Table of Contents
Ohulumeni boMbuso e-United States banendima ebalulekile esimisweni sikahulumeni waseMelika, baqondisa izindaba zendawo futhi basebenzise imithetho esendaweni yabo. Bonke ohulumeni bombuso bafanelwa uhulumeni kahulumeni futhi bakhiwa amagatsha amathathu: isikhulu, i-propatition, ne-care. Ukuqonda isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi salwwzi hulumeni kusiza izakhamuzi, abafundi, nabamisi-mthetho ukuba baqonde indlela ezisungulwa ngayo, impikiswano, futhi igcizelelwe ngokwezinga lombuso. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola inhlangano yohulumeni, ngokugcizelela ngokukhethekile kwemikhakha yezekwahluleli nemisebenzi yabo ebucayi eMelika.
Isakhiwo Sikahulumeni Sikahulumeni Esineziqu Ezintathu
Isisekelo sesakhiwo sikahulumeni siveza isibonelo sikahulumeni esimiswe yi-United States Constitution. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ugunyaza ukuba zonke izigodi zisekele "uhlobo oluyi-public" lukahulumeni, ziqinisekise ukungaguquguquki kwezimiso zentando yeningi kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu. Lesi simiso esineziqu ezintathu sikha uhlelo lwesheke nezilinganiso ezivimbela noma yisiphi isici ekubekeni amandla eqile.
Igatsha Eliphethe Esikhungweni Sikahulumeni
Igatsha eliphethe likahulumeni liqondiswa umbusi, okhonza njengesikhulu esiphethe uhulumeni. Imithwalo yemfanelo yombusi ihlanganisa ukumisa imithetho kahulumeni, ukwengamela amanxusa kahulumeni neminyango, ukulungiselela nokumisa uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, nokukhonza njengomphathi-nhloko weqembu lombuso logada. Ababusi abaningi bakhonza izinqumo zeminyaka emine, nakuba amanye amazwe anemiyalo emibili. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa nezinye izikhulu ezikhethiwe njengomphathi-kahulumeni, ummeli omkhulu, unobhala-kazwe, nomphathi-shela-mali, kuye ngokwemithetho-mthetho kazwe.
Amagatsha aphethe amagatsha ezwe aphethe iminyango eminingi nezinhlangano eziningi ezisingatha yonke into kusukela ekuthuthweni nasemfundweni kuya empilweni yomphakathi nasekuvikelweni kwendawo. Lezi zikhungo zisebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho futhi zenze imisebenzi yombuso yansuku zonke. Umbusi uvame ukuphatha izinhloko zale minyango, izikhulu zikahulumeni ezivumelana nemithetho yezwe ezimweni eziningi.
Igatsha Lokwahlulela Ezimisweni ZoMbuso
Amagatsha okwahlulela kahulumeni avame ukuholwa inkantolo ephakeme yezwe, ezwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisezingeni eliphansi. Isimiso senkantolo sisingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho e-United States, kuhlanganise nokumangalelwa kobugebengu, izimpikiswano zombango, izindaba zomthetho womphakathi, amacala omthetho, nokuphulwa kwezimoto. Izimo zenkantolo nokumiswa kwezokwahlulela/ukubekwa kunqunywa ngemithetho noma ngomthetho-mthetho wezwe.
Izimiso zenkantolo yoMbuso zihlanganisa izilinganiso eziningana: izinkantolo zokwahlulela zegunya elilinganiselwe (njengezinkantolo zikamasipala noma izahlulelo zezinkantolo zokuthula), izinkantolo zokubusa kwezindawo ezivamile (kaningi ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda noma izinkantolo eziphakeme), izinkantolo eziphakathi nezinkantolo eziphethe, nenkantolo ephakeme yezwe. Indlela yokukhetha abahluleli iyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifunda, ezinye zisebenzisa ukhetho olungekho kwesigaba, ezinye zisebenzisa izimiso zokukhetha ezifanele, kanti ezinye zithembele ekumiseni izivumelwano ezingokomthetho.
Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Isikhungo Sokwenza Imithetho KaHulumeni
The legislative branch represents the lawmaking authority in state government. This branch is responsible for drafting, debating, and passing legislation that affects every aspect of life within the state, from education funding and criminal justice to business regulation and infrastructure development. The legislative branch also holds significant oversight powers over the executive branch and controls the state's purse strings through the budget process.
Imithetho Engaphucuzeki
Ngaphandle kwesifundazwe esisodwa, iNebraska, zonke izifunda zinendlu yomthetho ye-bamaral eyakhiwe ngamagumbi amabili: indlu engaphezulu encane nendlu ephansi kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo se-bimadral siveza i-stade kahulumeni futhi sinikeza izingqimba eziningi zokubukeza nokuhlobanisa umthetho ohlongozwayo.
