Isingeniso: Ukulinganisela Kwesimiso Somthetho Sokugunyazwa

Umthetho olawula ukugcinwa komthetho uyi-templine eyinkimbinkimbi yamalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho, umthetho we-athoric, izenzakalo zezezomthetho, nezimiso zomnyango. Iklanyelwe ukunikeza izikhulu amathuluzi adingekile okuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo zibeka imingcele eqinile kulawo mathuluzi ukuze alondoloze amalungelo. Lokhu kulinganisela akumi ndawonye; kuyaguquguquka ngemithetho yenkantolo, ukumiswa kwemithetho, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemithetho. Ukuqonda kokubili amandla abekweyo kanye nokulinganiselwa okubekwe kuyimfuneko ezikhulwini zomthetho, abamisi bezimiso, nabemidali bemithetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okucubukhali kwesihluthulelo salelo sisekelo, ukugxila ekuboshweni kwegunya, ukuphenywa, nokubuthwa kwemithetho, nokugcinwa, njengezindlela zokuvikela ezigunyazwe, njengezindlela ezigunyazwe ngokusemthethweni.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Lamaphoyisa

ISiphakamiso seSigunya lokugcinwa komthetho waseMelika siseMthethweni we-U.S., ikakhulukazi iSikhathi samalungelo. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo ungakhiqizi iminyango yamaphoyisa, uveza imingcele lapho bonke abadlali bakahulumeni − kuhlanganisa nokugcinwa komthetho . ISichibiyelo Sesine sivimbela ukuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuqubuka, siphoqelela ukuba noma ikuphi ukugxambukela kuthethelelwe ngesizathu esilindelekile noma, ukusolwa okulinganiselwe. ISimemezelo sesihlanu sivikela ekuphoqesekeni ukungazibophelelisi ukuba banikeze ubufakazi ngokwabo. ISichibiyelo seSine siqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo sokunikeza iseluleko nokuqulwa okulungile, okuthinta ngokuqondile indlela amaphoyisa abenza ngayo izicelo nezintambo. Izehlomelo ze-1455 zidlulisele leze isivikelo kuhulumeni nabaphathi bendawo ngenqubo elinganayo.

Lamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo awakho nje ukusikisela; agunyazwa ngomthetho owenziwe ngaphandle, obunobufakazi obuthola ngokuphulwa kwalamalungelo ukuba asetshenziswe enkantolo (] Mapp v.Ohio, 367 U.S. 643]). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlekelwa komphakathi ngaphansi kuka-42.C. .19 1983 kunikeza ikhambi kubantu abamalungelo abo angokomthetho ephulwa umthetho-mthetho ngokugcinwa umthetho. Umphumela uyindawo engokomthetho lapho wonke amandla amaphoyisa asebenza khona ehlolwa futhi engaba nemiphumela engenzeka.

Igunya Lokuboshwa: Imbangela Efanelekile Nokulahla Okunengqondo

Amandla okubopha angenye yamathuluzi abonakalayo kakhulu futhi anamandla atholakalayo ukuze kuqikelelwe umthetho. Nokho, akuwona wonke amajele osolwayo ahlanganisa ukuboshwa [. Izinkantolo zihlukanisa phakathi kokuboshwa, okudinga isizathu, nokuma kophengululi, okudinga ukunyundela okunengqondo kuphela. Lokhu, okumiswe ku- Terry v. Ohio [3] (3992.S. 1, 1968), zivumela izikhulu ukuba zivale umuntu okwesikhashana uma benakho okuqondile, okungamangalelwayo okungakhombanga kuphela. Lokhu kuholela enkolelweni enengqondo yokuthi ubugebengu buyisenzo esinengqondo.

Imbangela Enengqondo: Indinganiso Yegolide

Imbangela eqinisekile ikhona uma isikhulu sinolwazi lwamaqiniso nezimo ezingaholela umuntu ohlakaniphile ekukholelweni ukuthi ubugebengu bebukhona, bukhona, noma buzokwenziwa. Kuyindinganiso esebenzayo, engasungulwanga encike ekupheleleni kwezimo. Isikhulu esibona ukuthengiselwa kwezidakamizwa, sizwa ukuvuma izono, noma sithole ubufakazi obucacisiwe obusobala ngokusobala, ngokunokwenzeka bungabangela ukuboshwa. Impi ekhishwa imantshi engathathi-hlangothi iqinisa ukuqina okungokomthetho kokuboshwa, nakuba ukuboshwa kunganikezwa ngaphandle kwemvume uma kukhona imbangela efanelekile futhi izimo ezingalawuleki.

