Isingeniso: Igatsha Lokwahlulela NjengeNsika Yobulungisa

Isimiso senkantolo sisebenza njengegatsha lokwahlulela likahulumeni, ukuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano futhi kusekelwe ubulungisa. Icala ngalinye elingena enkantolo lilandela indlela ehlelwe kahle kusukela ekufakeni komthetho wokuqala kuya esinqumweni sokugcina. Kubafundi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, kanye nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile ekuqapheleni indlela imiphakathi egcina ngayo ukuhleleka, ivikela, futhi ikhiphe imiphumela elungile. Lokhu kuqondisa okubanzi kuhamba kuzo zonke izitejikishane, abahlanganyeli abayinhloko, isakhiwo sezehlulelo eziphethe izinkantolo, kanye nezimiso eziqondisayo.

Izisekelo Zesimiso Senkantolo

Ngaphambi kokuhlola amanyathelo okulungisa icala, kubalulekile ukuqonda isisekelo. Isimiso senkantolo sakhiwe ngezindlela ezimbili ezivamile: isimiso esivamile] esivame emazweni amaningi (umz. 1, United States, iCanada) ne inquitorial [ esisetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni amaningi avamile (umz., iFrance, iFrance). Ezingeni le-adversarial, i-Anglanessssssss, izigidi ezimbili eziphikisayo zinikeza amacala awo phambi komahluleli ongakhethi noma umsizi womthetho; eqenjini wokwahlulela, amajaji, amajaji ahlola amaqiniso.

Izehlo eziningi ze-England zilandela indlela yokukhuluma. Kuleso sici, izinkantolo zihlelwe emazingeni amaningi futhi zisingathe amacala amalunga e- (amasuntswana phakathi kwabantu noma izinhlangano) kanye amacala aphakathi (ukugwetshwa ngokwesimo ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho). Uhlobo ngalunye lunemithetho nobufakazi balo siqu: i-prebitance of proces (vil) kanye nokungabaza okunengqondo (i-cription).

I - Jurisdiction Ne - Venue

Inkantolo kumele ibe necala lokulahla — igunya elingokomthetho lokuzwa icala. ibhekisele kumbuso wecala ebhekisela ohlotsheni lwecala (umz., ukuwinwa kwemali, umkhaya, umbuzo wombuso), kuyilapho uhulumeni ukhathalela amandla enkantolo phezu kwamaqembu. [[FLT]] [i-Vennuenue[ inquma indawo lapho icala lizwiwa khona. Lemiqondo liqinisekisa ukuthi kumele kuvinjelwe khona, ukuvinjelwa kwe-um.

Izinga Lokulandelana Kwecala: Kusuka Ekukhononeni Kuya Esinqumweni Sokugcina

Indaba ngayinye ihamba ngochungechunge lwezigaba ezichazwe kahle.

Ukukhipha Icala: Ukukhononda Noma Ukumangalela

Icala liqala ngecala [ libeka izikhalo ku- (emacaleni omphakathi) noma ezindaweni ezingokomthetho ibhukwana lokwembula [ (njengecala noma ukwaziswa emacaleni obugebengu). Isikhalo siveza izikhalo zommangalelwa nommangalelwa ofuna usizo — imali enxebeni, isigqebhezana, noma ezinye ikhambi. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, uhulumeni (okanye) amafayela amangalelwa ngemva kokuphenywa futhi, ngokuvamile, ukumangalelwa okukhulu kommangalelwa ngamajaji amakhulu.

Uma isikhalo sesiquliwe, inkantolo ikhipha umsizi noma ukwazisa ummangalelwa ngesenzo. Ummangalelwa kumelwe aphendule phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe, ngokuvamile ngokufaka [[FLT:] ukuphendula (emacaleni omphakathi) noma ukungena esicelweni (emacaleni emacala obugebengu).

Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambi Kwesikhathi

Le ngxenye ibalulekile ekwakheni icala. Bobabili abahilelekile bathatha i-athory, inqubo yokunikezana ukwaziswa nobufakazi. Amathuluzi okuthola i-odory ahlanganisa:

  • Izimo[ — ufakazi owenziwe ofakazi noma amaqembu, aqoshwe ukuze asetshenziswe kamuva.
  • [[IMIFUNDO:0] Izinqumo[[[QUL:1]] — imibuzo ebhaliwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • Izicelo zokukhiqizwa [ — idinga amabhukwana, amarekhodi, noma obunye ubufakazi obungokoqobo.
  • Izicelo zokungenwa [ — izisho omunye ucela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike.