Umkhandlu Ophezulu: Izigele ZoMbuso
Igumbi elingaphezulu elincane libizwa njalo ngokuthi iSigele, futhi amalungu aso ngokuvamile asebenzisa amagama amade, ngokuvamile iminyaka emine. Amanxusa oMbuso avame ukumelela izigodi ezinkulu zendawo kunalawo asegumbini eliphansi, okusho ukuthi i-senetor ngayinye imelela izinto eziningi. Lomklamo uhloselwe ngenhloso, njengoba amagama amade nama-contituementance amakhulu kuhloselwe ukunikeza abaxhasi abanezinqumo ezinkulu kanye nekhono lokuthatha umbono wesikhathi eside wezindaba zesimiso.
Ngokuvamile leli gumbi linamandla akhethekile okuqinisekisa ukumiswa okwenziwa umbusi nokuzama izihloko zokungagunyazi.
Isifundazwe sihluka ngobukhulu, ezinye izifunda ezinezimemo ezingamashumi amabili nangaphezulu kwezingu-20 nezinye ezinezilinganiso ezingaphezu kuka-60. Inani elikhethekile linqunywa umthetho-sisekelo wombuso ngamunye futhi libonisa ukucabangela inani labantu, ukuma kwezwe, nomlando.
Isikhungo Esiphansi: Izindlu zabameleli Nemihlangano Yesigodi
Ikamelo eliphansi kakhulu libizwa ngokuthi iNdlu yabameleli, kodwa ezinye izizwe ziyibiza ngokuthi i-Assembly noma iNdlu yababethwali. Amalungu ayo ngokuvamile asebenzisa amagama amafushane, ngokuvamile iminyaka emibili. Amagama amafushane asho ukuthi amalungu egumbi eliphansi abhekene nabavoti kaningi, ngokusho ukuthi asabela ngokwengeziwe embonweni wamanje womphakathi nasezinkathazweni zomphakathi.
Igumbi elikhulu linendawo yokusungula umthetho okhokhelwayo nezihloko zokukhokha. Leli gunya lokukhokha izikweletu zemali libonisa ukuthi igumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu kufanele libe negunya eliyinhloko ngendlela izakhamuzi ezikhokhwa ngayo intela. Amandla okuqala inqubo yokujezisa anikeza igumbi eliphansi ngesheke elibalulekile kubaphathi abaphethe nabehluleli okungenzeka baye balisebenzisa kabi igunya labo.
Amagumbi aphansi avame ukuba makhulu kune-senate, amanye amazwe anabameleli abangaphezu kwekhulu. Lobubukhulu buvumela ukuba imiphakathi yendawo ibhalwe ngendlela ethandekile futhi ithakazelelwe izinto ezihlukahlukene.
Imithetho engavamile engavamile ye-Nebraska
I-Nebraska iyisifunda esisodwa esinegumbi elilodwa nje esisesakhiweni sayo somthetho. I-Nebraska ekuqaleni yayinendlu yomthetho we-bamaral njengeminye imibuso, kodwa indlu engaphansi yaqedwa ngemva kwe-meendam, ephumelela ngokhetho luka-1936. Isishaya-mthetho esisele sibizwa ngokuthi i-Nebraska Legislature, kodwa amalungu ayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-senator.
Isimiso se-Nebraska unidamaral samukelwa phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho okukhulu njengesilinganiso sokubiza izindleko futhi salandela inqubo yomthetho. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi igumbi elilodwa lingaba nempumelelo, liyolandisa ngokwengeziwe, futhi lingaba nethonya elikhethekile. I-Nebraska Legislature futhi ihlukile ekubeni ingabi yi-partistan ngokomthetho, nakuba izijoyina zeqembu lemithetho zaziwa kakhulu.
Inqubo Yomthetho Kohulumeni BoMbuso
Inqubo yokuba umthetho wesivumelwano kuhulumeni kulandela indlela ehlelwe kahle eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucatshangelwa nokuphikiswana okucophelelayo. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwezwe, uhlaka lwemithetho lufana ngalé kwezindawo eziningi.
Ukungena Esikoleni Nokuvinjelwa
Inqubo yomthetho iqala lapho ummisi-mthetho engenisa isikweleti. Izincwadi zingasuka emithonjeni ehlukene: izishaya-mthetho ngabanye, amakomiti omthetho, ihhovisi lombusi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, amaqembu enzalo, noma izicelo zomkhandlu. Ezizweni eziningi, abashaya umthetho kuphela abangaletha izikweletu ngokusemthethweni, nakuba le miqondo ingase ivele kwezinye izindawo.
Lapho kusungulwa isikweleti, sithola inani futhi sabelwa ikomiti efanelekayo esekelwe endabeni yaso yendaba. Imali inikezwa "ukufunda kokuqala," okuvame ukuhlanganisa ukufunda isihloko semali embhalweni wemithetho. Kulesi sigaba, isimemezelo sinyatheliswa futhi senziwe sitholakale kubenzi bemithetho nakumphakathi.
