Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Ukwehlukana Kwegunya Kuhulumeni WaseMelika
I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiyingqayizivele sokubusa esaziwa ngokuthi i-sonialism, lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe oyinhloko nohulumeni abangohulumeni ababodwa. Lesi sakhiwo sidala uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kodwa oluphumelelayo lokulawula isizwe esihlukene sabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu- 330 esasakazeka ezindaweni ezingu-50. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni nombuso kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho esungulwa ngayo, indlela izimiso ezisetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo namazinga ahlukene kahulumeni ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke.
Umqondo wobuzwe wahlohlwa ngokucophelela yi-Fathers Eventsreds njengesivumelwano phakathi kwalabo ababefuna uhulumeni onamandla oyinhloko nalabo ababesaba amandla akhethekile. Lesimiso sivumela kokubili ubunye besizwe ezindabeni ezibucayi nenkululeko yendawo ezindabeni ezihluka ngokwezindawo, impucuko, nomphakathi. Umphumela uwukulinganisela okunamandla okuye kwavela phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka, ukujwayela ukushintsha kwezimo kuyilapho kugcinwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo.
Uhulumeni Kahulumeni: Igunya Lesizwe Nemithwalo Yemfanelo
Uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza njengegunya eliphakeme elibusayo kulo lonke elase-United States, liphethe amagunya ahlelwe ngokuqondile eMthethweni. Lemibuso, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "imibuso ebusayo" noma "imibuso emisiwe," yalinganiselwa ngamabomu ukuvimbela uhlobo lobushiqela amakoloni abhekana nalo ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani. Nokho, phakathi kwesilinganiso sawo esimisiwe, uhulumeni ugunyaza igunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezithinta isizwe sonke.
Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Kahulumeni
UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhulumeni imibuso ethile ekhethekile ngeSiphakamiso I, i-Cate 8, esichaza igunya leSishaya-Mkhandlu. La mandla ahlanganisa ikhono lokulawula ezohwebo phakathi kwemibuso, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukumisa impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela, futhi wenze yonke imithetho idingeke futhi ifaneleke ekufezeni imibuso yawo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Lombhalo wokugcina, owaziwa ngokuthi "u-Nacessary no-Monation Claus" noma "Elasticius Claus," uye wachazwa kabanzi, uvumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba wandise ukufinyelela kwawo ezindaweni ezingashiwongaqondile eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo.
I - Supremacle, etholakala eSiphakamiso VI soMthetho - sisekelo, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho kahulumeni lapho kunengxabano phakathi kwalezi zimo ezimbili. lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zesizwe zingasetshenziswa ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izifundazwe, sivimbele ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ephikisanayo engalulaza izithakazelo zobuzwe noma ibangele ukudideka kwezakhamuzi namabhizinisi asebenza ezingxenyeni zikahulumeni.
Ukuzivikela Kwezwe Nemisebenzi Yezempi
Enye yemithwalo yemfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu kahulumeni uhulumeni ivikela isizwe ekusongelelweni kwamanye amazwe nasekulondolozeni ukuzimisela kwezempi. UMnyango Wezokuvikela wengamela wonke amagatsha amabutho ahlomile, kuhlanganise neButho lempi, iButho Lasemoyeni, iButho Lasemoyeni, i-Marine Corps, ne-Space Force. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMphathi-iNkulu yezempi, kuyilapho uMkhandlu uphethe amandla okumemezela impi nokusekela okufanelekile kweze kulwelempi.
Ukhuseleko lwezwe ludlulela ngalé kwemisebenzi yezempi engokwesiko ukuze luhlanganise ukubuthana kokuhlakanipha, ulwembu jikelele, nemizamo yokulwa nobuphekula. Imishini enjenge-Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, ne-Derpartment of Homeland Security isebenza ukuze kubonwe futhi kuqedwe ukusongela ngaphambi kokuba kulimalise izakhamuzi zaseMelika noma izithakazelo. Uhulumeni ulondoloza izivumelwano ezisemqoka nezinye izizwe ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-NATO ne-biteatearateal witeal ment ezisiza ukuqinisa ukuqina kwembulunga yonke.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho Yakwamanye Amazwe Nobuhlobo Bomhlaba Wonke
Uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya elikhethekile phezu kwesimiso sakwamanye amazwe, ukusebenzelana nezingxoxo, kanye nobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke. UMnyango woMbuso, oholwa nguNobhala woMbuso, uphatha ubuhlobo obungokwesivumelwano namazwe angaba ngu-200 emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano, ukuthuma izikhulu zangaphandle, nokumelela izithakazelo zaseMelika ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezwe Yezohwebela, neNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo.
Isimiso sokuhweba silawulwa uhulumeni, izivumelwano zezokuhwebelana ze-United States Trade Decare Apgation mental ments ezingathinta kakhulu umnotho waseMelika. Lezi zivumelwano zithinta yonke into kusukela ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe kuya ekukhiqizweni kwemisebenzi, futhi zidinga ukulinganisela ngokucophelela kwemisebenzi yasekhaya ngokubambisana nezizwe. Uhulumeni uphethe izinhlelo zosizo kwamanye amazwe, izijeziso zezomnotho, kanye namanye amathuluzi ethonya lomhlaba wonke asiza ekuthuthukiseni izinhloso zempumelelo zaseMelika.
Ukufuduka Nokulawula Imingcele
Isimiso sokuhlanganisa i-immigration siyisibopho sikahulumeni kuphela, esilawulwa ngokuyinhloko nge-Department of Homeland Security kanye nezinhlangano zayo eziyingxenye, kuhlanganise ne-Immigration Services, i-Immigration and Customment Enforcement, ne-Croms and Bord Protection. Uhulumeni unquma ukuthi ubani ongangena ezweni, ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, futhi isikhathi eside kangakanani. Ibuye imise indlela yokuba ibe isakhamuzi futhi ilawule ukudingiswa kwabantu abaphula imithetho yezokungena kwamanye amazwe.
Ukulondeka kwemingcele kuhlanganisa ukuvikela izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha nemingcele yasolwandle, ukuhlola izigidi zabahambi emathekwini okungena, nokuvimbela ukufuduka okungekho emthethweni nokushushumbiswa. Uhulumeni kahulumeni ufaka izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ezindaweni ezisemngceleni, izisebenzi, nobuchwepheshe ukuze ulondoloze ukuthembeka kwemingcele yesizwe kuyilapho ufaka intengo engokomthetho futhi uhamba ngendlela ezuzisa umnotho.
Ezentengiselwano Zamazwe Ngamazwe
I-Chommerce Clause of the Constitution inikeza iKhomishane amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano phakathi kwezifundazwe namazwe angaphandle. Leligunya liye lachazwa kabanzi ukuze lihlanganise imisebenzi eminingi yezomnotho, kusukela ekukhiqizeni nasekulimeni kuya ebhange nasekuxhumaneni nezokuxhumana. Izinhlangano ze-Federal Trade Commission ne-Securies ne-Exchange Commission zimisa imithetho eklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukuncintisana okulungile, ukuvikela abathengi, futhi zilondoloze ukuchuma kwezimakethene zemali.
