Isingeniso

Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana ashintshe kakhulu indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ukwaziswa futhi basebenzisane nenqubo yezombangazwe. Njengoba kunabantu abezenhlalo abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,7 emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngo-2023, la mapulatifomu awekho nje amathuluzi anamandla okuveza izingxoxo zomphakathi omphakathi ngokuhlangene nezokuvota. Ikhono lokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa ngokushesha, inani elithile labantu abahlolwayo, kanye nokuhlela umphakathi kwenza imithombo yezokuxhumana ibe isici esiyinhloko semikhankani yanamuhla yemikhankaso yokhetho. Lesihloko sihlola indima ebanzi yezenhlalakahle eqoqweni, ukuphumelela kwayo, izinselele zayo, kanye namasu okungasebenzisa izinhlelo zokulawula impumelelo yayo.

Ukuqonda Ukuthunjwa Kwezinkawu

Ukuqoqa imishini kuhlanganisa imisebenzi ehloselwe ukwandisa umvoti nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesiko, imizamo yokuzihlomisela ixhomeke ekuhlikihlweni ngeminyango ukuya endlini, ekubekeni izingcingo, ekuthumeleni iposi, nasemicimbini yotshani. Lezizindlela, nakuba zaziphumelela, zazisebenza kakhulu futhi zilinganiselwe. Ukufika kokuxhumana ngobuchwepheshe kwathatha i-paradigm, kwaqala izindlela ezintsha zokufinyelela abavoti lapho sebesebenzisa khona ingxenye ebalulekile yesikhathi sabo.

Amapulatifomu ezezokuxhumana anikeza izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele zokuqoqa: izindleko eziphansi ngazinye ukufinyelela, ukusakaza imiyalezo ngokushesha, kanye namandla okuhlanganyela ontanga. Ucwaningo lwamashumi amabili amahlanu ePew Research Center luthole ukuthi u-69% wo-U.S. abantu abadala basebenzisa i-Facebook, 40% basebenzisa i-Instagram, futhi u-23% basebenzisa i-Twitter, futhi i-witter ephawulekayo phakathi kwabasanda kubasha. Lamanani agcizelela amandla emikhankankasweni yokuncintiswaneni yokuvota ngokuncishwa kwe-mfaza ngosizo lwe-mfashiniselo nesakhiwo somphakathi.

Ukusuka Ekusakazweni Kuya Ekuhlanganyeleni

Ngokungafani nemithombo yezindaba engokwesiko, esakaza imiyalezo ezilalelini ezingenzi lutho, imithombo yezokuxhumana ikhuthaza ukuxhumana kwabantu ababili. Abashicileli bangaphawula, bahlanganyele, futhi basabele kulokho abakuqukethe, badala umuzwa wokuhlanganyela. Lokhu kudinga imikhankaso yokusuka ekuxhumaneni okuphezulu kuya ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ikuphi ukuvumelana okuqinisekile, lapho ukusabela nokuphatha komphakathi kugxeka khona. Ukuzingeniswa kwempumelelo kwezembutho zokuxhumana akuyona nje indlela yokusakaza ukwaziswa, kubangelwa ukukhuthaza ukwethembana nokuxoxa.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba Ezokuxhumana Ezinkonzweni

Ithonya lezokuxhumana ngokhetho libonakala ezicini eziningana eziyinhloko.

Ukukhulumisana Okuqondile

I-Platforms enjengo-Twitter (manje u-X) noFacebook ivumela abazobhapathizwa ukuba bakhulume ngokuqondile nabavoti ngaphandle kokuxhumana. Lomugqa oqondile wokuxhumana uvumela abazohlola ukuba bashaye isango elivamile labagcini-meya, badlulise imiyalezo engahleliwe futhi baphendule ngokushesha kubaphikisi noma izenzakalo zamanje. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa kukaDonald Trump u-Twimp njalo phakathi nonyaka ka-2016 no-2020 kwamnika umzila oqondile ezigidi zabasekeli, umvumele ukuba amise izinhlelo zezindaba. Nokho, lokhu kuqondisisa kuletha izingozi, njengokusakazwa kwemidanti engaqiniseki noma ukushukumila.