Ukubukeza Nokucabangela Kwekomiti
Amakomiti ahlola isikweleti somthetho, ngokuvamile aphethe amacala okuqoqa ukwaziswa nemibono, futhi angasikisela ukuhlelwa kwezivumelwano ezifana neziqu zomthetho emhlabeni wonke. Imali eningi ayinakufakwa emthethweni kuze kube yilapho isibhekiswe kuso, ithathe isinyathelo, futhi ibuye, ikomiti emile endlini ngayinye.
Ikomiti ngayinye imiswe ukuze icabangele izikweletu eziphathelene nendaba ethile. Amakomiti akhona abekwa umthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile wokuhlola izikweletu nokutusa isinyathelo eSigeqeni noma endlu. Amakomiti asebenza njengamahhashi asebenzayo esishaya - mthetho, lapho kuhlaziywa khona ngokuningiliziwe futhi kuxoxwa.
Phakathi nokuqulwa kwezindaba, amalungu alalela ubufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe, abagcini bemali, izikhulu zikahulumeni, namalungu omphakathi. Lokhu kufakwa kusiza izishayamthetho ukuba ziqonde imiphumela engenzekayo yomthetho ohlongozwayo futhi zibone ushintsho oludingekile. AmaKomiti angalungisa izikweleti, ahlanganise izikweletu eziningi ezisingatha izindaba ezifanayo, noma atusa ukuba izindleko zingaqhubeki phambili. Imali encane kuphela edalwe ikomiti.
Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile
I-Brills ekwaziyo ukusebenzisa inqubo yekomiti isuka iyonke ukuze ihlolwe. Lesigaba sivame ukuhlanganisa ukufundwa kwesibili, lapho kuxoxwa khona ngecala. Abameli bangase bahlongoze ukulungiswa, ukuphakamisa imibuzo, nokuphikisana ngesilinganiso. Imithetho elawula igumbi eliphansi iyahluka ngokwezwe nangegumbi, futhi abanye bavumela impikiswano engenamkhawulo kanye nezinye ezibeka imingcele eqinile yesikhathi.
Ngemva kokuphetha impikiswano, izindleko zifundwa okwesithathu futhi zifakwa evotini. Izindleko eziningi zidinga ukuba iningi elivamile lidlule, nakuba izinyathelo ezithile ezinjengokulungisa umthetho- sisekelo noma ukwenyuka kwentela zingadinga ukuba kube nomphumela omkhulu. Uma izindleko zidlula, zidlulela kwenye indawo, lapho yonke lenqubo iqala khona futhi.
Amakomiti Engqungquthela Nokubuyisana
Uma amagumbi amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zemali eyodwa, ikomiti yengqungquthela ivame ukumiswa ukuze ilungise ukungefani. Le komiti, eyakhiwe ngamalungu asemagumbini womabili, ixoxa ngesibuyekezo esingase sivunyelwe yizo zombili izindlu. Umbiko wekomiti yengqungquthela uphinde uthunyelwe kuzo zombili izitobhi ukuze ithole imvume yokugcina.
Le nqubo yokubuyisana ibalulekile ezindlini zomthetho ze-bidamaral, ngoba iqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izitebhu zivumelana ngolimi oluqondile lomthetho ngaphambi kokuba lube umthetho. Le nqubo ingaba nengxabano, ikakhulukazi ezindinganisweni eziphakeme noma eziphikisanayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi iphumele ezinguqulweni ezinkulu ezithathwayo.
Isenzo Se - gubernator
Uma amagumbi esedlulise izinguqulo zemali ezifanayo, ithunyelwa kumbusi ukuze ahlolwe. Umbusi uvame ukuthatha izindlela eziningana: ukusayina incwadi emthethweni, ukuyivumela ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina ngemva kwesikhathi esithile esimisiwe, noma ukuthatha isigqebhezana. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ababusi ukuba basebenzise inombolo yemali efinyelelweyo ezikweletini zemali, ukuze bakwazi ukwenqaba ukudla okuthile okudingekayo kuyilapho bevumela imali esele.
Izinqumo Nezimiso Zomthetho
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zihluka kakhulu ngokuthi zihlangana kangaki futhi isikhathi esingakanani. Lokhu kungafani kubonisa umlando ohlukile kahulumeni ngamunye, impucuko yezombangazwe, kanye nokucabangela okusebenzayo.
Izinqumo Zonyaka Ezinyakazi
Ezinye izifundazwe ziba nezi simiso somthetho zaminyaka yonke, zihlanganisa unyaka ngamunye ukuqhuba ibhizinisi. Ezinye zisebenza ngesimiso saminyaka yonke, umhlangano ngeminyaka eyinqaba noma elinganayo. Izifunda zezwe ezinezikhawu ezithatha isikhathi eside uma zihlangana, kanti iziteshi zaminyaka yonke zingashintsha phakathi "kwezi simiso se-"bodge" ne "izinhlelo ze-polics" ezimfutshane".