Izimiso zokuhamba ezinqamule imigqa kahulumeni ziqondiswa uhulumeni, kuhlanganise nemigwaqo emikhulu yamazwe, izitimela, izindiza, nezokuthumela. Umnyango wezokuthutha umisa izindinganiso zokuphepha, uhlela izimali zemisebenzi yezemfundo, futhi uhlela izimiso eziqinisekisa ukuhamba kwabantu nokuhamba kwezinto ezweni. IFederal Aviation Administration ilawula zonke izici zezezindiza, kuyilapho iFederal Ralraoround Administration yengamela ukuphepha nentuthuko.
Isimiso Sezohwebo Nezimiso Zezezimali
Uhulumeni unegunya elikhethekile lokukhokha imali nokulawula inani layo, amandla asetshenziswa nge-Federal Reserve System ne-Dercement of the Treasurer. I-Federal Reserve, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Fed," isebenza njengebhange eliyinhloko lezwe, ilawula isimiso semali sokuthuthukisa umsebenzi owengeziwe, amanani antengayo asesilinganisweni, nenzalo ephakathi kwesikhathi eside. Ngamathuluzi afana nezinga lenzalo nemisebenzi yokudayisa intengo, ithonya lezomnotho elivamile lithinta izimo kulo lonke izwe.
I-Enfrence Service iphatha izimali zikahulumeni, iqoqa izintela ngeNkonzo yeNguquko Yangaphakathi, iveza imali nezinhlamvu nge-Bureau of Engradv and Endting and the Mint, futhi ilawula izikweletu zesizwe. Lemisebenzi ibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni izisekelo zezomnotho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni angaxhasa imisebenzi yakhe nezibopho. Imithetho yezezimali ye-Federal, ephoqwa i-ofisi ye-Ponseroundter of the Intevolution neFederal Deposit Information Corporation, ivikela abagcini bezimali futhi ilondoloze ukuthembela kwezezimali.
Ukulondeka Komphakathi Nezinhlelo Ezizuzisayo Ezingokwezigaba
Uhulumeni unikeza izinhlelo eziningana ezizuzisayo ezinikeza izigidi zabantu baseMelika ukulondeka ngokwezimali. Ukulondeka kwezezezimali, okwamiswa ngo-1935, kunikeza umhlalaphansi, ukukhubazeka, kanye nabasindayo izinzuzo zezisebenzi ezifanele nemikhaya yazo. I-Meddara inikeza umshuwalense wempilo kumaMelika aneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu, kanye nabancane abakhubazekile. Le zinhlelo zikhokhwa ngentela ekhokhwa intela futhi zimelela ezinye zezimali ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhokhwanywayo zemali kahulumeni.
Ezinye izinhlelo ezizuzisayo zikahulumeni zihlanganisa i-Someral Security Individual Infication yasebekhulile abathola imali ephansi nabakhubazekile, izinzuzo zomuntu onokuhlangenwe nakho ezinikezwa ngoMnyango Wezindaba ZamaVeterans, kanye nokungagunyazi komshuwa womsebenzi nezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Uhulumeni ulawula futhi i-Someral Nutrition Application Program, eyaziwa kakhulu njengezitembu zokudla, ezisiza imikhaya ethola inzuzo ephansi ukuba ithole ukudla okwanele.
Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Ozimele Nobulungisa
Nakuba ukuqashelwa komthetho okuningi kwenzeka emazingeni ombuso nawasendaweni, uhulumeni ugcina izinhlangano zakhe eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze zilungise ubugebengu obuphambana nezindawo zikahulumeni, obuhilela impahla kahulumeni, noma buwe ngaphansi kwemithetho ethile kahulumeni. I-Federal Bureau of Investigation isebenza njengenhlangano eyinhloko kahulumeni ehlolayo, ukusingatha amacala ahilela ubuphekula, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, ukonakala komphakathi, nokuphulwa komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho. I-Drugnometic Enforcement Administration igxila ekulweni nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa nokusakaza izinhlangano ezisebenza emazweni amaningi nemingcele yomhlaba wonke.
Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, esiholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, sichaza umthetho kahulumeni noMthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zinegunya emacaleni ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izingxabano phakathi kwezizwe, amacala ahilela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe noma amanxusa, nezinye izindaba ezichazwe eMthethweni. UMnyango Wezobulungisa, oholwa i-Attorney General, umelela i-United States ezindabeni zomthetho futhi unikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho kuMongameli nasezikhungweni zamagatsha eziphethe.
Ohulumeni BoMbuso: Igunya Lesifunda Nokubusa Kwendawo
State governments possess what are known as "reserved powers" under the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, which states that powers not delegated to the federal government nor prohibited to the states are reserved to the states or to the people. This gives states considerable autonomy to govern according to the needs and preferences of their residents, resulting in significant variation in laws, policies, and services across the 50 states.
Izimboni Zomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni
Umbuso ngamunye usebenza ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo wawo, omisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni wezwe futhi uchaze amandla nemingcele yezikhulu zikahulumeni. Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ivame ukuba mide kakhulu futhi iningiliselwe kakhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, ngokuvamile ikhuluma ngezindawo ezithile zezimiso futhi ihlanganisa namalungiselelo abonisa umlando ohlukile nezindinganiso zombuso ngamunye. Lemithetho-sisekelo ingaguqulwa ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho kanye nokuvota.
Njengohulumeni kahulumeni, imibuso eminingi ihlela ohulumeni bayo baba amagatsha amathathu: abaphethe, abavumisi-mthetho, nabezahlulelo. Umbusi usebenza njengomphathi omkhulu, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukha imithetho kahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza leyo mithetho nezimpikiswano ze-funoms. Nokho, izakhiwo namandla akhethekile ala magatsha kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe ngalinye, kanti amanye amazwe anezishaya-mthetho zesikhathi esisodwa kuyilapho amanye elondoloza abasunguli bemithetho abaqeqeqeshiwe ngesikhathi esigcwele.
Imfundo: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Oyinhloko Kahulumeni
Imfundo mhlawumbe iwumthwalo wemfanelo obaluleke kakhulu wohulumeni bezwe, idla ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yemali kahulumeni. Amazwe amisa izimfuneko zemfundo, anqume izimfuneko zemfundo, amise izindinganiso zokufundisa zothisha, futhi anike imali ezifundeni zendawo. Amabhodi emfundo neminyango yemfundo aqondisa ukumiswa kwezimiso zemfundo futhi aqinisekise ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zikahulumeni nombuso.
Izwe futhi liphethe izimiso zemfundo ephakeme yomphakathi, kuhlanganise namayunivesithi ombuso, amakolishi omphakathi, nezikole zobuchwepheshe. Lezi zikhungo zinikeza izigidi zabafundi amathuba emfundo athengwayo futhi zicwaninge ngendlela ezuzisa imibuso yabo nesizwe. Ohulumeni boMbuso banquma izimiso zezemfundo, ukunikeza izimali, nokumisa amabhodi abusayo axhasa lezi zinhlangano. Izinga lemfundo yomphakathi nokutholakala kwayo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni, kuveza izinto eziza kuqala, imithombo yengcebo, namafilosofi ezombangazwe.
Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo
Izwe linomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokulondoloza ukulondeka komphakathi nokumisa imithetho yobugebengu. Amaphoyisa kahulumeni noma izinhlangano ezigada imigwaqo emikhulu zimisa imithetho yezimoto futhi zihlole ubugebengu empahleni yombuso nasemigwaqweni emikhulu. Amazwe achaza futhi amacala amaningi obugebengu ngemithetho yawo yokujezisa, ngokumisa izijeziso zokwephulwa, nokusebenzisa izijeziso zokujezisa izigebengu eziboshiwe. Iningi lezigebengu liqunga ezinkantolo ngaphansi komthetho wombuso, futhi amankantolo amelela isiqephu esincane kuphela secala lobugebengu.