Ukukhangisa Okuhlosiwe

Enye yezici eziguqula kakhulu zezokuxhumana kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana ikhono lokuvota abachaphazelekayo ngokusebenzisa imininingwane enamanani abantu, indlela yokuziphatha, kanye nokwaziswa okuphathelene nezifo zengqondo. Imikhankaso ingahlanganisa izikhangiso namaqembu athile . Njengamama basemadolobheni, abafundi basekolishi, noma abasemaphandleni abanolwazi oluqinile − nemiyalezo eklanyelwe ukuthinta isigaba ngasinye sengxenye. I-201818 Cambridge Analyticathea ehlazisayo eqokobheni elinonya amandla (nemigoqo) lokufuna izikhangiso ezinjalo. Naphezu kokuhlola okwengeziwe, ukusekela kwezombangazwe kuhlala kusenetshekisiwe kumaqembu angu-5 angaphambili. Ucwaningo lwakhishwa [[FLT:] ku-Coutational Social Science [FLtational: 1] [FLG]

Okuqukethwe Okunengozi

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-algorithism ye-socialism kungaqhubekisela phambili i-video eyodwa, i-meme, noma i-post ku-operacs yemibono eyizigidi phakathi namahora. Okuqukethwe yiziqu ze-ral kungalololonga umbono womphakathi, kuphakamise ukuqaphela izimpikiswano, futhi kuqoqe abasekeli besivinini esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, i- “Ice Bucket Challenge Challenge , nakuba ingayikhonzi i-ALS, ibonisa ukukhokha nokuqaphela i-mali ekwazi ukumelana namagciwane. Ezombangazwe, imizuzwana enjenge-Bernisbers ewumthungoye ye-2021 kusukela ekunikezeni i-kunikezelwa kwe-Oxitem noma i-Ocezigcoces “ngey's phakathi kwe-Us” ibonise indlela iziteshi ezivamile ezingaba abantu nabasanda kuhlanganyela ngayo. Imikhampatho engokwenculo.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwesikhathi Esingokoqobo Nenkinga Yokukhulumisana

Phakathi nemijikelezo yokukhetha, imijikelezo yezindaba ihamba ngokushesha. Izembu jikelele zivumela imikhankaso yokusabela ngokushesha ezimweni ezilandelayo − ukulungisa ukuhlelwa kwenkulumo okungalungile, ukuphendula ihlazo, noma ukunyusela i-gaffe. U-2020 wahlola imikhankaso yokukhetha ngo-Titter ukuze asabele ezimpikiswaneni, ukukhipha izinkulumo ngemizuzu embalwa, nokuhlela amaqembu asabela ngokushesha. Lemikhankaso yangempela inika amandla okuhlala ifanelekile kodwa futhi yandisa ukucindezela kokuhlala njalo “ku,” kukhuphulula izingozi zenkulumo noma ukucatshangelwa kabi.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zomphumela Wemithombo Yezindaba

Ukuhlola okhethweni oluthile kwembula indlela imithombo yezokuxhumana eye yasetshenziselwa ngayo ukuhlomisa abavoti ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

U - 2016 Ukhetho Lobumongameli Base - United States

Izenhlalo zezokuxhumana zaba isici esiyinhloko ekubutheni intsha kanye nabavoti besikhathi sokuqala. I-Platforms njenge-Snapechat (eyaqala i-“Snap to Vote”) futhi i-Instagram yaphumelela kakhulu. Ngo-Instagram, uHillary Clinton waqhuba umkhankaso oyinkimbinkimbi wokuthonya intsha nowokuqala, kuyilapho uDonald Trump wathembela kumsebenzi wemisebenzi ye-athonsi nezokukhangisa i-Facebooket. Ngokombiko ka-20181817 Pew Research Center, 4% ka-U.S. Abantu abadala bathi bafunda ngokhetho ngezokuxhumana ngezomphakathi [[FLT] . Ukusebenzisa amaqembu ehlela izenzakalo zendawo nokuhlanganyela okuqukethwe i-mkhakhakhakhathi lokuhlanganyela ngaphandle kolayini. Nokho, i-Prectortics, i-diumics, i-odmotections mayelana nezizi ze-ogametictiveristriestiveritive.