Ukuthambekela kwamuva kuye kwaba sezingxenyeni zaminyaka yonke, njengoba ukuyinkimbinkimbi kukahulumeni wezwe nesidingo sokuqhubeka uqondisa kuye kwenza ukuba izikhathi zokuhlala njalo zingabe ziwusizo.
Ubude besiqephu nokulinganiselwa
Ezinye izinqumo zikahulumeni zilinganisela ubude bezinsuku zomthetho, kungaba ngokumisa inani eligcwele lezinsuku noma ngokumisa izinsuku eziqondile neziphelayo. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kwasetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abamisi-mthetho abaningi, ngokomlando ababengabamisi-mthetho bengxenye yesikhathi, babengabuyela emsebenzini wabo ovamile. Ezinye izifunda-zifunda azinayo imingcele engokomthetho enqubeni yesimiso, ivumela isishaya-mthetho ukuba sihlale esiqenjini isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze siqede umsebenzi waso.
I-Asmessage enemingcele eqinile yesimiso ngezinye izikhathi izama ukuxazulula izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zenqubo phakathi nesikhathi esinikeziwe, okuholela ekwenzeni izinqumo ngokuphuthumisa ekupheleni kwesimiso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izifunda ezingenamingcele zingabona izikhawu ezinwebe izindleko futhi zinciphise ukusebenza kahle kwemithetho.
Iziqephu ezikhethekile
Ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezivamile, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingaqala ezinhlanganweni ezikhethekile ukusingatha izindaba eziphuthumayo eziphakama phakathi kwezinhlelo ezivamile. Iziqephu ezikhethekile zibizwa umbusi, nakuba kwezinye izizwe isishaya-mthetho ngokwaso singabiza isiqephu esikhethekile. Izinga lezikhathi ezikhethekile ngokuvamile lilinganiselwe ezihlokweni ezicacisiwe kulolu bizo, zivimbele izishayamthetho ukuba zingadingi izindaba ezingahlobene.
Izikhathi ezikhethekile zisetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokusabela ezinkingeni zemvelo, ukusingatha amaphutha emali, ukulinganisela ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu, noma ukucabangela izindaba eziphuthumayo ezingalindeli kuze kube isiqephu esilandelayo.
Ukumelela Nokhetho Lomthetho
Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zikhethwa izakhamuzi zezigodi zazo, zinezimiso ezikhethekile zezindawo nemingcele yesifunda ehlukahluka ngokombuso. Ukuqonda indlela abashaya imithetho abakhethwa ngayo kubalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela ohulumeni bezwe abasebenza futhi basabele ngayo ezidingweni zezakhamuzi.
Ukuhlenga Nokulungisa Izindawo
Ngaphambi kwesinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States uBaker v. Carr (1962) noReynolds v. Sims (1964), isisekelo sokumelelwa kwezishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni sabekwa kuleyo yeSishaya-mthetho sase-U.S.: izifemu zikahulumeni zazimelela izigaba zendawo, kuyilapho amalungu egumbini elikhulu ayemelela inani labantu. EReynolds v. EReynolds Shovers yanquma endount indoda eyodwa, indinganiso eyodwa yezindlu zomthetho zesifunda nengameleli esekelwe ezihlelweni zendawo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi.
Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo sashintsha kakhulu ukumelelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, okufuna ukuba zombili izigodlo zabelwe ngokwenani labantu. Ngenxa yalokho, izigodi zemithetho kumelwe zilingane nabantu, futhi izifunda kumelwe ziphinde ziphinde zikhiphe imingcele yezifunda ngemva kokubala okungapheli ukuze kuqashelwe ukushintsha kwenani labantu.
Inqubo yokulungisa imibandela ivame ukubekwa icala ngokwezombangazwe, njengoba iqembu elilawula isishaya-mthetho lilawula inqubo yokulungisa isimo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekukhathazekeni nge-gerrymanider, lapho imingcele yesifunda idonselwa khona ekuthandeni iqembu elithile kunelinye. Ezinye izifunda ziye zazama ukusingatha lendaba ngokusungula izikhomishane ezizimele, nakuba ukuphumelela kwalezinguquko kusaphikisana.
Ubude Besikhathi Nemingcele
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, izigele zikahulumeni zivame ukusebenzisa amagama eminyaka emine, kuyilapho amalungu egumbi elingezansi ngokuvamile esebenzisa amagama eminyaka emibili. Nokho, kunezindlela ezihlukile kulezi, ezinye izindawo ezinezilungiselelo ezihlukile.
