Ukuqonda Ukukhethwa Okuyinhloko

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luyindlela amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha ngayo abazokhetha ukukhethwa kwabo bonke. Nakuba ekugcineni ukhetho oluvamile lunquma ukuthi ubani ophethe isikhundla, amaPrimenti afeza indima ewujuqu ekulolongeni ukukhetha okukhona ngabavoti ngoNovember. Inqubo eyinhloko eUnited States ithotshisiwe kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile isifundazwe ngasinye sezombangazwe siphakathi kukazwe ngamunye. Lo msebenzi wemithetho ingathonya kakhulu umvoti, ukuvota, ukuvota, nenqubo yentando yeningi.

Izindawo zingalandelelwa emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho abashisekeli benguquko abathuthukayo befuna ukunciphisa amandla abaqondisi beqembu futhi benikeza izakhamuzi ezivamile izwi eliqondile lokukhethwa kokufuna ukubhapathizwa. Ngaphambi kwalokho, abazobhapathizwa babekhethwa ngezindlela ezivamile emihlanganweni yesifunda noma emigwaqweni elawulwa yizinombolo. Namuhla, izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokhetho oluyinhloko, nakuba kusenedlanzalo elinalo (njenge-Iowa ne-Nevada). Ukuqonda izinhlobo zezindlu zabefundisi nezinhlobonhlobo ezingaphandle kwezindawo kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umvoti ofuna ukuveza ithonya elinolwazi.

Izinhlobo Zokhetho Oluyinhloko

Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwezimiso eziyinhloko ukuthi ubani ovunyelwe ukuvota. Izinhlobo ezintathu ezivamile zivulekile, zivaliwe, futhi zivalwe kancinci:

  • Ovula izikhundla: Noma yimuphi umvoti obhalisiwe angahlanganyela kunoma yimuphi umkhakha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlangene naliphi iqembu. Lesimiso sisetshenziswa ezifundeni ezinjenge Michigan, Wisconsin, ne-Alabama. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi ikhuthaza ukuthatha igalelo elibanzi nabafuni abalinganiselayo, kuyilapho abagxeki bethi ivumela abavoti abaphikisayo ukuba “bangene ngokomthetho” futhi bathobe umphumela oyinhloko.
  • Izindawo ezivalekile: Abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe neqembu elinikeziwe abangavota esigabeni esiyinhloko salowo mkhandlu. Lesimiso sivamile ezizweni ezinjenge New York, Florida, nePennsylvania. Izindawo ezivalelweyo zivikelwa njengegcina ubuqotho beqembu, kodwa zingasusa abavoti abazimele abangahlanganyeli.
  • Semi-Valed Primiry: Kulesimiso esixubile, abavoti abangakhetha ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu ayinhloko okuvota kuwo, kodwa amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe angavota kuphela esigabeni esiyinhloko seqembu labo. Amazwe anjenge-Arizona, iMassachusetts, neNyakatho Carolina asebenzisa amaprimey angavalwanga kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulayo lezimo liye lathatha phezulu-kabili noma phezulu-kane izinqubo eziyinhloko (ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi “ijingle primeriaries”). Ngesibhakabhaka-mbili, bonke abafundayo abavela kuzo zonke izigaba bavela eqenjini elilodwa; abaphezulu ababili abavotayo baqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi beqembu. Lesimiso sisetshenziswa eCalifornia naseWashington emahhovisi amaningi, naseLouisiana kuwo wonke amahhovisi (lapho ibizwa khona “isimethi esiyinhloko”. Izimiso ezimbili zihloselwe ukunciphisa i-drobolock ngokukhuthaza ukunxusa, kodwa futhi zingahola futhi ngokhetho olufanayo oluvamile phakathi kweqembuna.

Isifundazwe-ngesifektha: Izibonelo eziyinhloko

California

ICalifornia iphethe isimiso esiyinhloko samahhovisi omphakathi nama-collenational nama-odosal ahlangene, ethathiwe ngesicelo sika-2010. Bonke abavoti bahlelwe ebhodini elilodwa, futhi abavoti bangavotela noma imuphi umbhanqwana. Abavoti abavotelayo abanamavoti amaningi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abaphi, baqhubekela kukhetho oluvamile. Lesi simiso siye saveza ama-gasmend ahlukene phakathi kwamaDemocrates amabili, amaRepublicans, noma ingxube, futhi baye banconywa ngokuhlela izinhlanga ezithile zesizwe ezingokomthetho. Ukubhalisa eCalifornia kungokosuku olulodwa (oluphambili) phakathi nokhetho kanye noSuku lokuvota kanye nosuku lwe-Euhlu, yenza ukuhlanganyela okufinyeleleka kakhulu.