Phakathi nokwahlulela okungaphambili, inkantolo ingazwa futhi iziphakamiso , njengokuthatha isinyathelo ukwenqaba (ukuveza ukuthi ukukhononda akukwazi ukusho okuthile) noma ukwenzela ukwahlulela okufingqiwe (ukuvuma ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana okuyiqiniso okukhona, ngakho icala kufanele linqunywe njengendaba yomthetho). Emacala obugebengu, ukuthatha izinyathelo zomthetho kungabekela inselele ukuhluleka kobufakazi noma ukufuna ukucindezela izinkulumo ezitholakele ngokungemthetho.

Imihlangano yezenkantolo iqhutshelwa ukuhlanganisa izimpikiswano, ukuxoxa ngezinqumo, nokumisa izinsuku zokuqulwa kwecala. Icala lomphakathi lihlala phakathi nale ngxenye, ukugwema ukuqulwa kwecala ngokugcwele.

3. Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululeki noma lingaphendulwa, liqhubeka liqulwa icala. Icala liyinhlolo - bufakazi obuhleliwe phambi kwamajaji noma amajaji.

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Ekuqulweni kwecala labahluleli, abahluleli nabameli babuza iqembu lezakhamuzi (lishaqisa) ukuze likhethe iqembu labasizi bejaji elingakhethi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Bobabili abameli banikeza izinkulumo zokuvula ezibonisa ukuthi yini abahlose ukuyifakazela.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Icala le-paltiff (noma ukushushisa) linikeza kuqala icala lalo, ukubiza ofakazi nokuletha imibukiso. Ngemva kokuhlola okuqondile, uhlangothi ngalunye oluphikisayo lunganqamuka à eximine. Ummangalelwa ube esenikeza ubufakazi balo. Umahluleli ukhipha imithetho ngokuphathelene nokungaqiniseki kobufakazi.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba kunikezwe ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa icala lalo futhi lunxusa abahluleli ukuba bafinyelele isinqumo esithile.

Iziqondiso Nesiyalo

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli enkantolo engokomthetho ukuba kusebenze icala. Khona - ke abahluleli bakhipha isigwebo . Ezindabeni zomphakathi, isinqumo kungaba ukuthola noma ukuphendula imibuzo eqondile. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane (kwimithetho eminingi yase-U.S.) ukuba siboshwe. Uma abahluleli bengenakufinyelela esinqumweni esihlangene, singumahluleli [[ abahluleli ababoshelwayo , futhi icala lingase liphinde ligwenywe.

4. Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komshado

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase libhale phansi ngemva kokuthatha uhambo lwamacashala ukuze liphikise umphumela. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhetha ukwahlulela naphezu kwesinqumo (JNOV) — kuphikisa ngokuthi akukho jaji elinengqondo elalingafinyelela lesosinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini.
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha [ — kuveza iphutha elingokomthetho, ukuziphatha okubi, noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa obugunyaza ukuqulwa kwecala elisha.
  • Ukuguqula noma ukulungisa isahlulelo — icela ukulungiswa kosizo olunikezwayo.

Uma inkantolo equlwayo iphika lemicikilisho, indlela yokudlulisela isikhalo iyavuleka.

Ukukhanga

Ukudlulisa isikhalo akusilona ikhambi elisha; ukubukeza ukuqulwa kwecala elingokomthetho okwathinta umphumela. Iqembu elikhangayo ( i-apperant) amahele isaziso sokudlulisa futhi anikeze isaziso esifushanisiwe samaphutha ashiwoyo. Iqembu eliphendulayo ([] i-aplellee) lifaka amafafafa okuvikela isinqumo senkantolo. Izimpikiswano zecala zingavunyelwa.

Inkantolo [[QURT:0] ehlola irekhodi — wonke amabhukwana, amarekhodi, nobufakazi. Ayiwahloli amaqiniso amasha noma ubufakazi. Imiphumela engenzeka ihlanganisa:

  • Isiqinisekiso — isekela isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo.
  • landela i-check — gumbuqela isinqumo.
  • `Remand — thumela lelicala emuva ukuze liyokwenzeka futhi ngokuvumelana nombono we-panellate.
  • [[Umthetho:0] faka [[[Umthetho:1] — guqula ingxenye yokwahlulela.

Kwezinye izifunda, kungase kudluliselwe esinye isikhalo enkantolo engaphezulu, kodwa izinkantolo ezinjalo zivame ukucubungula futhi zilalele amacala omphakathi abalulekile noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi zingavumelani khona.