2018 Ukukhetha Phakathi Nengxenye Ye - United States

Phakathi kuka-2018 kwaba nokwanda kwenani labavoti phakathi kwentsha nabesifazane, ngokwengxenye kukhuthazwa ukuhlelwa kwezenyunyana. I- Grassroots inyakazisa njenge #MeToo noMay kuBudala Bethu basebenzisa amaqembu eFacebook, i-Twitter hashtags, nezindaba zeInstagram ukuhlanganisa izenzakalo, ukuhlanganyela imithombo, nokubhalisa. “Izimo zabesifazane” zabavoti kanye nezisebenzi zokuzithandela zasebenzisa izokuvota, ukusakaza ukwaziswa kokuvota, nokuhlanganyela izindaba ezikhuthazayo. Isifundo se-National Evition National Studies yathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezezezokuxhumana kwakulungile ngokuvota, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwe-189-199-199, labo ababona ukuvota ulwazi olukhuthaza ukunyuswa kwe-10.

2020 Ukukhethwa Komongameli waseU.S.

Ukhetho lwama 2020 lwaluyinkathi echithwe kakhulu yokukhangisa kwezenhlalo kanye nokuvota. Ngesifo se-COVOVID esilinganisela umkhankaso wesiko, abafuna ukubhalisa baphendukela kumapulatifomu amanani njengamathuluzi ayinhloko. Umkhankaso kaJoe Biden wabekwa kakhulu eFacebook nase-YouTube, ukuhlasela izimemezelo zempi ngezikhangiso zezezentengiselwano. TukTok wavela njengendawo ebucayi yokufinyelela esizukulwaneni seZ. Abasebenzisi bathelela ngempumelelo i-atholigine ye-ligilethi yezombangazwe, nabasunguli benxusa abalandeli ukuba bavote, bechaza izinqubo zeposi ezingeniswa kakhulu, futhi besusa amaphutha. Ngokwezentengo ze-FLTLTF:0.[FLTLD], u-TikTok Tok bashoshod ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi bangenisa i-Trumptting ngokulandelana kweminyango oluvamile, futhi basebenzisa i-Foctivesss.

Izinselele Zemithombo Yezindaba Ezindaweni Ezigcwele Izintaba - mlilo

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, imithombo yezokuxhumana inikeza izithiyo ezinkulu ekubutheni ngokufaneleyo nangokuphumelelayo abavoti.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukusakazeka okusheshayo kokwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo kuseyinkinga enzima kakhulu. Phakathi nokhetho lwama-2020, ukuqamba amanga ngokukhwabanisa kovoti, ukukhohliswa kweposi, nempilo eqondile eyasakazwa kabanzi eFacebook nase-Tutter. Ukuhlolwa konyaka ka-2020 kwe- uHarvard Kennedy School Misprojective Review [[[FLT: 1]]] kulinganisela ukuthi ukuchayeka ukuvota okuhlobene nokwaziswa okunganembile okuncitshisiwe ngamaphesenti angu-2-4 phakathi kwemikhakhakha. Amapulati ezokuxhumana amphakathi aye asebenzisa izigqekelele izimpawu eziyiqiniso, ukucushwa kokuthweswa kwezingabazeki, nokuhoxiwe okusakazwa okusakaza amanga. Nokho, isimo esihloniphekile sokusetshenziswa komsebenzisi owenziwe sikwenza kube nzima ukuqeda ngokuphelele.

Izingxenye Zokubhala Nokucwenga

Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kuvame ukudala amagwebu okuhluza, lapho abasebenzisi bebona khona okuqukethwe okuqinisa izinkolelo zabo ezikhona. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kokuchayeka embonweni ehlukene futhi kungajulisa ukuhlanganisa kwezombangazwe. Ukuqoqa, amagumbi okunanela kungabanga namiphumela: kuyilapho benika abasekeli abangaphakathi amandla, bayehluleka ukuthonya abavoti abangenazisulu noma ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganisa izingxoxo ezixhumene. Ukuhlolwa konyaka ka-2019 [kuyi-[FLT:] Science[[ kwathola ukuthi ukunciphisa ukuchayeka kokuhlanganisa okuthwele okunciphile kwe- Facebooky kunciphisa ukuncishwa kwezindawo zezombangazwe okwesikhashana kodwa futhi kunciphisa ulwazi. Imikhankanyo yokufuna ukuhlanganisa izingxoxo ezibanzi kumelwe ihlukane ngokukhalisa okukhona ekukhandleni kokulinganiselayo nokuzimela ukuhlanganisa.

