Ukuqonda Isimiso Sokwelapha Ngokulinganayo

Isimiso sokuphathwa ngokulingana sinjengensika eyisisekelo yomthetho wamalungelo abantu, siqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ufanelwe amalungelo ayisisekelo afanayo namathuba angaqondakali noma yizici noma izinkolelo zomuntu siqu. Lesi simiso sihlanganiswe ekwakhekeni komthetho-mthetho, izimiso, nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, zisebenza kokubili njengemfuneko engokokuziphatha nendinganiso engokomthetho. Ukwelashwa okulinganayo kufuna ukuba imithetho, izimiso, nemikhuba kungasebenzisi noma isiphi isiso noma iqembu, futhi bonke abantu bathathelwe ukucatshangelwa ngokungakhethi ezindaweni ezisukela emsebenzini ukuya ekwahluleleni komthetho. Njengoba izinhlangano zishintshashintshashintsha futhi ziqondana, ukujula kwale zimiso zesimiso kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze zakhe emiphakathini egcwele.

Ekuphetheni kwayo, ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo kusekelwe emqondweni wesithunzi somuntu — ukuqaphela ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unefa elibalulekile okumelwe lihlonishwe. Lomqondo uye wavezwa emasikweni amafilosofi ahlukahlukene futhi wathola amandla angokomthetho ngezincwadi ezinjenge UMthetho olinganayo wamalungelo elungelo lomuntu [[FLT:] [indlela yokunikeza isithunzi esilinganayo], omemezela eSiphakathini 7 ukuthi "bonke bayalingana phambi komthetho futhi banelungelo elingenakho ukuvikelwa isivikelo esilinganayo somthetho." Lo kuzimisela ukuphatha ngokulingana kuye kwanwetshwa nakuthuthukiswa kusuka emashumini eminyaka ehhhhlwithwa ka-odkigg, i-lig, nenkambiso.

Ukulingana okungalingani

Ukuze kusetshenziswe isimiso sokwelapha okulinganayo ngokuphumelelayo, kudingekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemiqondo emibili evumelanayo: ukulingana okungokomthetho nokulinganayo okungaphelele. Ukulingana okungokomthetho kudinga ukuba imithetho nezimiso ziphathe wonke umuntu ngendlela efanayo — kuvimbela ukucwaswa ngokweqile okusekelwe ohlangeni, ebuntwaneni, enkolweni, noma kwezinye izizathu ezivikelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubekwa komsebenzi okungacaci ngokucacile ukuthi abesifazane bangacatshangelwanga ngokulingana okungokomthetho. Nokho, ukuphatha noma ubani ofanayo akuvezi imiphumela elungile uma abantu bebhekene nezihloko eziqalayo noma izinkinga ezingokomlando ezihlukene.

Izindlela zokulingana ezilinganayo zidlulela ngalé kwempatho efanayo ukucabangela ithonya langempela lemithetho nemikhuba. Iyaqaphela ukuthi ukufinyelela ukulingana kungadinga ukwelashwa okuhlukile ekusingatheni imingcele yezimiso namanani angokomlando. Izinhlelo zokuthatha iziphakamiso, izindawo zokulala ezilinganiselwe kubantu abakhubazekile, nokusekela imiphakathi elinganiselwe kuyisibonelo sokulingana okungalingani okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunikeza abafundi abangaphansi kwemisuka ezikoleni ezisemkhawulweni eziqinile akukonakali ekuphathweni; kunalokho, kusebenza ukulinganisela izinga lokudlala ukuze bonke abafundi bakwazi ngempela ukufinyelela amathuba angokwemfundo.

Zombili izinhlobo zokulingana zibalulekile. Uhlelo oluqinile lokuphatha isilinganiso luhlanganisa iziqinisekiso ezingokomthetho zokungacwasi ohulumeni nezinhlangano ezinika amandla okuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ezisusa izithiyo zokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele. International of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)[FLCR] lubonisa lokhu kuhlukana, okudinga ukunqabela ukucwaswa kuyilapho futhi kuthatha izinyathelo eziqinile zokuqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo somthetho.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Sokwelapha Okulinganayo

Ukuqonda lezi zisekelo kunikeza umongo wendlela amalungelo abantu aqala ngayo futhi kuphoqelelwe namuhla.