Abahlanganyeli Nendima Yabo

Ukuqonda ukuthi ubani owenza lokho enkantolo kubalulekile ukuze kulandelwe ukuqulwa kwamacala.

Abahluleli

Ijaji lingummeli womthetho ongathathi hlangothi. Imithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa ukubusa ngezenzo, ukuqondisa inkantolo, ukuyala abahluleli, futhi, enkantolo yasebhentshi (emacaleni angenajaji), ukunquma okutholakele. Abahluleli bamiswa noma bakhethwe kuye ngokwegunya. Igunya labo lisuka ezimisweni nasemithethweni engokomthetho.

IJuries

AmaJuries asebenza njengezeqiniso ezicini eziningi. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, abahluleli banquma icala futhi ngezinye izikhathi balimaze; emacaleni obugebengu, anquma ukuthi unecala noma umsulwa. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji liqinisekiswa yiSichibiyelo Sesithupha nesesikhombisa eMthethweni we-U.S. iMithendeleko yezomthetho ehlela amacala athile. AmaJuries akhiwa izakhamuzi ezikhethwe emphakathini, futhi izinqumo zawo kumelwe zisekelwe kuphela ebufakazini.

Ama - attorney

Abameli abachaphazelekayo bamelela umshushisi weqembu oletha icala; difense abameli[ bamelela iqembu eliphikisanayo. Emacalani ezigebengu, uhulumeni umelelwa umshushisi . [i-Activeney] inomthwalo wokusekela abathengi babo ngentshiseko phakathi kwemingcele esemthethweni. Balungiselela amafasleji angokomthetho, ukusungula, ukuphikisana, nokufaka ubufakazi bamanje ekuqulweni kwecala.

Abavikeli Nabamangali

Icala lomphakathi liqala ukumangalelana necala elifuna ikhambi lokulimala. Abameli [ bayizidalwa noma izinhlangano okuthiwa kuzo impikiswano. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, uhulumeni ungummangalelwa (ukubulala), futhi omangalelwa ummangalelwa. Abameleli banamalungelo omthetho-mthetho, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuhlala buthule, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi.

Abanye Ababambi qhaza

  • I-Clerk yeNkantolo — iphatha amafayela ecala, uhlelo lokuqulwa kwecala, futhi inikeza izifungo.
  • [[UMTH:0] [[Umthetho:1] — ugcina ukuhleleka nokulondeka enkantolo.
  • [[INDAWO] Ikhasi eliphambili — yenza indlela eqinile yokubhala imicimbi.
  • [ OFakazi [ — abantu abanikeza ubufakazi ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Ofakazi abanolwazi — ochwepheshe abanekhono abanikeza imibono ngezihloko ezikhethekile (ize-operacs, imithi, izimali).

Isimiso Senkantolo: Izinga Eliphakeme

Kuhlelwe izinkantolo ezilandelanayo ukuze kusingathwe amacala nezikhalo ezihlukahlukene. E-United States, kunezimiso zenkantolo zombuso nezombuso.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho.

  • Izinkantolo zezentengiselwano — ezibizwa futhi ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, zesifunda, noma zesifunda. Zinegunya elibanzi embusweni wesizwe, wobugebengu, womkhaya, wezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano, nezentsha.
  • [ Izinkantolo [ — izinkantolo eziphakathi ezibukeza izinqumo zenkantolo eziqulwayo.
  • Inkantolo yeSimo ePhakeme — inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kuhulumeni, enegunya lokugcina emthethweni wezwe.

Izigodi eziningi futhi zinezinkantolo ezikhethekile, njenge izikhombi ezincane ezikhombayo (zezimpikiswano ngaphansi kwesilinganiso semali) kanye nezinkantolo zezemali [ (ngokokwephula okuncane).

Izinkantolo Ezizimele

Ijaji likahulumeni limiswe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho - sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi lisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, namacala anezakhamuzi ezihlukene (izifundazwe ezihlukene nezingangemali ephikisanayo emalini engaphezu kuka - R250 000). Isakhiwo siwukuthi:

  • Inkantolo yesigodi yase-U.S. — izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Kukhona izifunda ezingu-49.
  • [ U.S. izinkantolo zokudlulisa [ — izifunda eziyi 13 ezizwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda.
  • U.S. iNkantolo ePhakeme — inkantolo yamakhambi okugcina, namajaji ayisishiyagalolunye. Izwa inani elilinganiselwe lamacala unyaka ngamunye, ikakhulukazi ngokunika ama-cretiorari[.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezikhethekile zihlanganisa iNkantolo yeThyaka U.S., U.S. iNkantolo yeMithetho yeFederal, kanye [[FLT]U.S. iNkantolo yeNkantolo yeMazwelo Yohwebo [[FLT][FLT][FLT:]].[FLT][FLT]U].S]