Izindawo zilawula imisebenzi yemisebenzi kanye nemisebenzi ngezimfuneko zokuvikela impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugunyaza odokotela, abahlengikazi, abameli, othisha, ochwepheshe bezokukhampa, izazi zesayensi yendawo yonke, nezinye izikhundla eziningi. Amazwe futhi alawula amabhizinisi asebenza emikhawulweni yawo, amise izindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini, ukuvikela kwabathengi, nokuthobela indawo ezungezile. Lezi zisekelo zokulungisa imvelo zingahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifunda, zidala izinselele zamabhizinisi asebenza eziminyangweni eziningi.
Izakhiwo Zokuhamba
Nakuba uhulumeni wezwe wengamela izimiso zokuthutha ezisezweni, izifundazwe ziqondisa inqwaba yemigwaqo, amabhuloho, nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi ezisemingceleni yazo. Iminyango kahulumeni yezinhlelo zokuthutha, ukwakha, nokunakekela imigwaqo kahulumeni, ixhumanisa nohulumeni bendawo emisebenzini yokuthutha, futhi ihlela izimali zokuhamba ezihamba ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Amazwe futhi alawula ukubhaliswa kwezimoto, nokubhaliswa kwezimoto, nakuba lokhu kuye kwabekwa ngokuqhubekayo emazweni ngamazwe ahlukene ngemishini yezokuthutha kanye nezisusa zikahulumeni.
Izifunda eziningi zisebenza noma zengamele izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezitimela ezihambayo, amabhasi, nezinkonzo zezikebhe. Lezi zimiso zibalulekile ekunciphiseni ukuminyana kwezimoto, ekunikezeni ukunyakaza kwalabo abangenazo izimoto, nasekusekeleni intuthuko yezomnotho. Amazwe futhi aphatha izikhumulo zezindiza ezingekho ngaphansi kokulawulwa uhulumeni futhi alawule izithuthi zezentengiselwano ezingekho mazwe, kuhlanganise nezinkonzo zezimoto namatekisi.
Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezabantu
Izwe linendima eyinhloko ekunikezeni izakhamuzi zalo izinkonzo zezempilo nabantu. Iminyango yezempilo yoMbuso ihlola ukuqubuka kwezifo, ihlola izindawo zokudlela nezokudla, ilawula izakhiwo zokunakekela impilo, futhi isebenzise izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi ezisingatha izindaba ezinjengokugoma, impilo kamama, nokuvimbela izifo ezingapheli. Izwe linikeza futhi imvume yochwepheshe bezokwelapha nezindawo, iqinisekisa ukuthi abanakekela impilo bahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zekhono nokuphepha.
I-Medicaid, uhlelo lwemishuwalense yezempilo kubantu abahlawulwa kancane, ixhaswe yimibuso yombuso nezwe kodwa iphethwe yimibuso. Umbuso ngamunye uhlela uhlelo lwawo lwe-Medicaid ngeziqondiso zikahulumeni, uhlela izinhlelo zokuthola inzuzo, izinkonzo ezivalwe, nezimali ezikhokhwayo zezinsiza. Lokhu kuphumela ekuhlukahlukahlukani okukhulu kweminyango yeMedicaid, eminye imibuso inikeza izinzuzo eziphanayo kubantu abaningi kuyilapho eminye igcina izinhlelo eziqinile.
Izwe liphethe nezinhlelo zokusekela izingane nemikhaya, kuhlanganise nezinkonzo zezenhlalakahle yabantwana, ukunakekelwa kwabantwana, izinkonzo zokutholwa, nezinhlelo zabantu abanokukhubazeka. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zihlola imibiko yokuxhashazwa kwezingane nokunganakwa, zinikeza izinkonzo zokusiza imikhaya ukuba ihlale ndawonye uma kungenzeka, futhi zithole amakhaya ahlala njalo abantwana abangenakuhlala ngokuphephile nabazali babo abazalayo. Lezi zinkonzo zidinga imithombo eqinile yombuso futhi zihilela izinqumo ezinzima ezithinta kakhulu imiphakathi yabantu abasengozini.
Imithombo Yemvelo Nesivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile
Amazwe aphatha imithombo yemvelo esendaweni yawo, kuhlanganise namahlathi, amaminerali, imithombo yamanzi, nezilwane zasendle. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zivumela ukukhipha imithombo, ukulawula ukuzingela nokudoba, ukuphatha amapaki nezindawo zokuzijabulisa, nokusebenza ukulinganisa intuthuko yezomnotho nendawo ezungezile. Amalungelo amanzi abaluleke kakhulu emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi eNtshona ewugwadule, lapho imibuso iye yasungula khona izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlanganisa imithombo yamanzi entulekayo phakathi kwabasebenzisi abancintisanayo.
Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile sihilela kokubili iziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni, kodwa izifundazwe zivame ukusebenzisa nokuphoqelela imithetho yendawo ezungezile ngaphakathi kwezindawo zazo. Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile ziqondisa izinga lomoya namanzi, zifaka imvume yezindawo zezimboni, zengamele ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, futhi ziphendule eziphuthumayo zendawo ezungezile njengamakhemikhali achithekile. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile ezidlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni, ezibonisa izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu endaweni ezungezile noma izimo eziyingqayizivele zendawo.
Ukukhetha Nokusakaza
Izwe linomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuqhuba ukhetho, ngisho namahhovisi kahulumeni njengoMongameli noMkhandlu. Izwe linquma izinqubo zokuvota, ukumisa izindawo zokuvota, ukuklama amavoti, nokubala amavoti. Lesimiso esihloniphekile sivumela imibuso ukuba ivumelane nezinqubo zokukhetha nezidingo zendawo, kodwa futhi yenza kube nokuhlukahluka ekungeneni kokhetho nezinqubo ezweni lonke. E-United States inquma ukuthi ingavota yini okokuqala, ukuvota ngeposi, ukubhalisa usuku olulodwa, kanye nezinye izimiso ezithinta indlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo ekutholweni kwentando yeningi.
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidweba imingcele yezihlalo zombuso nezomthetho, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuvuleka ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu. Le nqubo ingathonya ngokuphawulekayo imiphumela yabavoti futhi iye yaba nempikiswano enkulu njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokudweba izibalo busiza ukuba i-gerrymanindering eqondile e-oversity. Ezinye izifunda ziye zamisa izikhomishane ezizimele zokusingatha ukufakwa kwe-redification ngomzamo wokunciphisa ukulawulwa kwemingcele yesifunda.
Amandla Amanje: Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni NekaHulumeni Ehlanganyelayo
Imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni ihlanganisa kokubili iziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni ezisebenza ndawonye, ngezinye izikhathi ngokubambisana nangezikhathi ezithile zisempikiswaneni. Lamandla akhona adala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sohulumeni esidinga ukubambisana, ukuxoxisana, nokuxabana ngezikhathi ezithile ngezinkantolo. Ukuqonda lemithwalo yemfanelo efanayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izimiso zisetshenziswa kanjani ngempela nokuthi izakhamuzi zibhekana kanjani nezinkonzo zikahulumeni.