Ukuzikhohlisa Okunengqondo: Ithuba Eliphansi Lokuthatha Isinyathelo Esilinganiselwe

Ukusola okunengqondo kuyindinganiso elula kakhulu, edinga okungaphezu kwesizathu kodwa engaphezulu nje kwese-ivoice. Ivumela izikhulu ukuba zimise futhi zifake umcabango uma zinesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi lowo muntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi. Lemfundiso ibituswe ngokuzenza kube khona ukuphehla umthetho futhi igxekwe ngenxa yamandla ayo okuholela ekufuneni i-proficing. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iqhubeke icwenganisa imingcele yokusola okunengqondo, ibambe lezozicingo njengendawo, ukuziphatha, nesikhathi sosuku zinganezela ekuhlolweni ([]]Illinois v., 528], U.S.U.N.U.U.N.N.N.N.N.U.N.U.N.N.U.N.N.U.N.N.U.N.

Ukufuna Nokuzikhohlisa: Imfuneko Eqaphile Nezinto Ezihlukile

ISichibiyelo sesine simemezela ukuthi “ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokuphenya okungacabangeli nokuquleka, aliyikuphulwa.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuphenya akunangqondo ngaphandle kokuba kuqondiswe imvume esemthethweni esemthethweni noma ibekwe ngaphakathi kwenye yezingaziwayo. Imvume kumelwe isekelwe ngokomthetho owenzeka, ichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi ikhishwe isamba sezongadi, futhi inikezwe umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulu sokwahlulela esingenacala, hhayi isikhulu somthetho, sisebenza njengesango lomphathi wezindaba.

Isihluthulelo Esihlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha izimpawu eziningana ezivumela ukuphenywa ngaphandle kwemvume. Phakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:

  • I-Conict:[ Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ekusesheni, akukho siqinisekiso esidingekayo. Imvume kumele inikezwe ngokukhululekile, hhayi iphoqelelwe, futhi ingaphinde ibuyiselwe noma nini.
  • Izimo ezingathi shubi: Uma usongo olusheshayo ekuphileni, ingozi yobufakazi obubhujile, noma ukujaha okukhulu komcabange obalekayo, izikhulu zingangena zisesha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ([] Klegic v. King, 563], U.S. 452, 2011).
  • [ Sesha Ithuba lokuboshwa: Ngemva kokuboshwa ngokomthetho, izikhulu zingahlola umuntu nendawo elawulwa ngokushesha ukuze ziqinisekise ukuphepha kwesikhulu futhi zivimbele ukufihla noma ukubhujiswa kobufakazi ([]] Phulisimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 1969).
  • [[Umboniso:0] Umbono oPlain: Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho futhi sibona ubufakazi bobugebengu ngokusobala, ukuthi ubufakazi bungabanjwa ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • [[QTY:0] Imoto Ehambayo Ehlukanisiwe:[ IVhicles ingaseshwa ngaphandle kophawu uma kungenzeka kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi iqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu, ngenxa yendlela ehamba ngayo nethemba elinciphile lemfihlo (] Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 1925).

Lokhu kukhishwa kwezici ngokuvamile kuyahlaziywa, futhi izikhulu kumelwe ziqeqeshwe kahle ukuze ziqaphele lapho imvume idingekile nalapho kusetshenziswa khona.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwebutho: Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho NeziNxaniso Zanamuhla

Zimbalwa izindawo zokugcinwa komthetho ezihlolisiswa njengokusetshenziswa kwempoqo. Isimiso somthetho silinganisela isidingo sokuba izikhulu zizivikele zona kanye nomphakathi zivikele ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuphila nomzimba oqotho. Indinganiso yokuhlola ukugcizelela kwamandla ngokweqile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine yamiswa Graham v. Connor (490 U.S. 386, 1989): inkantolo kumelwe ihlole ukuthi izenzo zesikhulu zazinengqondo yini” uma kucatshangelwa amaqiniso nezimo ezibhekene nesikhulu, ngaphandle kokucabangela inhloso noma izisusa zaso.