Enye Impikiswano

Akuzona zonke izimo okumelwe ziye ecaleni. Izindlela zokulungisa i-Alternimatic Dispute Resolution zinikeza ngokushesha, indlela esemthethweni enciphileyo, futhi ngokuvamile ezibiza kancane izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano. Izinhlobo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [ I-mediation — umlamuleli ongathathi hlangothi usiza ukuxoxisana phakathi kwamaqembu ukuba afinyelele indawo yokuzithandela. Ukuthungatha kuyimfihlo futhi akuboshelwa ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano sisayinwe.
  • Arbitration — isiphathi esingathathi hlangothi sizwa ubufakazi futhi sikhipha isinqumo sokubopha noma esingabophi. Ukuhlanganisa kuvame ukusetshenziswa ezivumelwaneni zezentengiselwano nasezivumelwano zemisebenzi.
  • Ukuququda Uvavanyo [ — ukuqulwa komthetho okufushanisiwe osetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukubuyisana.

Izinkantolo eziningi manje zifuna amaqembu ukuba azame i-ADR ngaphambi kokuba ayoqulwa. Umthetho we-Federal Arbitration Act nemithetho kazwelonke ilawula imikhuba yokulawula. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, bheka i-American Arbitration Association [[FLT:]

Ukujeziswa Nezinqubo Zokwelapha

Ngemva kwesinqumo, inkantolo inquma umphumela ofanele. Emacaleni obugebengu, ukuvala icala [ kubekwa lapho umahluleli ebheka khona izici ezinjengobukhulu bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu, nezinkulumo zezenzo zobugebengu zommangalelwa. Ukugwetshwa kuhlanganisa intengo, ukugcinwa kwecala, ukuboshwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma inhlanganisela. Imibuso eminingi isebenzisa iziqondiso zokugunyaza [ ukukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki.

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, imiklomelo yenkantolo [, engaba yi:

  • [[INTLA: 0] Ukuchitha umonakalo [ — imali yokukhokha izindleko zangempela (izindleko zezokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, umonakalo wempahla).
  • Umonakalo [ — ezinye izimali ukuze kujeziswe ukuziphatha okuxekethile futhi kuvinjelwe ukwenza okubi esikhathini esizayo.
  • Ukukhululeka okungalawuleki[[FT:1] — umyalo wenkantolo odinga omunye umuntu ukuba enze noma agweme ukwenza okuthile (umz., uhlelo oluvimbelayo).
  • [ Ukwahlulela kokukhipha izwi [ — inkulumo yamalungelo angokomthetho abenzi becala ngaphandle kokukhokhwa.

Izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi isigwebo sigcinwa ngemva kwesigwebo zihlanganisa ukukhwabanisa, ukukhohlisa, nokuthatheka kwempahla uma iqembu lingakhokhi.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Inqubo Yenkantolo

Ulwazi ngendlela amacala ahlelwa ngayo futhi axazululwe lukhuthaza ukubheka phambili ekwahluleleni. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda izigaba, zikwazi kangcono ukusebenzisa isimiso, kungaba njengezicathulo, ofakazi, noma abahluleli. Kukhuthaza futhi ukuthemba amajaji ngokwenza imisebenzi yawo ibe sobala. Othisha bangasebenzisa leli cebo ekufundiseni izivumelwano zomphakathi nokufundisa ngokusemthethweni.

Kulabo abafuna imfundo eyengeziwe, imithombo enjenge- Legal Information Institute (iSikole soMthetho weCornell) inikeza izincazelo eziningiliziwe zezinqubo zenkantolo namagama angokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Isimiso senkantolo siyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa evumelanayo yokuxazulula izingxabano nokuqondisa ubulungisa. Ukusukela ekufakeni izikhalo zokuqala ngokuthola izikhalo, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukudluliswa kwemithetho, nokudluliswa kwezicelo, isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo ethile. Izindima zabahluleli, amajaji, abameli, namaqembu zichazwa ngokucacile, futhi isimo sobucukubhebhezi siqinisekisa kokubili ukuphumelela nethuba lokubukeza. Ngokuqonda lezici, abantu bangaqonda kangcono ukuthi umthetho usebenza kanjani futhi kungani izinkantolo zihlala ziyingxenye yomphakathi wedemokhrasi.