Cishe izigodi eziyishumi nanhlanu ziye zabeka imingcele yemithetho yazo, zilinganisela inani lamagama umuntu angawasebenzisa. Lemingcele iyahlukahluka, kanti ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba bakhonze ingqikithi yeminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, eminye iminyaka eyishumi nambili, futhi ezinye zinemingcele ehlukene ekamelweni ngalinye. Imingcele yemithetho iphikisa ukuthi bavimbela ukuvinjelwa kwezombangazwe zemisebenzi futhi bakhuthaza imibono emisha, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi banciphisa ubuchwepheshe bemithetho kanye namandla okungagunyazi izisebenzi ezisebenza kanye nabashicishi.
Izimiso ze-Electoral kanye nokutholakala kwe-Ballot
Iningi lokhetho lwezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni lisebenzisa izigodi ezinezingxenye ezihlukene ngokuvota okunhlobo, okusho ukuthi othola amavoti amaningi uphumelele, ngisho noma engafinyeleli inani elikhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukuba kukhethwe uma kungekho mbheki wokhetho oluningi.
Izimfuneko zokuvela ebhanseni ziyahlukahluka ngokwezwe kodwa zihlanganisa izindleko zokukhokha imali, ukusayina izitifiketi, noma zombili. Ezinye izifundazwe zinemingcele ephansi ngokuqhathaniswa ekungeneni kwevolonti, ukuncintisana okukhuthazayo, kuyilapho ezinye zinezimfuneko eziqinile ezingakwenza kube nzima ngeqembu elincane noma abafuna ukuzimela ukuba bancintisane.
Amandla Ayinhloko Nemithwalo Yemfanelo
Ukuqonda la mandla kukhanyisa ukubaluleka kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe waseMelika.
Ukubeka Igunya Emthetho
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni uwukumisa imithetho elawula izindaba phakathi kwegunya lombuso. Amandla anganikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni agcinelwe imibuso kanye nabantu, abahlukaniswa phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni bendawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhulu ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, umthetho wobugebengu, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wezebhizinisi, nezinye izinhlangano eziningi.
Imithetho kahulumeni kumelwe ivumelane nakho kokubili umthetho-sisekelo wezwe noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., futhi ayinakuphikisana nemithetho esemthethweni kahulumeni ezindaweni lapho igunya likahulumeni liphakeme khona. Nokho, kuleziziphakamiso, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyakwazi ukuvumelana nezimiso zobungcweti ezibonisa izindinganiso eziyingqayizivele zikahulumeni, izidingo, nezimo.
Amandla Ohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nawokusikisela
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziphethe amandla esikhwama semali, zilawula indlela inzuzo kahulumeni eqoqwa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo. Inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali iyinqubo ebaluleke kakhulu nedinga isikhathi ehlelelwe noma yisiphi isimiso somthetho. Imithetho kumelwe ilinganisele izindleko ezincintisanayo zokuxhasa imfundo, ezokwelapha, ezezenhlalakahle, zokuphepha komphakathi, nezinye izinto eziza kuqala kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthi isibopho somthwalo wemfanelo sikhona.
Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali ivame ukuqala ngombusi onikeza isishaya-mthetho uhlelo oluhlongozwayo. Amakomiti agunyaza umthetho abese ebukeza isiphakamiso, agcine icala, futhi enze izinguquko ngaphambi kokuthumela izikweletu zezicelo emagumbini agcwele ukuze kucatshangelwe. Imali yokugcina ngokuvamile ibonisa ukuxoxisana okukhulu phakathi kwesishaya-mthetho nombusi, kanye naphakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene phakathi kwendlu yomthetho.
Ukuphatha Igatsha Eliphethe
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziqondisa izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe izinhlelo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo, ngokuphumelelayo, futhi ngokuvumelana nenhloso yomthetho. Lokhu kuqondisa kuthatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwamacala ekomiti, ukuphenywa kwezinhlelo, nokuhlolwa kwezinhlelo.
Ukwengamela umthetho kufeza izinjongo eziningi: kusiza ekuboneni izinkinga ekufezekeni kwezinhlelo, kuvimbela ukuchithwa nokusetshenziswa kabi, kuqinisekisa ukulandisa, futhi kunikeze ukwaziswa okunganikeza ukwaziswa okunganikeza izinqumo zesimiso sesikhathi esizayo. Ukwengamela okuphumelelayo kudinga imithombo yezisebenzi eyanele nokuzimisela kwabashaya imithetho ukwenza umsebenzi wokubukeza okhathazayo ngezinye izikhathi kodwa obalulekile.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zifeza indima eyinhloko enqubeni yesifundazwe eshintshayo. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwezwe, eziningi zidinga ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho ngaphambi kokuba izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zinikezwe abavoti. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ivoti elula kusishayamthetho, ezinye zidinga ukuvunyelwa okukhulu, futhi ezinye zidinga ukuvunyelwa ezimisweni ezimbili ezilandelanayo zomthetho.