Izikhali Zamalungelo Abantu Zamazwe Ngamazwe

ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samaLungelo esingu-1948) samisa indinganiso yesimanje yokwelashwa okulinganayo, kodwa izivumelwano ezilandelayo ziye zanezela inqubo eqondile neyokugcina umthetho usebenza. Imibhalo eyisihluthulelo ihlanganisa:

  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke somphakathi namalungelo omphakathi (1966) — Izihloko 2 no 26 ziqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo futhi zinqabela ubandlululo emthethweni nasekwenzeni.
  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke sobuzwe sobuzwe kuMalungelo ezomnotho, eSocial and Cultural (1966) — ifuna ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo emfundo, impilo, umsebenzi, nesilinganiso esifanelekile sokuphila.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukususa ukususwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zobandlululo lwezinhlanga [1965] — iOblifaises isho ukuqeda ubandlululo lobuhlanga kuzo zonke izinhlobo zalo.
  • Ukususa zonke izinhlobo zobandlululo kubesifazane (1997) — ubandlululo olusekelwe ebulilini futhi ludinga izigaba zokuguqula izindlela zomphakathi nezesiko eziqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani.
  • Ukususa amalungelo abantu abakhubazekile (2006) — kuveza uhlelo olubanzi lokuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo nokutholakala.

Lamathuluzi amisa izibopho ezibophayo zemibuso yokusayina futhi aqondiswa izindikimba zesivumelwano seZizwe Ezihlangene njengeKomiti Yamalungelo Abantu neKomiti yokuqeda ubandlululo lobuhlanga. ihhovisi leKhomishane Ephakeme yamalungelo abantu yeZizwe Ezihlangene linikeza isiqondiso nokuhlela ukulandisa ngokulalela.

Izimboni Zesakhelo Neziko Lesizwe

Izimiso zamalungelo abantu zesifunda zikhele phezu kwezindinganiso zendawo yonke. EYurophu, i- i-Eupan Convention on Human Rights (i-Stockhoo 14) inqabela ukucwaswa kwamalungelo e-Convention, neSivumelwano 12 inikeza isiqinisekiso sokulingana okuzimele. iNkantolo Yamalungelo Abantu [[FLT:]]] ne-Africa] Ishadi likamthetho owenaze kakhulu ochaza lamacala, ukwahlulela izimpikiswano zezinhlanga eziveza ubulili obufanayo. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:]] [FLT]

Ngokwezinga lesizwe, amazwe aye athatha izindlela eziningi. i-United States incike ku- Isivikelo sika-Claus seSichibiyelo se-14th Isichibiyeli, esiye sachazwa ukuthi sinqabela ukucwasana okusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubufana, nezinye izigaba, nakuba izinga lokuhlola kokwahlulela lihlukile. [FLT:] i-Canada [FLT] [2] Carter of Rights and Free ihlanganisa ilungiselelo eliqinile lokulingana (isibalo) elihlanganisa ukulingana nokulingana okusemthethweni nokulingana, kanye namalungelo angokomthetho esizwe ahlanganisa ukulingana okusemthethweni, kanye nemithetho yesizwe ewuhlwe kakhulu. [FF] eNingizimu Afrika, [FFFUT] [5] kanye nemithetho ephakeme kakhulu] ehlanganisa ukulingana nokwenyukela ngokohlu lombuso wombuso, umnikelo wombuso.[3]

Umlando Wamalungelo Okulingana

Uhambo lokuya empathweni efanayo luphawulwe ngokulwa okuqhubekayo nokunqoba okukhulu. Nakuba imiphakathi yakuqala yayivame ukuphoqelela ukuba amaqembu aqinile asekelwe ekuzalweni, ebulilini, noma ebuhlangani, inkathi yokuQondiswa yatshala imbewu yamalungelo embulunga yonke ekugcineni eyayizobekela lezo zakhiwo inselele.

Ukukhululwa Nokulwa Nobugqila

Umzabalazo wokuqeda i-William Police [[FLT: 0] eUnited States kanye [uWilberhorn eBrithani] waphikisa ukuthi ubugqila be-Prefericks [i-FLT] obuyisisekelo kubo bonke abantu. Ukuqedwa kokuhweba ngezigqila ne-emantinting kwaphawula ukuguquka kwesizathu, nakuba ukulwela ukulingana kwezinhlanga kwaqhubeka isikhathi eside ngemva kokuqedwa okungokomthetho. [FLT:] [FLT] [FFF:]]