Texas

U-Texas usebenzisa isimiso esiyinhloko esivaliweyo. Ukuvota kwe-ID ephambili, umvoti kumelwe abhaliswe. Nokho, i-Texas ivumela abavoti ukuba bashintshe ukuhlangana kweqembu e-Ecostation kuSuku oluyinhloko (ngokucela i-costation yeqembu eliphikisayo, eshintsha ngokuphumelelayo ukubhaliswa). Uhulumeni futhi unezidingo eziqinile zomvoti we-ID, ezingabangela izinselele. I-Texas Primrinitor ivame ukugcinwa ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngoMarch weminyaka yokukhetha umongameli, futhi ekupheleni kuka-May ngemijinganiso engekho umhloli wamazwe. Ukhetho oluvamile luvamile e-Texas uma kungekho mvoti otholayo, wenezela omunye ungqimbambo owe-se.

INew York

Isimiso esiyinhloko saseNew York esivaliweyo sidinga ukuba abavoti babhaliswe neqembu kusengaphambili kakhulu. Isikhathi sokubhalisa sivame ukuba izinsuku ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-25 ngaphambi kwesokuqala, futhi abavoti abanakukwazi ukushintsha ukuhlangana kweqembu phakathi nefasitela elithile. Lokhu ngokomlando kuye kwaholela ekuncipheni kwezindawo eziphansi nasekuthatheni iqhaza elilinganiselwe kubavoti abazimele. INew York futhi yenza ukhetho oluyinhloko kumahhovisi omongameli kanye namahhovisi angewona aphambili, kanye nomongameli ngokuvamile ngo-April nangonyaka ka-June noma ngo-September. Imithetho yezezimali yezwe eyinkimbinkimbi yezezimali nezinsuku zamuva zikahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi iye yanciphisa ithonya lika-New York kumahhovisi ayinhloko angaphambili, kanye nakungekho imincinti yomongameli.

IFlorida

IFlorida ivame ukuchazwa njengezwe eliyinhloko elivalekile, kodwa ivumela ukuhlukanisa okuphawulekayo: Abavoti abangakhonzi bangahlanganyela eqenjini eliyinhloko uma lowomkhandlu ekhetha ukubavumela (isici esivulekile”. Ngokwesiko, amaqembu amakhulu aseFlorida ngokuvamile awazange avule iziqalo zawo ezizimele, ngakho isimiso sisebenza njengesici esiyinhloko esivaliwe kumavoti amaningi. Umongameli weFlorida uvame ukuba khona ngo-March, kuyilapho iziqu zikahulumeni zikhona ngoAugust. Umbuso usebenzisa i-all comforeant-astry ye-reastrian Prinialmry, eyenze ukuba ibe yindawo yempi enzima kakhulu.

Illinois

Illinois usebenzisa i-Illinois evaliweyo kodwa evumela abavoti abangafifi abakhetha ibhodi ledili ngosuku lokuqala, belenza libe isimiso esinendawo evulekile. Abavoti ababhaliswe neqembu bangase bavote kuphela engxenyeni eyinhloko. Illinois inomvoti ofanayo wosuku olufanayo, oye wathuthukisa ukubhalisa. I-overy yezwe ngokuvamile igcinwa ngoMarch ngemijaho kamongameli futhi ngoJuni ngenxa kazwe namahhovisi endawo. Illinois futhi ivumela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kwezinsuku ezingu-40 ngaphambi kwento eyinhloko, yenza kube enye yezimo ezifinyelelekayo kakhulu ngamafasitela okuvota.