Ukukhokha Intela Nenkongozelo
Ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni banamandla okukhokha izintela zentela ze-levy, okuphumela esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi sentela ethinta abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi ngamazinga amaningi. Uhulumeni uncike ngokuyinhloko ezintela zemali, intela ebhaliswayo, intela ebhaliswayo, nentela yezinhlangano ukuze kuxhaswe imisebenzi yayo. Izwe lisebenzisa imithombo ehlukahlukene yemali, kuhlanganise nentela yentela yemali, izintela zempahla, nokukhokha izintela zezimpahla ezithile ezisezintweni ezithile ezinjengophethilolini, utshwala, nogwayigwayi. Amanye amazwe awakhokhi intela, esikhundleni sentela yentela ekhokha kanye neminye intela, kanti amanye ancike kakhulu ezinkongweni zemali.
Lesimiso sentela singadala ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwabakhokhi bentela, okumelwe bavumelane nemithetho yentela kahulumeni nekahulumeni engase ibe nemithetho ehlukene yokuthengiselwa, izikweletu, nokubika. Nokho, futhi inikeza womabili amazinga kahulumeni ngezimali ezidingekayo ukuze kufezwe imithwalo yawo yemfanelo. Imithetho yentela kaManya ingathonya izimali zikahulumeni, futhi ngokuphambene, idinga ukubambisana ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela engahleliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko ezikwehlelayo ezikwehliseni zentela zingathinta intela zikahulumeni ezisekelwe ezimithethweni zentela ezindaweni ezisekela imibandela yentela engokokwakhelwa inzuzo kahulumeni.
Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu
Ukugcinwa komthetho kusebenza emazingeni kahulumeni, kahulumeni, nawendawo, isilinganiso ngasinye sinemithetho ehlukene kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ehlukene. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zihlola ukwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni, amaphoyisa kahulumeni aphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni, futhi iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo isingatha imisebenzi eminingi yokugcinwa komthetho usuku nosuku. Lezizinhlangano zivame ukubambisana emikhosini esebenzayo esingatha izindaba ezinjengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ubudlova bamaqembu, nobuphekula imingcele ephakeme.
Isimiso sokwahlulela somthetho sihilela ukubambisana phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nombuso ezindaweni ezinjengokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa, ukusaba, nokwethuka ezinkonzweni zobugebengu. Uhulumeni unikeza izinhlangano zomthetho wezwe nezomthetho wendawo izimali ngokunikeza izinhlelo ezisekela ukuthengwa kwemishini, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nezindlela ezikhethekile. Izinhlelo ze-metabasesfecture njengeNational Crime Information Center ne-memodual ye-FBI's isebenza njengemithombo yezinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kuzo zonke izigaba.
Nokho, kungaphakama izingxabano lapho imithetho kahulumeni nekahulumeni ingqubuzana, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso sensangu, lapho eminye imibuso iye yagunyaza khona ukusetshenziswa okungekho emthethweni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Ukugcinwa kokumiswa kwezindawo nakho kuye kwaba indawo enengxabano, kanti ezinye izindawo zilinganisela ukubambisana kwazo neziphathimandla zikahulumeni zokufuduka kuyilapho ezinye zisiza ngenkuthalo imizamo yokugcinwa kwemithetho.
Ukuvuselela Nokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile
Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile sihilela ukubambisana okukhulu phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. I-Evironmental Protection Agency imisa izindinganiso zezwe zezinga lomoya namanzi, ilawula udoti oyingozi, futhi iphoqelele imithetho elawula indawo ezungezile. Nokho, ngokuvamile izifundazwe zisebenzisa lezindinganiso zikahulumeni futhi zingathatha izimfuneko eziqinile ezisekelwe ezimweni zendawo kanye nasezintweni eziza kuqala. Izifunda eziningi ziye zathola amanxusa avela e-EPA ukuze ziqondise izinhlelo zendawo ezungezile ngaphakathi kwemingcele yazo, ezimelwe uhulumeni.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubonisa ukuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwegunya lendawo ezungezile likahulumeni nohulumeni. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni uye wathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusingatha ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo kuye ngokuqondisa kwegunya, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zaqhubekela phambili ngezindlela zazo zokulawula isimo sezulu, kuhlanganise nezimiso zamandla ezivuselelwayo, izimiso zecarbon prifig, nezindinganiso zokukhipha izimoto. Impela, iCalifornia, iye yasebenzisa igunya layo ngaphansi kwe-Ceaoc Air Act ukuze ithole izindinganiso zokukhipha imoto ezinye izifunda ezingakhetha ukuzilandela, ziveza isilinganiso sezinga elilawulayo elilawula ukukhiqiza izimoto.
Impilo Yomphakathi Nokusabela Ngokuphuthuma
Imithwalo yempilo yomphakathi ihlanganyelwa kohulumeni bamazwe, abasesifundazweni, nakuwo wonke amazwe, isigaba ngasinye sifeza indima ehlukile kodwa evumelanayo. I Centers for Disease Control and Prevention inikeza ukuqapha kwezwe ngezifo, ukucwaninga, futhi inikeza isiqondiso eminyangweni yezempilo kahulumeni neyomphakathi. I-Foood and Drug Administration ilawula ukuphepha kokudla, imithi, nemishini yezokwelapha esetshenziswayo ezweni lonke. Nokho, izifundazwe nezindawo zisebenzisa izinhlelo eziningi zempilo zomphakathi futhi zisabela ezimweni zempilo zendawo.
Isifo se-COVOID-19 saqokomisa kokubili amandla nezinselele zalesimiso somthwalo wemfanelo esihlanganyelweyo. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zanikeza ukucwaninga, ukuqondisa, nemithombo yemali, kuhlanganise nokuthuthukisa nokusekela komjovo wokugoma nokusakaza. Nokho, izinhlangano zenza izinqumo eziningi mayelana nokuvalwa kwebhizinisi, izimfuneko zokufihla izifihla-buso, nezinye izinyathelo, okwaphumela ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ezweni. Lokhu kuveza kokubili umklamo wesimiso sikahulumeni nokungavumelani ngokulingana okufanele phakathi kwesivikelo sempilo yomphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu siqu.
Ukulawula isimo esiphuthumayo kuhilela ukubambisana kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nomphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinhlekelele ezinkulu. I-Federal Emergency Management Agency inikeza imithombo nokubambisana kwezimo eziphuthumayo ezinkulu ezidlula isilinganiso sikahulumeni nesikhundla sendawo, kodwa izifunda zilondoloza izinhlangano zazo siqu zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo futhi kumelwe zicele usizo lukahulumeni. Lesi simiso sivumela ukulawula indawo phakathi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo kahulumeni ikhona uma kudingeka izenzakalo eziyinhlekelele ezinjengeziphepho, ukuzamazama komhlaba, noma ukuhlasela kwamaphekula.
Isimiso Semfundo Nezindinganiso
Nakuba imfundo ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni, uhulumeni uthonya isimiso semfundo ngokuxhasa ngemali, ngokuqinisekisa amalungelo omphakathi, nangokumisa izindinganiso. UMnyango Wemfundo unikeza izinhlelo zemfundo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nosizo lwabafundi lwezezimali, ukuxhasa imfundo ekhethekile, nokunikeza izimali zokusekela abafundi abaswele. Imithetho yamalungelo esizwe ehlangene ivimbela ukucwaswa kwemfundo esekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici ezivikelwe, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezimisa izimfuneko eziko ezweni lonke.