Ukuhamba Kwabesifazane Ngenkani

Ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20 kwamelela kokubili isidingo sokuhlanganyela okulinganayo kwezombangazwe nenselele yokubandlululwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Abaholi abanjengo-] Emline Pankhurst[ e-UK, e-San. Anthony[[FLT:] []] e-US, nase-[FLT] IQithrin [[[FLT:] [out:] [okanye] [olwa nokucindezelwa kwezinhlanga])))) yaveza ukuthi abesifazane babenelungelo lokufaneleka njengamadoda. Umbutho waphumelela kakhulu ngokuthuthukiswa kwezehlakalo eUnited States (1920) nase-ULT) eMthethweningo-URGB (1918) ngenxa yenye i-1918, kwadingeka ukuba kuqhubeke, futhi kuthole imfundo yomthetho, kwamashumi eminyaka, futhi kwadingeka namashumi eminyaka engeziwe.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi eUnited States ihlala ingenye yezibonelo ezinamandla kakhulu zesenzo sokuphatha ngokulinganayo. Iqoshaniswa yizibalo ezinjenge [[FLT: 0] uMartin King Jr., [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] Rosa Parks [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:] [[3], [[FLT] ne [[FLT:]] uJohn Viec , inkampani yasebenzisa inseko yomthetho, inseko yomthetho, nezinyukuhlela ubandlululo nobandlululo.[5] iziphumezo zezwe zihlanganisa [FLT] izivumelwano ezifunze izivumelwano ezifunze umhlaba wonke.[5] [5] Imithetho ephefumlelweyo: [FFFFF], [4], noma i-ftmovet, i-ft:[4]

LGBTQ+ Inhlangano yamalungelo

Umzabalazo wokuphathwa ngokulinganayo kongqingili, ongqingili, ongongqingili, abangongqingili, abasubathi, nabahlalisanayo wathola amandla ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ukuvuselelwa kweRiots [ ka-1969] ka-1969] eNew York City kaKatilyzigism, okuholela ekususweni kobungqingili ezibonelweni zezifundo zobungqingili kanye nokuncitshiswa kancane kancane kobuhlobo obufanayo bezentengiselwano. Muva nje, lenhlangano iye yagxila ekuhlolweni, ekuvikeleni, nasekudluliseni amalungelo abantu abahlukene. Izekeleleni izenzakalo zihlanganisa ukususwa kokuziphatha okufanayo kwezenzo zobulilithena emazweni amaningi, ukumiswa okungokomthetho kwemisha ezindaweni ezifanayo (2001), i-Netherlands, (2001), nemithetho ye-United States, kanye ne-206, ukunikezwa kwemithetho evikelayo.

Izinselele Zokwelapha Okulinganayo Emkhayeni Wanamuhla

Isimiso sokwelashwa ngokulinganayo sinemiphumela ebanzi yendlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo nendlela abantu ngabanye abaphila ngayo nsuku zonke.

Imfundo

Ukwelashwa okulinganayo emfundweni kusho ukuthi zonke izingane — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingohlanga luni, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, ulimi, noma izomnotho — ziyakwazi ukufinyelela imfundo ephakeme nethuba lokuphumelela. Lokhu akudingi ukususwa kwemingcele engaphezulu nje kwezikole ezihlukene kodwa futhi ukususwa kwemibono engabonakali ekwahluleleni okuhlukanisayo, ukwaziswa kwezifundo, izakhiwo, kanye nenani lemali. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaninga kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abafundi abamnyama eUnited States balenga futhi baxoshwa ngesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu kunontanga yabo abamhlophe ngenxa yezehlulele ezingeni ezifanayo. Ukukhuluma ngeziphakamiso ezinjalo ezibonisa ukucwasana ngokulungisa imisebenzi yobulungisa, ukuqeqesha ngokungakhethi, ukuqeqesha okuphelele kokufundisa abafundisi, nokutshala imali ezikoleni. [FOLD:] I-UNCUNIC [FO] i-Exption informationationssionations, ukukhuthaza ukulingana kwezemfundo.

Umsebenzi

Indawo yomsebenzi iyinkundla ebucayi yokwelashwa okulinganayo. Imithetho inqabela ukucwaswa kokuqasha, ukukhushulwa, ukukhokha, nokukhishwa kwemali okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe. Nokho ukukhokha izikhala kuyaqhubeka phakathi kwemigqa yobulili neyobuhlanga: emazweni amaningi, abesifazane bahola amaphesenti aphakathi kuka 75 no-85 alokho amadoda akutholayo emsebenzini olinganayo, kanye nanezikhala ezinkulu zabesifazane abanombala. Ngalé kokukhokhelwa, ukwelashwa okulinganayo kudinga ukuba ukuhlukunyezwa kwemisebenzi, ukunikeza izindawo zokulala ezifaneleyo zokukhubazeka, nokusekela izisebenzi ezisekelwe ezizindeni ezihlukahlukene. Izimiso zokusebenza eziqinile, ukukhokha iziyalezo zokubona kude, nokuqeqeshwa kokwahlukahlukahlukahluka kwemisebenzi esetshenziswa ekuthuthukiseni imibala engafanele. [FLT:U].U.U.Unigatemplity Commission Commistion [[FL:1]