Iowa

Iowa udume ngokuqamba kwakhe ama-caucuse, hhayi ayinhloko. Nakuba isimiso se-caucus sihlukile, sifeza injongo efanayo: ukukhetha izihambeli emihlanganweni yesizwe. I-Caucuses ihilela imihlangano ehlobana nabavoti lapho abavoti bexoxa khona futhi bevote obala. I-Iowa i-couclusess ithole ithonya elinamandla ngenxa yokuthi ilahla ikhalenda lomongameli elithatha izithuba, kodwa baye bagxekwa ngokuthola imvume ephansi (amahora alinganiselwe, ukuntula ukuvota okungekho) kanye nokungakhokhi izivumelwano ezinkulu, amavoti amadala kakhulu. Iowa futhi iphethe ukhetho oluyinhloko lwezwe namahhovisi endawo, esebenzisa isimiso esivulekile.

IHampshire Entsha

I-Hampshire iphethe i-New Hampshire yokuqala eyinhloko ezweni, isiko elivikelwe umthetho wezwe. Isebenzisa isimiso esivalekile: abavoti abangabhalisanga noma yisiphi isici esiyinhloko, kodwa amalungu abhalisiwe alinganiselwe ngokwawo. I-New Hampshire ngokuyinhloko iyisenzakalo sokukhetha esiqondile, kanye nabavoti abafaka izibhaxa eziyimfihlo ezindaweni zokuhlola. Usuku lwayo lwakuqala, umvoti ophezulu, ukuvota, kanye nempucuko yezokuthengi ikwenza kube yi-be i-berytheather yemvume yokubhalisa i-mfonsola. Izwe livumela ukubhalisa okufanayo usuku, linezela emazingeni aphakeme okuhlanganyela kulo.

i-Georgia

IGeorgia isebenza isimiso esivulekile. Amavoter awabhalisi ngeqembu, futhi angakhetha ukuthi yimaphi amavolontiya eqembu ukuba avote ngosuku lokuqala. Ngo-2021, iGeorgia yamisa izinguquko ezinkulu zokhetho (SB 202) ezanciphisa amabhokisi, yanezela izimfuneko ezintsha ze-ID zokukhipha uvota, futhi yafinyeza inkathi yokuphuma kwe Georgia. I-Groojian ivame ukuba ngo-May noma ngoJune. i-Ruffs idingeka uma kungekho mta-mgedi othola iningi, futhi umthetho ka-2021 wamazwe unciphisa ifasitela eliphumayo kusukela emasontweni amane kuya emasontweni amane, ishintsha imikhankambiso.

Washington

Washington usebenzisa isimiso esiphezulu esingu-2 esiyinhloko, njenge California. Bonke abavoti bavela ebhodini elilodwa, futhi abavoti ababili abaphezulu baqala ngokuya phambili . futhi abavoti ababili abavelayo abangekho emaqenjini. I-Washington ngokuyinhloko ihlelelwe isifundazwe namahhovisi endawo, futhi ngoMarch isebenzisa imijaho yomongameli (umbuso usebenzisa isigaba esizimele sobumongameli obubodwa). Isimiso esiphezulu-kabili eWashington besisendaweni kusukela ngo-200 futhi sinconywa ngokunciphisa i-popublication ezindaweni ezithile. iWashington futhi inemiball-posi enkulu ethunyelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kubo bonke ababhaliswe.

Izinsuku Eziyinhloko Nezinhlayiya Ezifile Ze - Voter

Nakuba izinsuku zihlukahluka ngokwezwe nangonyaka, inqubo eyinhloko ngokuvamile yembuleka ngalendlela elandelayo:

  • I-Registration Deadlines: Izwe lifuna ukuba abavoti babhalise izinsuku ezingu-15-30 ngaphambi kwe-prime. Nokho, ezinye izifundazwe (i-Illinois, i-Wisconsin, i-Minnesota) zivumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo. Inani elikhulayo linikeza ukubhaliswa kolayini, okuye kwaboniswa ukwandisa i-pactoop.
  • Usuku lokhetho: amaPrimie abhekiswe ku-“Lwesibili oluphakathi” (uLwesibili lokuqala ngo-March), kodwa ikhalenda lisuka ku-Iowa ye-February kuya ezindaweni zokukhetha zamuva ngoJune nangoJuly. Izwe namaprimethi asendaweni avame ukugcinwa entwasahlobo noma ehlobo.
  • Quarter Voting no Absee Voting: Izifundazwe eziningi manje azinikezi sonto-lokuvota okungekhoyo noma ukuvota kuqala ngaphambi kwe-operance yokuqala. Amazwe anjengoFlorida noTexas avumela ukuvota kuqala kuqala ezinsukwini ezingu-10/21 ngaphambi kwe-ove. i-Vote-by-mail ibanzi e-Oregon, Washington, Coloradorado, Utah, ne-Hawaii.
  • Baballot Access Deadlines:[ Amakhabethe kumele abhale amafaksi futhi ahlangabezane nezimfuneko zokusayina ezinyangeni ezingaphambi kwento eyinhloko. Amavoter kufanele ahlole ihhovisi lokhetho lombuso wawo ngezinsuku ezithile ezimisiwe.