Ukuhlukana Kwezinombolo

Akubona bonke abantu baseMelika abakwazi ukufinyelela imithombo yezokuxhumana noma i-Internet. Izindawo zasemaphandleni, imikhaya engenisa imali ephansi, nabantu abadala abakhulile kungenzeka banakho ukuxhumana okulinganiselwe, imishini, noma ukufunda amanani. Ngokwe- Pew Research Center[, 25% ye-U.S. abantu abadala abathola imali engaphansi kuka-R30,000 ngeminyaka abasebenzisi i-Internet. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kwamanani kusho ukuthi kuxhomeke kuphela kwizenhlalakahle yezokuxhumana nabantu abasengozini. Izindlela eziphumelelayo zidinga ukuhlangana ngezindlela zolayini ngaphandle kocingo, izingcingo zocingo, izingcingo, nezinkampani ezisebenza nazo ezikhonza le miphakathi.

Ukuba Wedwa Nokulondeka Kwemininingwane

Ukuphumelela kokukhangisa okuhloselwe kuxhomeke ekuqoqweni kwenani elikhulu lokwaziswa komuntu siqu. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezimiso ngokuphathelene nokuvuma, ukuqapha, kanye nokungasetshenziswa kabi kokwaziswa. Ihlazo le-Cambridge Analytica lembula indlela imininingwane ye-Facebook eyasetshenziswa ngayo ukuze kwakhiwe izikhangiso zezezombangazwe ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile yabasebenzisi. Ekuphenduleni, amapulatifomu anjenge Facebook anemininingwane eqinile futhi adinga ukucaca ngokwengeziwe ngenxa yezikhangiso zezombangazwe. Nokho, isikhangiso sezentengiselwano esingaphansi kwezokukhangisa kokuziphatha kokuziphatha kuyaqhubeka siphakamisa imibuzo eyimfihlo. Imikhankambiso kumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi imisebenzi yawo yezokwaziswa ihambisana nemithetho enjenge-GDPR futhi igcine ukwethenjwa.

Izinqubo Zokuthumba Okuphumelelayo Kwezokuxhumana

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ithonya elihle lemithombo yezokuxhumana ehhotela, imikhankaso kufanele isebenzise amasu asekelwe ebufakazi asekela izinga lobunyoninco lapho kuqhathaniswa nezingozi.

Yenza Ukwaziswa Okuhambisanayo Kube Okunengxenye

Okuqukethwe okuvusa ukusabela okunamandla ngokomzwelo − ukuthukuthela, ukumangala, ukumangala − kuvame kakhulu ukuhlanganyelwa. Imikhankaso kufanele iveze ukuxubana kwezithombe zokwaziswa (umzk., izikhathi zokuvota, izikhundla zomgomo), izindaba zomuntu siqu ezivela kubasekeli, nangemva kwe-scene ezibangela ukusabela okuqinile okuthinta umuntu ozobhapathizwa. Ividiyo e-mntluthu, ikakhulukazi nge-Tik Tok ne-Instagrams, ngaphandle kwezithombe ezifingqiwe lapho ufika futhi uthembisa. Indlela ewusizo iwukusebenzisa “ikusasa” ukufusha: ukusiza ukuvota ukuba ubone ukuthi ukuvota kwabo kuthinta ngokuqondile kuthinta kanjani umuntu ozamukelayo izindaba ezithile, njengabafundi ababolenzayo, ukukhathalela, noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Imikhankaso Yokungenela Neyokuhlanganyela

I-social Super communications ayithathi hlangothi nje kuphela. I-Proces akumelwe imane imeme ukuthatha iqhaza. I-polls, i-'spects' (umz.'umzekelo, “Yiyiphi indaba ebaluleke kakhulu kuwe?"), kanye ne-Q&A izikhawulo (i-Instatter Live, Twitter Spaces, noma Facebook Live) zinikeza abavotisi be-yodwa. Ukukhuthaza abaxhasi ukuba bahlanganyele ukuthi kungani bevotah //i-hamplamplent. Ngokwesibonelo, # IVed projective short on Instagrams ishown ukuthi ukuvotah.