Isimiso semfundo kaFederal siye saqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngezindlela ezilandelanayo njengoNo Child Let Behind ne-All Students Foundation Act ukumisa izimfuneko zokulandisa ezikoleni ezithola izimali zikahulumeni. Lemithetho idinga imibuso yokuvivinya abafundi, imiphumela, nokungenela ezikoleni eziphansi, nakuba amazwe ekwazi ukuvumelana kakhulu ekuklameni izimiso zawo zokulandisa. Uhulumeni wezwe usekela futhi usekela ukucwaninga ngemfundo, ukuqoqa izibalo zemfundo yesizwe, futhi uthuthukisa ukusungula ngokunikeza izinhlelo zokuncintisana.
Imfundo ephakeme ihilela ukusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwesifunda sikahulumeni. Izimali zase-United States nokubusa amayunivesithi omphakathi, kodwa izinhlelo zosizo lwabafundi zikahulumeni zisiza izigidi zabafundi ukuba zikhokhe amakholiji. Ukucwaninga komphakathi kusekela okuningi kokucwaninga okwenziwa emayunivesithi, kuyilapho iziqondiso zikahulumeni zibusa izindawo ezinjengokuphepha kwasemakolishi, ukuvikela kwabafundi, nezinhlelo zokugijima. Lobubunye benza amaMelika athola imfundo ephakeme kubantu abaningi kuyilapho esekela izinhlangano zokucwaninga eziseqenjini lomhlaba wonke.
Izakhiwo Zokuhamba Nokuhlela
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalayenza kuhilela ukubambisana okukhulu kukahulumeni wezwe, uhulumeni unikeza izimali ezinkulu zemisebenzi yokuthutha yombuso neyomphakathi. Izinhlelo ze-Federal emgwaqweni omkhulu, ezixhaswe ngentela kahulumeni yegesi, zisakaza izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke ezindaweni zokwakha nokulondoloza imigwaqo emikhulu. Nokho, izifundazwe kumelwe zihambisane nezimali zikahulumeni futhi zivumelane nezimfuneko zikahulumeni ngokuphathelene nokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo, ukubukezwa kwendawo, nezindinganiso zokwakha.
Isimiso sokuhamba sathonya izinqumo zikahulumeni ngokusekela imali eyisisusa nezimfuneko. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kahulumeni wamisa isilinganiso esincane sokuphuza sesizwe seminyaka engu-21 ngokusongela ukunqanda ukuxhaswa kwemali ezindaweni ezisemgwaqweni ezingavumelani. Ngokufanayo, izimfuneko zikahulumeni zokuvikela imigwaqo emikhulu, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kanye nokutholakala kwabantu abakhubazekileyo kunesimo sezwe sokuklama nokwakha izakhiwo zokuhamba.
Izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi zithola imali kahulumeni kodwa zihlelwe futhi zisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni nezendawo. I-Federal Transit Administration inikeza iminikelo yemisebenzi yezethutho nemisebenzi, ikakhulukazi yezimiso ezisiza imiphakathi etholakele kancane. Nokho, amazwe nezindawo zenza izinqumo mayelana nokuthi hlobo luni lohambo okumelwe lunikezwe, ukuthi zingatholakalaphi izindlela, nokuthi zingahlanganiswa kanjani nokuhlelwa kwendawo nokuthuthukisa kwezomnotho.
Ukuziphendukela Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi
Ukuqondana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni kuye kwashintsha kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kuveza ukushintsha kwezimo zezomnotho, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, namafilosofi ezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kusiza ekuchazeni izimpikiswano zamanje ezifanele zegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni futhi kunikeze umongo wengxabano eqhubekayo esimisweni sikahulumeni.
Umbuso wakuqala wobuFalisa kanye namalungelo ka-States
Eminyakeni yokuqala yerepublic, uhulumeni kahulumeni wasebenzisa imibuso elinganiselwe ngokuqhathaniswa, kanye nemibuso elondoloza umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wemisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ngaphansi kukaMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Marshall yaqala ukwandisa igunya likahulumeni ngezinqumo ezachaza imibuso kahulumeni futhi zamisa ukuphakama kwemibuso ehlangeneyo ngemithetho kahulumeni engqubuzanayo. Nokho, imibuso yahlala iyiyona eyinhloko yomsebenzi kahulumeni, futhi uhulumeni kahulumeni ngokuyinhloko wagxila ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, ekuvikeleni izwe, nasekulawuleni amasimu asentshonalanga.
IMpi Yangaphakathi yamelela inkathi ebucayi ekwakheni uhulumeni waseMelika, yamisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi imibuso ayinakusuka e - Union futhi ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lalizonqoba ukumelana nombuso ezindabeni eziyisisekelo. IMpi yangemva kwe-Civil ibuyiselwa kuMthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane, sanda amandla kahulumeni okuvikela amalungelo abantu eqedweni likahulumeni, nakuba la malungiselelo ayengeke aphoqelelwe ngokuphelele cishe iminyaka eyikhulu.
Umkhankaso Omusha Nokwanda Kombuso Kahulumeni
Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho okukhulu kwango-1930 kwabangela ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwegunya likahulumeni ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zikaMongameli Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. Uhulumeni waphethe umthwalo omusha wokulawula izomnotho, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, nomsebenzi, ukwakha izinhlelo ezinjenge-Social Security, umshuwalense wokuswelakala umsebenzi, nezimali zokulima eziqhubeka nanamuhla. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yamelana nalokhu kwanda kodwa ekugcineni yamukela incazelo ebanzi yamandla kahulumeni ukuqondisa umsebenzi wezomnotho.
Lenkathi yamisa isibonelo sobuzwe obubambisanayo, lapho ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni besebenza ndawonye ukuxazulula izinkinga zesizwe, lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni enikeza izimali futhi ebeka izinhlelo zezindawo. Lendlela iye yaphawula izindawo eziningi ezimisiwe, kusukela ekwakhiweni kwemigwaqo emikhulu kuya ezimisweni zezenhlalakahle, ukwakha isimiso sohulumeni esingekho sobuzwe noma esisekelwe kuhulumeni kuphela kodwa sihilela ukuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlanganyelwayo.
Amalungelo Omphakathi Negunya Lokuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Esizwe
Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yeminyaka yawo - 1950 nawo - 1960 yaholela ekwandisweni okuphawulekayo kwegunya likahulumeni, njengoba uhulumeni kahulumeni wangenela ukuze uvikele amalungelo abantu base-Afrika neqembu elincane ekucwaseni uhulumeni. Izinkantolo zesifunda samazwe zayala ukuba kususwe izivumelwano zezikole, iSivumelo Samalungelo Abantu sonyaka ka-1964 senqabela ukucwasana emsebenzini nasezindaweni zomphakathi, futhi iVoting Rights Act ka-1965 yanikeza uhulumeni ukwahlulela ngokhetho ngemithetho yezekhethelo.
Lentuthuko yamisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungaphoqelela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngisho nanokumelana nombuso, ngokuyisisekelo kushintsha ukulinganisela kwamandla esimisweni sikahulumeni. Nakuba abanye babheka lokhu njengokudingekile ukuze bavikele amalungelo ayisisekelo, abanye bakubheka njengokuphamba ezindaweni ezisemthethweni ezigcinelwe izifunda. Lokhu kucindezeleka kuyaqhubeka kubumba izimpikiswano mayelana negunya likahulumeni nezwe ezingxenyeni ezisukela emalungelweni okuvota kuya ku LGBTQ.
Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ne - New Federalism
Kusukela ngawo-1980 futhi kuqhubeke ngawo-1990, kwakunemizamo yokuguqula amandla abuyele emuva ezifundeni ngalokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi "New Federalis" noma "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo". Lezi zinyathelo zafuna ukunciphisa izivumelwano zikahulumeni, zinikeza imibuso amandla okusebenzisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni, futhi zibuyisela imithwalo yemfanelo ethile ngokuphelele ekulawuleni. Inguquko yezenhlalakahle ngo-1996 yabonisa lendlela, ukuguqula imibandela yezenhlalakahle kahulumeni ibe yiziphakamiso ezinikeza amasu anqumayo ekuklameni izinhlelo zayo siqu.
Nokho, ukuthambekela ekususeni ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwaba okungavumelani, igunya likahulumeni liqhubeka likhula kwezinye izindawo njengoba kwasungulwa kwezinye. Imfundo yesifundazwe yanda ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-No Child Lend Behind, izimfuneko zokuphepha zamazwe ezingokwezwe zafaka imithwalo emisha ezifundazweni ngemva kukaSeptember 11, 2001, futhi inguquko yezempilo kahulumeni ngaphansi koMthetho we-Affordable Care Act yaveza izindinganiso ezintsha zikahulumeni zomshuwalense wempilo kuyilapho yandisa uMdicaid ngobuhlobo bombuso.
Izinselele Zamanje Ebudlelwaneni Bendawo Ephakathi
Isimiso sikahulumeni siyaqhubeka sibhekana nezinselele njengoba umphakathi ulwisana nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingangeni kahle ezinhlotsheni ezingokwesiko zomthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Lezi zinselele zivivinya ukuvumelana nokuzimela kwe-athon yaseMelika kuyilapho zidala izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokulinganisela okufanelekile kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni.
IMikhakha Engahlosiwe Nesimiso Sobuzwe SaseFiscal
Omunye umthombo ophikelelayo wengxabano uhlanganisa iziyalo zikahulumeni ezifuna ukuba amazwe athathe izinyathelo ezithile ngaphandle kokunikeza izindleko ezanele. Lemiyalo engagunyaziwe ingacindezela izimali zikahulumeni futhi iphoqelele ukuba iphambukise imithombo yemali kwezinye izinto eziza kuqala. Nakuba iSivumelwano sidlulise iMandadais Reform Act engaphazanyisiwe ngo-1995 ukuze sinciphise lo mkhuba, sikhathalela izimfuneko zikahulumeni ezibangela izindleko eziqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo ekhethekile, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kanye nezindawo zokukhetha.
Ubuhlobo bemali phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bezwe nohulumeni buye baba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengoba amazwe encike ekuxhaseni kwezimali zikahulumeni ukuze athole izingxenye ezibalulekile zemali kuyilapho encintisana nemali enikezwayo kahulumeni nemisebenzi. Izimali ezihlangene ngokuvamile zihambisana nezintambo, zinika uhulumeni amandla okuthonya izimiso zikahulumeni ngisho nasezindaweni lapho engenalo igunya elingokomthetho. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni ngokuthi izimo zemali zikahulumeni zishoshoshoshoza ubukhosi bukahulumeni.
Ukukhululwa Nokubuyiselwa KukaHulumeni
Ukukhululwa kwenzeka lapho umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yomthetho wezwe endaweni ethile, uvimbela amazwe ukuba angaqondisi ngisho nalapho efisa ukwenza kanjalo. Ukukhululwa kungaba okucacile, lapho umthetho kahulumeni wenqaba ngokuqondile umthetho wezwe, noma ucacile, lapho umthetho kahulumeni ugcwele kangangokuba uthatha wonke umkhakha. Izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokuhlengwa ngokuvamile zifaka izithakazelo zezebhizinisi ezihlangene ngokumelene nombuso nohulumeni bendawo abafuna ukuxoxa ngezindaba zendawo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izigodlo zisebenza "njengemisebenzi yentando yeningi," ukuzama izinhlelo ezingokwezimiso ezingase zamukelwe ezinye izifundazwe noma uhulumeni wombuso. Ukusungulwa kwezici ezinjengenguquko yezempilo, isivikelo sendawo, nobulungisa bobugebengu kuye kwathonya izimpikiswano zezimiso zesizwe futhi kwabonisa ukubaluleka kokuvumela amazwe ukuba azame izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kuhlola kungesinye sezinzuzo eziyinhloko zombuso wombuso, kuvumela ukuba izimiso zivivinywe ngezinga elincane ngaphambi kokuba ukwamukela isizwe.
Ukubambisana Nokuncintisana Kwesifundazwe
I-Interstap commetics inikeza indlela yokusebenza ndawonye ezinkingeni ezingqubuzaneni ezidlula imingcele kahulumeni, kusukela ekuqondiseni imithombo yamanzi ehlukene kuya ekulandeleni ababaleki ababalekela ezinhlangothini zikahulumeni. Izivumelwano zihlanganisa izindawo ezifana nezokuthutha, imithombo yemvelo, kanye nokufaka ubuchwepheshe. UMthetho-sisekelo udinga ukuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano sezivumelwano eziningi ezisebenza ngaphandle kokuhileleka okusobala kukahulumeni.
Nokho, izifundazwe zincintisana futhi ngamabhizinisi, izakhamuzi, nentuthuko yezomnotho. Lomncintiswano ungabangela ukusungulwa okunenzuzo nentuthuko engokwempumelelo, kodwa futhi ungaholela ekutheni "ingangeni ngezansi" lapho izifundazwe zithatha khona izindinganiso eziphansi noma zinciphisa intela ukuze zikhange amabhizinisi, zinganciphisa isivikelo esibalulekile noma izinkonzo zomphakathi. Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ukuncintisana phakathi kwezwe kuveza imiphumela emihle kakhulu noma emibi, nokuthi iyiphi indima okufanele ifezwe uhulumeni ekubekeni izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe.
Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Neziqubulo
Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla budala izinselele zemibono engokwesiko yokulawula kwezwe nesifundazwe. Iziphambano zezentengiselwano ze-Internet zithatha inselele ngaphandle komzamo, ziphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokuthi isiphi isifundazwe esingakhokha intela yezohwebo futhi silawule amabhizinisi amanani. Amapulatifomu ezezezokuxhumana asebenza ngokwesizwe nasemhlabeni wonke, enza kube nzima ukulawula noma ukuvikela izinto zomuntu siqu.
Lentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iye yabangela ukuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo sokwakha izindinganiso zesizwe ezifanayo, kodwa futhi ziye zashukumisa izici zikahulumeni ezisungulwayo ezindaweni ezinjengemfihlo yemininingwane, lapho umthetho wezentengiselwano weCalifornia uye wathonya imikhuba ezweni lonke. Ukucindezela phakathi kwesidingo sezindlela ezingaguquki zesizwe nokubaluleka kokuhlola kombuso nokulawula kwendawo kuyaqhubeka ukuhlela izimpikiswano zezimiso zenkathi yobuchwepheshe.
Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezihlanganyela Ngayo Nohulumeni Bombuso Nohulumeni
Kubantu abaningi baseMelika, ukusebenzelana kwansuku zonke nohulumeni kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko emazingeni ombuso nawasendaweni, ngisho nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni ungase ubonakale kangcono ngokusakaza izindaba zezwe nangokwezombangazwe zomongameli.
Izinkonzo Nemithetho
Izakhamuzi zisebenzelana nohulumeni lapho zithola amalayisense okushayela, izimoto ezibhalisayo, ezikoleni zomphakathi noma emayunivesithi, zithola izinzuzo zokunakekelwa kwempilo kahulumeni, noma zithola ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni. Imithetho yoMbuso ithinta ukufakwa kwemithenwa, imicimbi yezebhizinisi, ukuba nendawo, imishado nesehlukaniso, kanye nezinye izici ezingenakubalwa zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Izinkantolo zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho, kusukela kumathikithi okuthatha ukungezwani ezigebeqe.
Ukuxhumana kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngokuvamile akubonakali kodwa kubalulekile ngokufanayo. Izakhamuzi zithola izinzuzo ze-Social Security and Medicases, zikhokha intela kahulumeni, zisebenzise izimali ezikhokhwayo zikahulumeni, zithembele ekuhlolweni kokudla nezidakamizwa, futhi zizuze ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo omphakathi. Imithetho ye-Frederal ithinta ukuphepha emsebenzini, imvelo, imikhiqizo yabathengi, kanye nezinkonzo zezimali, ngisho nalapho izakhamuzi zingaqapheli ngokuqondile ukuthi zihilelekile kuhulumeni.
Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokumelela
Izakhamuzi zihlanganyela kokubili ezinqubweni zezombangazwe zikahulumeni nombuso ngokuvota, ngokuthintana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nangokuhlanganyela ekuthatheni imvume. Uhulumeni nokhetho lwendawo ngokuvamile kunethonya eliqondile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kunokhetho lukahulumeni, kuthinta ukuxhaswa kwemali yesikole, intela yempahla, intuthuko yendawo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Nokho, umvoti uvame ukuphakama kukhetho lukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi okhethwe ngomongameli, kunasemincintiswaneni yombuso neyomphakathi.
Isimiso sikahulumeni siveza amaphuzu amaningi okuthola ithonya lezakhamuzi, sivumela abantu ukuba baphishekele imigomo yesimiso noma kuliphi izinga likahulumeni lapho abameleli abahlulekayo ukufinyelela izinjongo zabo ngokwezinga likahulumeni bangase baphendukele emazweni, futhi ngokuphambene. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwezindawo eziningi zempi zezombangazwe kungamandla nenselele yombuso, kunikeze amathuba okuhlanganyela kuyilapho futhi kudala ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi futhi kungadida ukuthi kuphi lapho kungaqondiswa khona imizamo yokuphatha.
Amalungelo Nezivikelo
Izakhamuzi zijabulela amalungelo nesivikelo ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo wombuso nowombuso, ngezinye izikhathi okunomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni onikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho engokomthetho kahulumeni ihlanganisa amalungelo ayimfihlo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, noma imfundo isiqinisekiso sokuthi akukho sisekelo oqondile ofanayo nomthetho ngokomthetho kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuzimele, nakuba kumelwe zihloniphe izinga elilinganiselwe lomthetho sisekelo.
Lapho kuvela izingxabano zamalungelo, umthetho kahulumeni uvame ukubusa ngaphansi kweSiphetho sika Claus, kodwa izifundazwe zinganikeza ezinye isivikelo esingaphezu kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinga lesivikelo samalungelo lingahlukahluka emazweni, ezinye izizwe zinikeza izisebenzi, abathengi, noma indawo ezungezile eqinile. Izakhamuzi ezikhathalela amalungelo azo kumelwe ziqonde kokubili umthetho kahulumeni nombuso ukuba zazise ngokugcwele isivikelo nezibopho zazo ezingokomthetho.
Ikusasa LobuFande BaseMelika
Uhulumeni waseMelika uyaqhubeka uguquka ngenxa yezimo ezishintshayo, izinhlangano zezombangazwe, nezidingo zomphakathi.
Ukwenezelwa Kwelanga Ne - Policy Divergence
Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe kuye kwaholela ekuhlukahlukaneni kwezimiso ezikhulayo phakathi kwezifundazwe, ezizweni ezisebenzisa idemocratic-leanting ezifuna izindlela ezihlukene kunezifundazwe ezifuna izindlela ezihlukene ezisemicimbini esukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuqondiseni izibhamu kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile. Lokhu kuncipha kwezombangazwe kubonisa kokubili ukuvumelana kwesimiso sombuso kanye nezinselele zokulondoloza ukubambisana kwesizwe uma izifunda zithatha izimiso ezihlukene ngokuyisisekelo ezindabeni ezibalulekile.
Abanye ababukeli bakhathazekile ngokuthi ukwehlukana kwezimiso ngokweqile kungalimaza ubunye besizwe noma kubangele izinkinga eziwusizo emabhizinisini nakubantu abasebenza ezingxenyeni zikahulumeni. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhluka kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni yilokho kanye okuklanyelwe ukuvumelana, ukuvumela imiphakathi ehlukene ukuba iphishekele imibono yayo yokubusa okuhle kuyilapho ilondoloza isimo sobuzwe esisodwa. Ukungezwani phakathi kobunye nokwehlukahlukahluka kuqhubekela phambili ekubekeleni inkathi yezezombangazwe ezijulile.
Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nezinselele Zendawo Ezungezile
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuletha izinselele ezithile kuhulumeni ngoba ukukhishwa kwegesi ekhipha ugesi eshisayo kunqamule imingcele yezwe nezwe, okwenza ukusabela okusesilinganisweni esiphezulu kuphela kwanele. Nokho, isimiso sesimo sezulu sikahulumeni siye sahluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo olunjani lweqembu elilawula umongameli noMkhandlu, kudala ukungaqiniseki futhi kushukumisele amanye amazwe ukuba aphishekele ukuthatha izinyathelo zawo zesimo sezulu. Umbuzo wokuthi angahlela kanjani isimo sezulu sikahulumeni nesombuso kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukulangazelela okwanele ukuxazulula le nkinga uzohlala unengxabano.
Izinselele zendawo ezungezile ezihlobene, kusukela ekuntulekeni kwamanzi kuya ekulahlekelweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuya ekulawuleni ukungcola, ngokufanayo kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwemingcele elawula imingcele, kuyilapho kubhekiswe ezithakazelweni ezingokomthetho zombuso nakwehlukahlukahluka kwendawo. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kwezindinganiso zesizwe nokuvumelana nezimo zikahulumeni kuzoba bucayi ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile ngokuphumelelayo emashumini eminyaka azayo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesimiso sendawo ezungezile, vakashela i-Arhente [[FLT:]ENT] ye-ENTERMPLET Protection Agency[].
Ukushintsha Kwezomnotho Nokubambisana Ngokuqondisa
Ukwanda okuhlangene kwezomnotho zezwe nembulunga yonke kudala ukucindezela kokuhlelwa kokuhleleka ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokuthobela nokulula kwezentengiselwano. Nokho, izifundazwe zinesithakazelo esingokomthetho ekulondolozeni izindlela zazo zokuqondisa ezibonisa izindinganiso nemibandela yendawo. Ukulinganisa ukuphumelela kusuka ezindinganisweni zesizwe ezilinganayo ezizinzuzo zokwehluka kwezinga eliphansi nokucwaninga kuyodinga ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla okuqhubekayo.
Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo obufana nobuqambiselayo, izimoto ezizimele, kanye ne-biotechnology kuhlola ikhono lesimiso sikahulumeni lokusungula izimiso ezivumelanayo ezinikeza isiqinisekiso sazo ezivuselelayo kuyilapho zivikela izithakazelo zomphakathi. Ukuthi lezi sayensi zilawulwa ngokuyinhloko ngokwezinga likahulumeni noma lombuso, noma ngenhlanganisela ethile, ziyothinta kakhulu kokubili ukusungulwa nokuvikelwa kwezindinganiso zomphakathi.
Izinguquko Nomfanekiso
Izinguquko zenani labantu, kuhlanganise nokushintsha kwenani labantu phakathi kwezifundazwe kanye nokuhlukahluka okukhulayo ezizweni, kuthinta amandla ezombangazwe kanye nezimiso eziza kuqala kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni. Imfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo yokuba isifundazwe ngasinye sibe nezisekeni ezimbili kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sinabantu bangaki kusho ukuthi izifunda ezinalo ithonya elingenakulinganiswa eSigeqeni, isici esibonakala kakhulu njengenani labantu eligxile emazweni amancane. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokumelelwa nokulunga kwesimiso sombuso.
Ukuthutha kuyaqhubeka kuyindawo esheshayo ebuhlotsheni besifundazwe, izifundazwe ezithatha izindlela ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa abafuduki kanye nezinye izifundazwe ezibekela ukugcinwa kwezindawo eziza kuqala kuhulumeni. Njengoba izwe liba elihlukene kakhulu, imibuzo ngokuthi ubani ongowezwe lezombangazwe nokuthi yimaphi amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo amaqembu ahlukene okumelwe aqhubeke edala ukuphikisana ngezindima ezihlukene zohulumeni nohulumeni.
Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokuqonda Indima Yombuso NoMbuso
Ukunquma isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika kudinga ukuqonda izimiso eziningana eziyinhloko ezilawula ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni nendlela izimiso ezenziwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo kulo lonke izwe.
Izindaba Zomsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo
UMthetho-sisekelo umisa isisekelo esiyisisekelo sobuzwe, unika uhulumeni othile amandla athile kuyilapho ugcine amanye ekhona. Nokho, ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuye kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ukulinganisela okusebenzayo kwamandla kuye kwashintsha ekuphenduleni izidingo zomlando, zezombangazwe, nokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Ukuqonda kokubili umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo nendlela okuye kwachazwa ngayo kuchaza ukusakazwa kwegunya kwamanje.
Ukubambisana Nengxabano
Ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni bayabambisana futhi bancintisane, ngezinye izikhathi. Izindawo eziningi zihilela ukubambisana lapho ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bebambisana khona emigomweni efanayo, kuyilapho ezinye izindawo ziveza izingxabano ngegunya, imithombo, noma isiqondiso sesimiso. Lokhu kucindezeleka okunamandla kuyisici, hhayi segciwane, sesimiso sikahulumeni, ukunikeza imishini yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni kuyilapho kwenza ukuthatha isinyathelo esihlangene ezinkingeni ezihlanganyelwayo.
Umongo Umisa Izinga Elifanele Likahulumeni
Akukho mpendulo eyodwa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni noma kahulumeni kufanele usingathe izindaba ezithile. Izinga elifanele likahulumeni lixhomeke esimweni salenkinga, isidingo sokuvumelana kanye nokuvumelana, amandla amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni, kanye nezinqumo ezibalulekile ngokuphathelene nokubekwa kwesisekelo nokulawulwa kwendawo. Abantu abahlukene bayophikisana ngokunengqondo ngalezizahlulelo, okuholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nombuso.
Izakhamuzi Zingahlanganyela Ezingeni Eliningi
Isimiso sikahulumeni sinikeza izindawo eziningi zokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi nokuzibandakanya. Ukuqonda ukuthi isigaba esinjani sikahulumeni esinegunya ezindabeni ezithile kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise ukubophana kwazo kwezombangazwe ngokuphumelelayo. Kusho futhi ukuthi izithikamezo kwesinye isigaba sikahulumeni azipheli izimpikiswano zemithetho, njengoba abameleli bengaziphishekela imigomo yabo kwezinye izindawo zikahulumeni.
Ubumbano Lusalokhu Lunamandla
Ukulingana phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kuyaqhubeka kuguquka futhi ngokunokwenzeka kuyobonakala kuhlukile esikhathini esizayo. Izinselele ezintsha, ubuchwepheshe, nezinhlangano zezombangazwe ziyophakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokusakazwa okufanele kwegunya esimisweni sombuso. Ukulondoloza isimiso sikahulumeni esisebenzayo kudinga ukushintshwa okuqhubekayo nokuxoxisana phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni naphakathi kwezakhamuzi ezinemibono ehlukene yendlela amandla okufanele asakazwe ngayo.
Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngohulumeni waseMelika nangendima yohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, kunemithombo eminingi. I-website USA.gov inikeza ukwaziswa ngezinkonzo zikahulumeni nezinhlangano. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni ngamunye unikeza ukwaziswa ngezimiso nezinkonzo zikahulumeni. Imithombo ye-Academic, kuhlanganise nezifundo zaseyunivesithi nezincwadi zezazi, kunikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo komthetho nobudlelwane nohulumeni.
Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe nesazi sobuzwe futhi ahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika. Nakuba lesimiso singabonakala siyinkimbinkimbi, lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kubonisa ukukhetha kwamasu afuna ukuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamazinga amaningi kahulumeni njengesivikelo ekubuseni unya nenqubo yokulungisa izinto ezihlukene ezweni elikhulu nezinhlobonhlobo. Ngokuqonda okusebenza kangcono, izakhamuzi zingalawula kangcono isimiso sikahulumeni, zigcine izikhulu zinecala, futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekulungiseni izimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwazo.
Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika simelela umzamo oqhubekayo wokulinganisela ubunye besizwe nenkululeko yendawo, izenzo ezihlangene kanye nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kanye nokusebenza ngokunenzuzo ngokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwakhuthazelela ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, ukujwayela izinselele kusukela empini yombango kuya ekucindezelekeni kwezomnotho kuya ekusakazeni kwembulunga yonke. Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha, isimiso sikahulumeni siyoqhubeka siguqula, silolongwa yizakhamuzi, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, nabahluleli okumelwe baqhubeke behlanganisa imingcele phakathi kombuso negunya lombuso. Ukuqonda lesimiso kanye nokuhlanganyela kulempikiswano eqhubekayo kuyilungelo nomthwalo wesizwe eRiphabliki yombuso.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokwakheka kukahulumeni waseMelika nendlela amanani ahlukene asebenzelana ngayo, i-National Archives inikeza ukusungulwa kwezincwadi nezinto ezingokomlando ezikhanyisa umsuka nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kombuso waseMelika. Izinhlangano zemfundo nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza izinhlelo nemithombo yemali ukuze zisize izakhamuzi ziqonde futhi zihlanganyele nesimiso sazo sombuso esiphezulu, ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala ungekho nje isakhiwo somthetho sisekelo kodwa uyindlela yokuphila yokubusa kwentando yeningi.