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

Ukwelashwa okulinganayo kwempilo kusho ukuthi bonke abantu bathola ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okufike ngesikhathi, okufanelekile ngaphandle kobandlululo. Ukungalingani kwemiphumela yempilo esekelwe ngokohlanga, ubuzwe, ubulili, kanye nesimo sezenhlalo kuyaqabukela.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu

Ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo esimisweni sokwahlulela ngokulunga kuyindaba yokuphila nenkululeko. Nokho ukwaziswa okuvela ezizweni eziningi kwembula ukuhlukana kohlanga nohlanga kuzo zonke izigaba — kusukela ekumeni nasekufuneni ukuboshwa, izinqumo zebheyili, izinkolelo, nokugwetshwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-Afrika- - America avanjwe ngokuphindwe kahlanu izinga lobugebengu bezidakamizwa nakuba zisetshenziswa ngezidakamizwa ezifanayo. Izinguquko ezinjengokukhishwa kwemali emalini kwabamangalelwa abaphansi, ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okuhlola izingozi (ngokunakekela ngokucophelela ukugwema ubandlululo), kanye nokuncishintshwa kwemidaba emincane yecala ukuze kunciphe lezi zimo ezihlukene. Isimiso sokwelapha esilinganayo sifuna futhi ukuba ukumele konke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunakho ukukhokha, njengoba kuqiniswa [Fla abamangaliwe] [Fla] [Genegle]

Izindlu Nezindawo Zomphakathi Zokuhlala

Ukutholakala ngokulinganayo kwezindlu nezinkonzo zomphakathi kubalulekile ukuze kungenelwe ngokugcwele emphakathini. Imithetho yezindlu elawulayo inqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo ngokuqasha, ngokuxhasa imali, nangokuthengisa impahla okusekelwe kwebala, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, isimo sobufazi, nemvelaphi yobuzwe. Nakuba indawo yokuhlala isalokhu igxile ezindaweni eziningi zedolobha, iqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani ezikoleni, imisebenzi, nempilo. Ngokufanayo, izindawo zomphakathi zokuhlala — njengamahhotela, izitolo zokudlela, nezinto zokuhamba, nokuhamba — kumelwe kukhonze bonke abantu ngaphandle kobandlululo. nomthetho wokukhubazeka [[FLT]]] i-ctssss ye-precurealsss, ingcureaget abantu abakhubazekile nemisebenzi ezindaweni zokulungisa izakhiwo.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwentuthuko engokomthetho, ukwelashwa okulinganayo kubhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezidinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo. Ezinye zezimpikiswano eziphuthuma kakhulu zihlanganisa:

Ukucwaswa Okungaqondani

Abantu ngokuvamile babhekana nokucwaswa okusekelwe ezindabeni eziningi ezihlukene — ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane omnyama angabhekana nobandlululo lwezinhlanga nabobulili oluhlukile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamadoda aNsundu noma kwabesifazane abamhlophe. Izisekelo ezingokomthetho eziphatha imingcele ehlukene zingahluleka ukuthatha lokhu kuhlangana. Izinkantolo seziqalile ukuqaphela iziphakamiso ezihlukene, kodwa kudingeka umsebenzi omkhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho emelene nokucwasana inikeza incazelo yamaqiniso ayinkimbinkimbi.

Ubuciko Bomthetho Nobuciko Obuklanywe

Njengoba ohulumeni nezinkampani bencika kakhulu kuma-algorithm ekwenzeni izinqumo mayelana nokuqasha, ukuthenga ngesikweleti, ukubhalisa, nokukhipha isigwebo, kunengozi ekhulayo yokuthi izimiso ezizisebenzelayo ziqhubekisela phambili noma zikhulise ukungalingani okukhona. Ukuqeqesha noma izimonyo ezingaklanyiwe zingaholela ekukhipheni i-digrimrivation enzima ukuqaphela futhi ngisho nokuyibekela inselele. Ukuzama ukwelashwa okulinganayo enkathini ye-Alcie kudinga ukuba sobala, ukubala, ukuhlola, nokulungisa izakhiwo ezibambe abakhiqinisi abanecala. [[FLT: 0] [Algalith Actict Accomplity Act [[[FLT: 1]]] ehlolwayokuyinsela ukuzama ukuxoxa ngalenseleleko.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho

Ukwelashwa okulinganayo akunakutholakala ngokugcwele emphakathini ophawulwe ngokwehluka okukhulu kwengcebo nenzuzo. Ukungahleleki kwezomnotho kulinganisela ukufinyelela imfundo esemgangathweni, ukumelelwa komthetho, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nethonya lezombangazwe. Nakuba amalungelo okulingana ngokuyinhloko esingatha ukucwaswa, ahlangana ngokulwa okukhulu nobulungisa bezomnotho. Imithetho efana nomholo ophilayo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo yendawo yonke, nentela eqhubekayo ingasiza ekubangeleni izimo lapho ukwelashwa okulinganayo kunenjongo kubo bonke.

Ukwehluka Nokufuduka Kwembulunga Yonke

Ukwelashwa okulinganayo kuyisimiso sembulunga yonke, kodwa ukuphoqelelwa nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ababaleki, abafuna izikhoselo, kanye nabafuduki abangabhaliwe bavame ukubhekana nobandlululo olunzima emazweni akhona, kuhlanganise nokungatholakali komsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, nokunakekela impilo. Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo abantu unikeza isivikelo kubo bonke abantu abasebusweni obusezweni, kodwa ukucindezela kwezombangazwe ngokuvamile kuholela ezimisweni eziphula isimiso sokwelapha okulinganayo. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuvikelwa okunamandla kakhulu kwabafuduki kanye nokuxazululwa kwezimbangela eziyinhloko zokuxoshwa kwabantu.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuthuthukiseni Ukulingana

Imfundo iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa ukwelashwa okulinganayo — kokubili ngokunikeza amathuba alinganayo ezikoleni nasezimweni zengqondo ezisekela ukulingana emphakathini obanzi.

I - Pedagogy Engaphelele

Othisha bangathatha izindlela ezihlanganisayo eziqaphela izizinda ezihlukene nezidingo zokufunda zabo bonke abafundi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa ulimi oluhlanganisa ezinye, ukuhlanganisa imibono exubile, nokuklama izabelo ezivumela izindlela eziningi zokubonisa ulwazi. Universal Design for Learning (URL)[[FL:1] luyisakhiwo esisodwa esisiza abafundisi ukuba bakhe amakilasi afinyelelekayo nahlanganyela kuwo wonke umuntu.

Ukuqeqeshwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwemithi Elwa Nezimila

Izikole zingamisa ukuqeqeshelwa izisebenzi nabafundi ukulwa ne-bias, kanye nezimiso ezicacile ezimelene nokuhlukunyezwa nobandlululo. Izinhlelo zontanga, inqubo yokuvuselela, kanye namaklabhu afundiswayo angathuthukisa inhlonipho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikole kufanele zibukeze njalo imikhuba yazo siqu — njengamazinga okuyala kanye nokufunda okunesiphiwo — ukubona nokulungisa izimo ezizohlukumezwayo.

Imfundo Yokuba Izakhamuzi Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukulungiselela abafundi ukuba baphile ezweni elihlangene kudinga uhlelo lwezifundo olugcizelela amalungelo abantu, ubulungisa bemvelo, nokuhlonipha ukuhluka kwezempucuko. imfundo yezakhamuzi zasemhlabeni wonke [ ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bazibheke njengengxenye yomphakathi othe kratya futhi bathathe isinyathelo ngenxa yabanye. Imfundo enjalo isiza ekugcwaliseni isithembiso sokuphathwa ngokunakekela isizukulwane esilandelayo sabasekeli nabasizi.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokuphathwa ngokulingana singaphezu nje kokuthatha imithetho eqinile — indinganiso yokuphila edinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuchaza, nokuqinisekisa. Kusukela ekuvumeni kwamalungelo abantu kwakudala ezinkingeni zanamuhla zemishini, ukulwela amalungelo okulingana kufakazela intuthuko yabantu nokuphikelela kokungalungi. Ukufinyelela ukwelashwa okulinganayo akudingi nje kuphela ukuthatha imithetho eqinile kodwa futhi kudinga ukuzimisela komphakathi ukuqeda imingcele eqinile, ukusingatha ukunqwabelana kwemiyaluko, nokufaka imfundo enika wonke umuntu amandla. Njengoba izinselele zembulunga yonke ziveza ukulingana, ukuqaphela kwethu izimiso okungasheshiseki futhi kusekela izinhlangano eziyivikelayo, singasondela kakhulu ezweni lapho wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani uthola khona isithunzi, futhi ufanele ukuphatha kahle.