Ukubaluleka Okubalulekile Kwama - cala

Imishini ayisona nje isinyathelo sobuchwepheshe enqubweni yokukhetha; inemiphumela emikhulu yokubusa, ukumelela, nezinhlangano.

  • Ukukhipha i-Ecostation menu: Izinhlungu zinquma ukuthi obani abazovela ku-November ibhola. I-chemin-top enkulu ingaveza ama-mine amaningi kakhulu angase angameleli i-overtate ebanzi, kuyilapho umuntu owenyukayo ohamba phambili ethanda ukukhetha ngokulinganisela.
  • Ivoter Accement and Education: Izenzo zobugebengu zibangela ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba, izimpikiswano zomncintiswano, nokuhlelwa komphakathi, konke okungandisa ukuqashelwa kwezombangazwe. Kuvoti abaningi, okuyinhloko kuyisici sokuqala esiqondile esihlangana nenqubo yokukhetha.
  • Impatho ye-Ballot: Izenzo zisebenza futhi kumthetho wesizwe, umkhandlu wesishaya-mthetho wedolobha, ibhodi lesikole, nezinhlanga zokwahlulela. Lemincintiswano ephansi yebhola ngokuvamile ibonakala kancinci, yenza ukukhetha kobukhokho ezifundeni ezihlukene kakhulu.
  • Partyy Platform kanye nezihambeli: Kumongameli, ukubalwa kwesigaba kunquma iqembu eliphetheyo. Inqubo yokuphathisa inani lezithunywa ezithile ngokwabiwa (iproportation vs. ithatha-all-ace comment. Amasunt okuhlela kumelwe futhi asebenzise imithetho yeqembu ku-idult dialedies (ku-Democratic Party) noma izihambeli (kwi-Riphabliki).

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwabo, okhetho oluyinhloko lubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ezingase zilulaze isithembiso sabo sentando yeningi.

  • Ukukhululeka nokwehluka okungamele: Ithuba eliyinhloko liphansi kakhulu kunethuba lokukhetha elivamile, ngokuvamile elingaphansi kuka-30%. Abavoti abahlanganyelayo bavame ukuba abadala, abamhlophe, kanye nemibono eminingi kune-volution jikelele, okungabangela imiphumela enzima kakhulu. Lesenzakalo saziwa ngokuthi “i-priminary prevergence."
  • Ukushintshashintsha kwezinhlobo eziyinhloko, izikhathi zokubhalisa, nezimfuneko ezingekhoyo kudala ukudideka, ikakhulukazi kubavoti abasha noma abangathathi zikhathi. Ukuhlola kwe-2020 kwathola ukuthi abavoti abaningi abavoti abazi lutho ngohlobo oluyinhloko lwezwe labo. Ukungacaci kungaholela ekukhini amaphutha, njengokuvota kweqembu eliyiphutha.
  • Imali: Izimali zoMkhankaso ezingeni eliphansi zinganikeza inzuzo engcono kakhulu kubathengi abazanywayo noma labo abasekelwa amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC). Ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle ngokuvamile akulawulwa kakhulu ezingenisweni zikahulumeni kunasezinhlwini ezivamile. Lokhu kukhulisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya labanikelayo nabathakazelelwa ngokukhethekile.
  • Gerrmaning and Safety Seats: Ezifundeni ezidonselwa eqenjini elilodwa, ngokuyinhloko yilona kuphela ukhetho oluncintisanayo. Lokhu kungakhuthaza abazolwayo ukuba banelise abashisekeli beqembu kunokuba basekele umphakathi ovamile, abanciphisanayo. Izinguquko ezinjengezikhomishane ezizimele zokufuna ukuthatha indawo ehlukile kanye nezinguquko eziyinhloko (umz. umz., ngaphezulu-2) zihlose ukusingatha lokhu, kodwa babhekane nezithiyo zezombangazwe.
  • Ukucindezelwa ne-access: Amazwe anemithetho ye-ID eqinile, ukulinganiselwa kokuvota kwasekuqaleni, noma amafasitela okubhalisa amafushane angalahla idlanzana, imali ephansi, nentsha evotayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-ID eqinileyo kaTexas uye wabekelwa inselele enkantolo. Ngokufanayo, uphawula ukuthi ukunganikezi ukubhalisa usuku olufanayo ngokuvamile ukubona ukuncipha kwenani labantu abathatha isikhashana.
  • Ikhalenda lamanje linikeza ithonya elingenakulinganiswa ezifundazweni zakuqala njenge-Iowa ne-New Hampshire, ezimhlophe kakhulu futhi ezingahlukani kakhulu nesizwe. Imizamo yokuzungeza ikhalenda noma ukudala amapringishi ezwekaziwe ihlongozwe kodwa engabekwanga esilinganisweni sesifundazwe.