Izici Ezithuthukisa Uvivinyo Olunengqondo

Isinqumo Graham saveza izici eziningana okufanele zicatshangelwe: ubuqatha bobugebengu, ukuthi umsoli usongela ngokushesha ukuphepha kwabaphathi noma abanye, nokuthi umsoli ulwa ngokuzikhandla yini ukwenqaba ukuboshwa noma ukuzama ukugwema ukubhaqwa ngendiza. Okubalulekile, ukuba nengqondo kwamandla kumelwe kwahlulelwe ngokwemibono yesikhulu esinengqondo esigcawini, hhayi ngenzuzo yokuhamba. Lokhu “kwesigaba sekhulu” kunikeza izikhulu ezibambekayo izikhulu eziphambili kodwa akuvumeli ukusetshenziswa kwamandla abulalayo amelene nokubaleka okungathandeki (]] i-FFFFFOLT.v [FFF:3]], UFLD], U.S.

Ukuhlangana Okufanelekayo Nethonya Lako

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukugonyelwa okufanelekayo kukwenze kwaba nzima kakhulu ukwenza izikhulu zikhulu zikhululeke, ngisho nasezimweni eziyingozi. Abaxhasi bavimbele izikhulu zikahulumeni, ezibophayo, ngaphandle kokuba bawaphule “ngokusobala" amalungelo omthetho noma umthetho-sisekelo umuntu onengqondo abewaziyo. Impikiswano emayelana nokuzivikela komzimba okufanelekayo iye yaqinisa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, ngokudlulisa umthetho wenguquko, ngisho nasezimweni eziyingozi. Abaxhasi bawuvikela ekuvimbeleni abaphathi emacaleni angenalusizo oluphansi futhi bawavumele ukuba enze imisebenzi yawo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuhlawuliswa. Impikiswano engokwakuvikeleka okufanelekayo iye yaqina kakhulu eminyakeni emuva, ngokudlulisa umthetho wenguquko futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme enikeza i-ceritariyo ebekela inselele ([FLD: 0]], i-gg. [FL:],[2]][3]],[3]]][3]]

Amandla Ezakhi Zomzimba Enkathini Yamanani

Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe iye yandisa kakhulu ikhono lomthetho lokugada abantu ngabanye. Kusukela kubafundi be-layisense efakwa ozenzeleyo kanye nemishini ye-celleses kuya ekuqapheni izokuxhumana nokuqashelwa kobuso, inqwaba yamathuluzi okuhlola inkulu. Kodwa uhlelo olungokomthetho olulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo lusatholakala. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sisebenza ekuhlolweni nasekudumazekeni, kodwa ukuthi yini ehlanganisa “ukuhlola” endaweni ye-midweli bekuyindaba yokuhlola okukhulu.

Imfundiso Yesithathu Nenkathi Yayo

Ngokwesiko, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi abantu abanalo ukulindela okunengqondo kokwazi izinto zomuntu siqu ezihlanganyelwe ngokuzithandela nezigaba ezintathu, njengezinkampani zocingo noma amabhange (Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S.735,1979),. Lemfundiso yake yavuma ukuthi amaphoyisa ake avumela ukuba athole uhide lwemibhalo eminingi ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, [ Carpeenter v. United States [55] U.S.6,2018), iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ububanzi bengxenye ye-mestom-me-ne (ezinyangeni ezithile noma ezingaphezulu) angalandela i-data yomuntu.[FLT]

Imishini Yokusebenzisa Imishini Nenqubo Yocingo

Ukudlulisa izingcingo zocingo, njengocingo, ama-imeyili, nemiyalezo ye-message, kulawulwa kakhulu uMthetho we-Pintertap (18 U.S.C. 76 2510-2523). Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuthole uhlelo lwenkantolo olusekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ebangele ukuba ukunqandwa kunikeze ubufakazi obukhethekile, obucaciwe. Ngokufanayo, i-Vedd Communications Act (U.S.C. 2701-212) ibusa ukufinyelela kokuxhumana okugciniwe nemibhalo egcinwe ngabameli benkonzo. Lemithetho ibeka izimfuneko eziqinile, kuhlanganise nezinqubo zokulinganisela isilinganiso esingabalwangakhokhwa okuqoqiwe.

Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlola ngokuvamile kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngemiphumela engenakulinganiswa emiphakathini emincane nasemathunjini okuthunywa. Imithombo yezobuchwepheshe kumelwe imise izimiso ezicacile kanye nezindlela zokwengamela ukuze iqinisekise ukuvumelana nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ne-state (ACLU APU APU Surveillance Resources).

Ukulinganiselwa Nemishini Engalandisa Ngayo

Le migoqo ihloselwe ukuqondisa izingqimba eziningi zomthetho ngamabomu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa, kwakhiwe ukwethenjwa umphakathi futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo ayahlonishwa.