Ngaphezu kokuthi kuhlongozwa ukulungisa, izishaya-mthetho zesifundazwe kwezinye izifundazwe zingabiza imihlangano yomthetho-sisekelo ukuba iqale ukubukezwa komthetho-sisekelo okubanzi. Imithetho futhi inendima enqubweni yokulungisa umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni, njengoba ukubuyiselwa koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kumelwe kugunyazwe izishaya-mthetho ezintathu kwezine zikahulumeni.
Amandla Okuphehla Isikhumba
Amandla kambusi amelela ukuhlola okunzima egunyeni lomthetho futhi alolonga amandla okwenza isimiso sikahulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela lomandla asebenza ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe ne-producti.
Izinhlobo Ze - Vetoes
Abalawuli kuzo zonke izifunda ngaphandle kweNyakatho Carolina banohlobo oluthile lwe-veto amandla phezu komthetho. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu yi-veto, evumela umbusi ukuba alahle wonke umthetho. Uma umbusi ekhipha isikwele, ibuyela kumphathi-ndlu, ongazama ukudlulisa i-veto. Ukungalawuli izimfuneko kuyahluka ngokwezwe, kanye nokufuna amavoti amabili aphindwe kathathu egumbini ngalinye, nakuba amanye amazwe efuna ukuba kube nevoti eliyisithathu kuphela noma ingxenye enkulu yamalungu onke.
Izifunda eziningi zinikeza ababusi-hlu lohlu, olubavumela ukwenqaba amalungiselelo athile okukhokha izikweletu kuyilapho bevumela ezisele. Lombuso unikeza ababusi ithonya elikhulu ekuhleleni uhlelo lwemali futhi ungasetshenziselwa ukuqeda lokho umbusi akubheka njengokuchitha imali noma isimiso esingafanele esihlangene nokuhlela imali.
Ezinye izifundazwe zinemifantu ehlukile, njenge-veto elungisayo, evumela umbusi ukuba anqume izinguquko ezithile ezisemthethweni kunokuba awuvume noma awulahle wonke. Khona - ke isishaya-mthetho singasamukela ushintsho lukambusi, sithathe i-veto, noma sivumele lo mthetho ufe.
Isu Le - Veto Nezombangazwe
Amandla eveto athonya kakhulu amaqhinga omthetho kanye nokuxoxa. Ababenzi-mthetho kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi iziphakamiso zabo zingasinda yini entweni engathi i-yubernerarial tratium, ibaholela ekubeni baxoxe nehhovisi lombusi phakathi nenqubo yomthetho. Uma umbusi neningi lomthetho bevela emaqenjini ahlukene, iveto iba yithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu lokulungisa inqubo.
Abalawuli basebenzisa i-veto amandla ngendlela efanelekile, ngezinye izikhathi bekhipha izikweleti ukuze bathumele izigijimi zezombangazwe, baphoqelele ukumiswa kwemithetho, noma babonise ukusabela ezimpikiswaneni ezithile. Usongo lweveto lungaba nethonya njengokusetshenziswa kwalo kwangempela, njengoba abashaya imithetho bengase balungise izikweletu ukuze bagweme ukushaya umthetho noma bangase bayeke ukuthuthukisa umthetho abakholelwa ukuthi umbusi uyowenqaba.
AmaKomiti Angokomthetho: Amahhashi Emithetho KaHulumeni
AmaKomiti abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, anikeza ukubukeza okunemininingwane nobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe iziphakamiso zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela izishayamthetho ukuba zihlukanise izisebenzi futhi zithuthukise ulwazi olukhethekile ezindaweni ezihlukene zezimiso.
Izinhlobo Zamakomiti
Amakomiti amile angamakomiti ahlala njalo akhona kusukela eqenjini kuya kwelokuhlela futhi asingatha umthetho ezicini ezithile zezindaba ezinjengemfundo, ezokuhamba, amajaji, noma izimemezelo. La makomiti athuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni zawo futhi anikeza ukuqhubekela phambili ezimisweni zemithetho.
Amakomiti akhethekile noma akhethiwe amakomiti esikhashana asungulwe ukuba abhekane nezindaba ezithile noma ahlolwe. La makomiti adiliza imisebenzi yawo eyabelweyo. Amakomiti ahlangene ahlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini womabili futhi angaba amakomiti amile noma akhethekile.
Amakomiti engqungquthela, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amakomiti esikhashana ahlangene ukuze avumelanise ukungafani phakathi kwemiyalo yendlu neSigele. La makomiti afeza indima ebalulekile ezindlini zomthetho ze-bidamaral, lapho amagumbi amabili kumelwe avumelane khona ngolimi olufanayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqhubekele phambili kumbusi.