Ukusebenzelana Nabaholi Bethonya Nezomphakathi

Ama-floyder (omabili awezombangazwe nangezona ezezombangazwe) angathwala isigijimi somkhankaso ezibukelini ezibheka ukukhangisa ngokungaqiniseki. Ukuhlolwa okungu-2021 [2021] kwe-University of Pittsburgh kwathola ukuthi abalandeli bethonya elingelona elezombangazwe basengozini kakhulu yokuhileleka kokusekwe kwezombangazwe lapho behlanganyelwa yilowo mthonyeli, uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho abakubheka ngokulandisa okungokomthetho. Imikhankanti kufanele iphawule abathonyela abathonyela ngezinkomba zabo, ibanikeze amaphuzu acacile nenkululeko yokusungula, futhi ilandele ukusebenza kwalezo zigaba.

Yakha Futhi Ukhulise Imiphakathi Esebenzisa I - Internet

Amaqembu e-Facebook, i-Danord serverserser, kanye nama-spredit avumela njengabavoti abanezingqondo ukuba bahlele, bahlanganyele ulwazi, futhi basekelane. Le miphakathi ingaba izikhungo zokubuthwa ngokuzithandela, ukuhlela izenzakalo, nemizamo yokukhetha. I-Bernie Sanders 2016 ne-2020 yenze le nqubo, namaqembu anikezelwe afana no- “Bernie Sanders’s Conventor’s" ukuhlela amabhange ocingo nokuhlohla. Ukusekela le mikhankanti:, kufanele imise abaqondisi-ie, ibambe njalo i-ins, futhi inikeze ulwembuyiselo noma okuqukethwe yi-o.

Sebenzisa Imithombo Yezomphakathi Ngaphandle Kolayini

Isivumelwano esiphathelene nocingo kumelwe siguqulelwe ekuhlanganyeleni ngokoqobo. Inkampane kufanele ihlanganise izingcingo ezicacile zokuthatha isinyathelo: ama-mix ukuze abhalise ukuvota, ukuthola izindawo zokuvota, ukucela iposi, noma ukusayina ama-packet abhange ocingo. Amathuluzi anjenge-Facebook’s “events” avumela abaxhasi ukuba basebenzise i-interlygration futhi bathathe izikhawu zokuzithandela, baguqule isithakazelo sobuchwepheshe sibe yinguquko engokomzimba. Umzamo ka-2019 Journal of Aucalical Political Science[[ wabonisa ukuthi ukwamukela isikhumbuzo se-Facebook ngecebo lokuvota olwazi olukhushubile ngenaniswe ngenaniswe ngenani elingu-3,5. Amaphuzu alingana nesikhuthazo esivamile.

Isiphetho

Izenyuziyamu zezokuxhumana ziye zashintsha ngendlela abavoti abafunda ngayo ngokhetho, bahlanganyela nabazovota, futhi banqume ukuhlanganyela. Ikhono labo lokuthuthukisa ukuxhumana okuqondile, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo okungasho lutho, kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-iecometic liye layenza injini enamandla yokuhlanganisa. Nokho, izici ezifanayo ezenza ukuba kufinyelelwe futhi kuvezwe izingozi: ukuhlukanisa, ukukhucululwa, nokukhucululwa kwabangasese. Imisebenzi esebenzayo kakhulu yileyo ephatha imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo hhayi njengesekhemisi kodwa njengenye yendlela ebanzi, ehlangeneyo. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimiso zezimiso zokuhlenga, nokungahlangani, imikhankambiso, ingahlanganisa lamaqembu ukuze akhe amapulati afundile nabevayo. Njengoba ezobuchwepheshe ziqhubeka, ukuguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwezenhlalakahle nezokuxhumana phakathi kwezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana kuyohlala kusenelisa indawo nokuhlola nokuhlola kobuthelela.