Ukuqondisa Kwangaphakathi Nokunye

Iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa inezindaba zangaphakathi eziphenya izinsolo zokuziphatha okubi. Nokho, ukuphumelela kokuzilawula kuye kwangatshazwa, okuholela ekumisweni kwamabhodi okubukeza angekho emthethweni emikhandlwini eminingi. Lamabhodi, angase abe yizekeli noma abe negunya elibophayo, anikeza i-exception ewukuhlolwa mathupha ngezenzo zokugcinwa komthetho.

Ukuhlala Ngobunye Nemithetho Evunyelwayo

Abantu abamalungelo abo ephulwayo bangamangalelwa ngaphansi kwe-Foort 1983 noma i-tort mthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMnyango Wobulungisa ungahlola izindlela zokuziphatha okubi futhi, uma utholakele, izinqumo zemvume eziphoqelelayo ezifuna izinguquko ezithile. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa imithetho yemvume neBaltimore City Police Depart noMnyango wamaphoyisa eChicago, okudinga izinguquko ezibanzi ekusebenziseni izimiso eziphoqelelwe, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nokubophana komphakathi.

Isicathulo somzimba-Worn kanye nokubona ngale

Amakhamera omzimba (BWC) aseyithuluzi elamukelwa kabanzi lokulandisa. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ama-BWC andisa ukubonakala, anciphisa izikhalo, futhi athuthukisa ukuziphatha nhlangothi zombili zekhamera. Izinselele ezingokomthetho ziye zavela ezinkathazweni zemfihlo zezisulu nakofakazi, kanye nalapho izinyawo zingavinjelwa emphakathini. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho elawula ukusebenzisa i-BWC, kuhlanganise nalapho amakhamera kumelwe aqiniswe futhi kuqoshwe isikhathi eside kangakanani ( iziNCS BOdys-Wor Camerables Legg [[FL:1]]).

Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho Okushintshashintshayo: Izinguquko Nezimpikiswano Zamuva

Isimiso esingokomthetho sokugcinwa komthetho asisona esiqinile. Ngokulandela izenzakalo eziphezulu zobudlova bamaphoyisa futhi kufunelwa inguquko yezimiso, izishaya-mthetho nezinkantolo ziye zahlola kabusha eziningi zemithetho yesisekelo exoxwe ngenhla. Ezinye iziphathi-mandla ziye zabukeza ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemithetho nokusebenza komsebenzi wokungenela; ezinye ziye zavala noma zalinganisela izindlela ezithile ezifana nezintshebe nokungagunyazwa kweminwe.

Kulelozinga likahulumeni, iziphakamiso ezinjenge-George Floyd Justice in Policing Act ziye zafuna ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa okufanelekile, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwegunya, futhi zimise imithetho yesizwe yemisebenzi yamaphoyisa. Nakuba umthetho obanzi ungakadluli, impikiswano iyaqhubeka iveza isimo nezimiso zendawo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathatha futhi amacala angathuthukisa izinga lokuzivikela okufanelekayo negunya lamaphoyisa ukuba angene ekuhlolweni okungenasizathu kwezimoto noma izingcingo zamakhalekhu.

Amaqembu omphakathi kanye nawobufundisi afeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu kulokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo, afune ukubonakala ngokukhululekile nokulandisa okukhulu. Isimiso somthetho sinamandla kuphela njengesibopho sokusiphoqelela. Ukuqeqeshwa kokugcinwa komthetho ngomthetho, ukucwasana okungagunciyo, nokungenela kwenhlekelele kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla anikeziwe asetshenziswa ngendlela efanele.

Isiphetho

Umthetho ongokomthetho wokugcinwa komthetho uhlanganisa ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwezikhulu ezinika amandla okuvikela ukulondeka komphakathi nokuphoqelela ukuba zilondoloze inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Kusukela ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesine esisekelwe njalo kuya kwimithetho eshintshashintshayo yezibalo nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, wonke amandla aletha ukulinganiselwa okufanayo. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kubalulekile hhayi kuphela eziqondisweni zomthetho okumelwe zisebenzise inkululeko yomphakathi nsuku zonke kodwa futhi zithembele nakumphakathi othembele kuzo ukuze zivikeleke. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuzihlela nokufuna kwempumelelo, umthetho uyaqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa. Izakhamuzi ezakhazi ezizinzileyo nezinga lokusebenza komthetho womthetho womthetho ziyizisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekusebenziseni igunya elibi nezisebenzi ezingcono kakhulu zomphakathi.