ziyalezo zichaza umthetho osebenza kulelicala, njengencazelo yobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi, nezici ezimele ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe zifakazele. Umahluleli futhi ufundisa abagcini bamajaji indlela yokuhlola ukuthembeka nokungabaza okunengqondo.

Ijaji libe selithatha umhlala-mzini wegumbi . Likhetha umholi ukuze lihole ingxoxo. Libukeza ubufakazi, lithathe amaphuzu uma livunyelwe, futhi lisebenzele ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo. I-librebration ingathatha imizuzu noma amasonto, kuxhomeke ebunkingeni becala nasekhonweni lejaji lokuvumelana. Uma amajaji engakwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo sobunye ngemva kokuxoxa, uma ijaji lingase limemezele ukwahlulela ngenxa yesahlulelo esile. Ikhathiliyo lingakhetha ukuphinde livume icala.

Isithethi somyalo

Uma ijaji selifinyelele isinqumo, babuyela enkantolo. Umqaphi omkhulu umemezela isinqumo enkantolo evulekile. Isinqumo kumelwe sibe sesiba umqulu noma angenacala [[ esimangalweni ngasinye. Isinqumo esingakhisi iziphumo ezisheshayo sokuvala icala, futhi ummangalelwa ukhululekile ukuhamba. Isinqumo esinecala siholela engxenyeni elandelayo: Isigwebo.

Icala Langemva Kwempi: Ukugwetshwa Nokukhanga

Inkantolo ithatha isigwebo futhi ummangalelwa angase abe nelungelo lokudlulisa icala.

Ukugwetshwa Kwezindlebe

Umahluleli umisa usuku lokwahlulela, ngokuvamile emasontweni amaningi ngemva kwesinqumo. Ngaphambi kokuba isigwebo sigwetshwe, inkantolo iyala umbiko wokuphenya olungiselelwe yisikhulu sokuqulwa kwecala. Lombiko uhlanganisa umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, isizinda somuntu siqu, ithonya ezisulwini, nesigwebo esituswayo. Kokubili ukumangalelwa nesivikelo kunganikeza izimemezelo. Ummangalelwa unegunya lokukhuluma ([]] isilinganiso ) phambi kokuba umahluleli abeke isigwebo. Ukukhetha komuntu siqu, ukuhlehlela, ukugcinwa, ukukhokhwa, ukukhokhwa, ukukhokhwaswa, ukugcinwa kwejele, noma ukuhlanganiswa. [FLT] [FFFF]] kusetshenziswa izilinganiso ezicishisiwe.[5] phambi kokuba amahluleli. Izici zobugebengu ezithiwe, futhi ukucabangela ezithiyo, futhi ukucabangela, kungahlanganisa nezingahlupho, noma ukuboshwa.

Ukukhanga

Ummangalelwa olahlwe icala futhi agwetshwe angadluliswa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona izikhalazo ezingokomthetho ezigxile emaphutheni omthetho awenzeke phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umzk., ukuvunywa kobufakazi okungafanele, iziyalezo ezingalungile, ukuqulwa komthetho ongafanele). Inkantolo yokudlulisa icala ingahlola umbhalo wecala futhi ibhale iziphakamiso ezibhalwe nhlangothi zombili. Uma izimpikiswano zomthetho zithola iphutha elivumelekile, kungahlehlisa icala, kugunyazwe isigwebo esisha, noma kulungise isigwebo. Umshushicileli akanakudlulisela icala ngenxa yokuvikelwa okuphindwe kabili. Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ekudluliseni izigwebo, bona [[FLT:] i-Melikanbon Association yesiqondiso sendlela yokusebenza kwezinkantolo [FLD].[FFF:]

Isihlenga sangemva-kuhlanganisa

Ngalé kokudlulisa izikhalo eziqondile, ummangalelwa angafuna usizo lwangemva kokukhipha imvume (isib., habeas corpus) ukuze aphikise ukuvalelwa kwabo ngokomthetho okusekelwe ekuphulweni umthetho-mthetho. Lezizicelo ngokuvamile ziyinkokhelo yokugcina futhi zingaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yesikhathi nezivingco.

Amalungelo Omlweli Womsebenzi Wonke

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. uqinisekisa amalungelo amaningana kwabamangalelwa abamangalelwa ngaso sonke isigaba:

  • [ kulungile ukululeka [ – Isichibiyeli seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukumelelwa komthetho. Uma ummangalelwa engenamali yommeli, kumelwe kumiswe omunye.
  • ekunqanyulweni okusheshayo nokungokomphakathi [ - - Ulibaziseko kumele luthetheleleke. Icala lomphakathi liqinisekisa ukuba sobala.
  • Isokudla kukhetho olungakhethi – Ijaji kumele likhishwe eqenjini elikhanyayo eliseqenjini lomphakathi futhi lingacaci.
  • ngakwesokudla ukubhekana nofakazi [ – Isivikelo singahlangana nofakazi abamangalelayo.
  • Akwesokudla sokuthula [ – Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivikela ekuzichaseni. Ukuthula kommangalelwa akunakusetshenziswa kubo.
  • Ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili - Umuntu akanakuqulwa kabili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo ngemva kokulahlwa.

Lamalungelo asekelwe ekuqondeni okulungile kwenqubo yokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olusemthethweni, vakashela SUSA.gov’s geartic system metage system system phectific .

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile: Ukulingwa Kwe - benc, Izinkinga Eziyinkimbinkimbi, Nezikhangiso Ze - Plea

Akuwona wonke amacala ahilela amajaji. Ecaleni , ummangalelwa ulahla ilungelo lawo kukhetho futhi umahluleli unquma kokubili amaqiniso nomthetho. Ukuqulwa kwecala le-Bench ngokuvamile kuyashesha futhi kungakhethwa uma icala lihilela izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho noma uma ijaji lingase liphazanyiswe yizici ezingokomzwelo. Nokho, iningi labamangalelwa bobugebengu likhetha ukuqulwa kwejaji, likholelwa ukuthi ijaji licishe lakhipha isinqumo esingekhona ngokomthetho.

Imisebenzi ye-Plea ihlala iyindlela yesinqumo ebanzi. Ngokwe-Bureau of Justice Statistics, izikhululo ezingaphezu kuka-90% zikahulumeni nohulumeni zibangelwa ukunxusa kobugebengu ( Ukuqubuka kweZilinganiso zoMahluleli). Nakuba isicelo singasikhulula isimiso futhi sinciphise ukungaqiniseki, futhi siphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuphoqelelwa, ukunxusa okumsulwa, nokungameleli kahle.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala yinqubo ehlelwe ngokucophelela eklanyelwe ukusekela ubulungisa, ukuvikela amalungelo abamangalelwa, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi yilabo kuphela abatholakele benecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo abajeziswa. Kusukela ekuboshweni kokuqala nasekuqondiseni ngezenzo zangaphambi kwenkantolo, ukukhethwa kwejaji, ukunikeza ubufakazi, ukuvala izimpikiswano, nokugweba noma ukulahlwa, isinyathelo ngasinye sifeza injongo eqondile. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kunciphisa inqubo engokomthetho futhi kunika abafundi abahlanganyela kuzo ukuba bahambe ngayo ngokuqiniseka okukhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi womthetho, uchwepheshe, noma ungumuntu obhekenecala, ukwazi ukuthi yini okungakulindele esigabeni ngasinye, futhi ungenza ukuba wenze iseluleko esingokomthetho siphumelele.