Abaholi Nezabelo Zamakomiti
Izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla amakhulu ezindlu zombuso, ukulawula izinqumo zamakomiti, ukunquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezithola ukuthethwa kwamacala, futhi zithonye umphumela wemibuzo yamakomiti. Ezizweni eziningi, iqembu elikhulu lilawula izikhulu zosihlalo zekomiti, kanye nezikhundla zobuholi zinikezwa ngokusekelwe ekukhuleni, ekuthembekeni kobuholi beqembu, noma ebuchwephesheni.
Izabelo zamakomiti zivame ukwenziwa abaholi beqembu egumbini ngalinye, amalungu acela izabelo ezisekelwe ezithakazelweni zawo, ochwepheshe, noma izidingo zobuphiciphisi. Ukukhonza kumakomiti anamandla afana nokunikeza izimemezelo noma imithetho kungathuthukisa ithonya lesishayamthetho.
Izindlela Nethonya Lekomiti
AmaKomiti asebenza ngokuzibusa okukhulu, amisa izinqubo zawo siqu phakathi kwemithetho ehleliwe ehleliwe. Angafaka izikhalo zomphakathi, acele ukwaziswa kwezinhlangano eziphethe, ofakazi abangaphansi, futhi ahlole. Isiteshi sekomiti silapho kuvela khona ukuxoxisana okuncane kakhulu nokubuyiselwa kwezikweletu.
Ukutusa kwekomiti kubaluleke kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ngokugcwele, njengoba izishaya - mthetho eziningi zihlehlela emuva ebucikweni bamakomiti ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe.Izincwadi ezithola imibiko yamakomiti engemihle azivamile ukudlula phansi, kuyilapho labo abanemibiko emihle ngokuvamile beqhubeka, nakuba ukuncishiswa kwezakhiwo kusengenzeka.
Intando Yeningi Eqondile: Izindawo Zokulwa Nezinsimbi
Ngaphezu kokwenza imithetho ngezishaya - mthetho ezimele, izifundazwe eziningi zinikeza izinqubo zokuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile enqubweni yezezishaya - mthetho ngokuthatha izinyathelo, ngokuthatha ama-asendium, nangokukhumbula. La mathuluzi ezinhlangano zokwenezela eziqondile zentando yeningi futhi anikeza izakhamuzi ezinye izindlela zokuthonya inqubo.
Inqubo Eqalayo
Cishe ingxenye yezifundazwe zase-U.S. ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlobise imithetho noma ukulungisa umthetho- sisekelo ngenqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo. Ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala ku-colot, abasekeli kumelwe baqoqe inani eliqondile lezicelo ezivela kubavoti ababhalisiwe phakathi kwe-frame yesikhathi esimisiwe. Imfuneko yokusayinwa iyahluka ngokwezwe kodwa ngokuvamile ibalwa njengengxenye yamavoti akhahliweyo kukhetho lwamuva.
Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinyathelo: izinyathelo ezithatha ngokuqondile, eziya ngokuqondile kubavoti uma kuqoqwa izigqhimiso ezanele, futhi zingaqondile, ezibekwa kuqala kumphathi wesishaya-mthetho ukuze zihlolwe ngaphambi kokuba zivote. Izindlela eziqondile zidlula ngokuphelele i-paclation, kuyilapho izinyathelo ezingaqondile zinikeza izishayamthetho ithuba lokwamukela isiphakamiso noma ukunikeza enye indlela.
Inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo isetshenziselwa ukumisa izinguquko eziphawulekayo ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso sentela, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nezindaba zezenhlalo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi amanyathelo anikeza isheke kuhulumeni abaphethe izigebengu futhi avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibhekane nezimpikiswano izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezingazinaki. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinyathelo zingaholela emithethweni engahlelelwanga kahle, zingalulaza ukuxhashazwa yizithakazelo ezikhethekile, futhi zilulaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwabameleli.
Imithetho Egunyaziwe
Izikhombisi zemithetho zenzeka lapho isishaya-mthetho ngokwaso sibhekisela isilinganiso esithile kubavoti ukuze bavunyelwe. Lokhu kuhlukile ezithandweni ezithathwayo, ezisuka ezakhamuzini. Imithetho ingabhekisela ezindinganisweni kubavoti ngoba umthetho-mthetho udinga ukuvunyelwa kwabavoti (njengasezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma izimpikiswano zesibopho), ngoba izishayamthetho zifuna ukuhlanganyela icala ngezinqumo eziphikiswanayo, noma ngenxa yokuthi zifisa ngobuqotho ukubuza umphakathi ezindabeni ezibalulekile.
Izikhombo ze-antenteum zifunwa yimithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ukuze kuthathwe izinhlobo ezithile zezinyathelo, ngokuvamile izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho. Ezizweni eziningi, noma yikuphi ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho okuhlongozwa yisishaya-mthetho kumelwe kuvunyelwe ngabavoti ngaphambi kokuba kusebenze. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo zencwadi ebusayo kahulumeni zisekelwa umphakathi kabanzi.