Izinguquko Nekusasa Labamangalelwa

Imibono eminingi yenguquko iye yathola ukuhlaziywa emazingeni ezwe nakwesizwe:

  • I-Choice Voting (RCV): futhi yaziwa ngokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo, RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba. Uma kungekho mvoti owina iningi, i-voti ephansi kakhulu iyasuswa, futhi amavoti ayasakazwa. i-RCV isetshenziswa kukhetho oluyinhloko noluvamile eMaine, e-Alaska, nasemadolobheni amaningana. Inganciphisa ukuvota okusemthethweni futhi ikhiqize abawini abaningi.
  • Izindawo eziphethe amaposi: eziphethe ukhetho ngokuhamba ngeposi (iOregon, Washington, Colorado) ziye zabona ukuvota kwanda, kuhlanganise nakwii-primp. Ukwandisa i-vote- ngeposi kungathuthukisa ukutholakala, nakuba kuphakamisa ukulondeka nokukhathazeka komthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ngokuzenzakalelayo Ivoter Evorgionation (AVR): Amazwe anjengeCalifornia, i-Oregon, neVermont ngokuzenzekelayo abhalisa izakhamuzi ezifanelekelayo lapho zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba zikhethe. I-AVR iboniswe njengeyandisa amazinga okubhalisa futhi kwezinye izimo, i-partop.
  • Abaphathi baphikisa ukuthi ukuvuleka noma ama-primp-bird amabili kuveza izisulu ezilinganiselwe kakhulu futhi kunciphise i-graffck. Abagxeki banovalo lokuthi bayasilula isici seqembu nomvoti. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka ezindlu zomthetho nasezinyathelo zomsizi.
  • Ukulungisa iKhalenda loMongameli: Iqembu leDemocratic neRepublican liye lazibukeza ngezikhathi ezithile imithetho yokuvuza izifundazwe zamuva noma ukunciphisa imfucumfucu yangaphambili. Nokho, isimiso samanje silokhu siyindaba yokugxekwa okuqhubekayo ngenxa yokuntula ukumelelwa nokungahleleki.

Isiphetho

Inqubo eyinhloko yokukhetha iyingxenye yesisekelo kodwa evame ukunganakwa yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kulapho insimu ilinganiselwe khona, lapho amapulatifomu enziwa khona, nalapho abavoti beqala ukusho khona ukuthi ubani ozohola. Nokho, ubunkimbinkimbi besimiso nokungalingani kunganciphisa imiphumela. Abathatha isikhathi sokuqonda imithetho yesifundazwe, uhlobo oluyinhloko, amakhetho okuvota angaphambili, ahlome kangcono ukwenza izwi labo lizwe. Ukuntshontsha kakhulu, ukubheka imithombo enjenge [[FLT: 0] i-National Confectal of State , [FL:], [FLT] inzuzo enkulu], [FOFFFFO: [F], [FFFO: [FF], [FFO] noma i-FO].[5]