Izenzakalo Ezithandwayo Nezikhunjulo
Ama-arendmendu adumile avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifake umthetho omiswe yisishaya-mthetho ukuze zithole imvume noma zenqatshwe. Lokhu kunikeza izakhamuzi indlela yokubekela inselele izinqumo zomthetho eziphikisanayo. Njengezinyathelo zokuthatha isinyathelo, ama-arendlum athandwayo afuna ukuqoqa inani elikhethekile lezicelo ezisayinwa phakathi nesikhathi esilinganiselwe.
Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela futhi ukukhumbula ukhetho, oluvumela abavoti ukuba basuse izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezikhundleni ngaphambi kokuba ziphelelwe izimfuneko. Nakuba zingasebenza ezikhulwini ezihlukahlukene, zivame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa endaweni. Khumbula amalungiselelo abonisa isimiso sokuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe kufanele zihlale zinesibopho sokuvota kuyo yonke imithetho yazo, hhayi ngesikhathi sokhetho.
Ukwenziwa Kwemithetho Nemithombo
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zihluka kakhulu ezingeni lazo lokuqashwa, kusukela ezinkampanini ezingochwepheshe abaphelele ezinemithombo yezisebenzi ebanzi kuya ezindlini zombuso zezakhamuzi ezisekelana kakhulu. Lokhu kungafani kuthinta indlela izishaya-mthetho ezisebenza ngayo kanye nezinhlobo zabantu abangakhonza ngayo njengemiyalo yemithetho.
Imithetho yengxenye yesikhathi igcwele v. Ingxenye-isikhathi
Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeCalifornia, New York, nePennsylvania, zinezindlu zomthetho ezingochwepheshe abahlangana isikhathi esiningi sonyaka, abakhokhela amaholo anele, futhi banikeze izisebenzi ukusekela okukhulu. Abaphathi balezifunda baphatha inkonzo yabo yokushaya umthetho njengemisebenzi yabo eyinhloko futhi bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe obuphawulekayo ezindaweni zezimiso.
Ezinye izifundazwe zinezindawo zezakhamuzi ezihlangana izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela unyaka ngamunye noma unyaka ngamunye, zikhokhe imbuyiselo elinganiselwe, futhi zinikeze usizo lwezisebenzi olulinganiselwe. Abaphathi kulezi zindawo bavame ukuba neminye imisebenzi futhi balethe okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene kwezwe enkonzweni yabo yezomthetho. Amazwe anjengeMontana, Wyoming, ne New Hampshire exeple xel.
Isigaba sesithathu sezifunda siphakathi, nezishaya-mthetho ezihlangana izinyanga ezimbalwa unyaka ngamunye, zinikeze imbuyiselo elinganiselwe, futhi zinikeze ukusekela ezinye izisebenzi. Lezi zindlu zomthetho ezixubile zizama ukulinganisela ukuhlelwa kwesizwe nesiko lomphakathi.
Izinkonzo Zokusekela Nokwengamela Imithetho
Izishaya-mthetho zochwepheshe zisebenzisa izisebenzi ezinkulu ukuze zisekele umsebenzi womthetho, kuhlanganise nezisebenzi zomuntu siqu zezinhlangano zezishaya-mthetho, izisebenzi zasekomitini, nezisebenzi eziphethe ezinikeza ukucwaninga, ukuhlelwa kwezincwadi, ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho nezinye izinkonzo. Lokhu kusekela kwenza abashaya umthetho bakwazi ukuhlola izihlongozo zemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, ukuqonda incazelo yemali, kanye nomthetho wobuchwepheshe wokwenza umsindo.
Izishaya-mthetho zesikhashana zinemithombo yezisebenzi elinganiselwe kakhulu, ngokuvamile zithembele ezisebenzini ezihlanganyelwayo noma ezinhlanganweni eziphethe ukuze zithole ukusekelwa. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima kakhulu ngabamisi-mthetho ukuhlaziya izicelo ngokucophelela futhi kungase kwandise ukuthembela ekwazisweni okunikezwa abangenisi bezindawo kanye nezinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe.
Lezi zifunda zinezinkampani zezomthetho ezinikeza ucwaningo lwezomthetho, ukudweba izikhokhelo, ukuhlaziya izimali nezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe.
Ukuthola Inzuzo Nezinzuzo
Inkokhelo yomthetho ihluka kakhulu ezifundazweni, kusukela emalini yaminyaka yonke yeCalifornia engaphezu kuka-R250 000 kuya ku-R350 000 ku-New Hampshire iholo elingokomfanekiso lamaRandi angu-20 000 ngonyaka. Izifunda eziningi zehlela phakathi, neholo laminyaka yonke elisukela ku-R450 000 kuya ku-R250 000. Izifunda eziningi zinikeza nenkokhelo yokukhokha izindleko phakathi nezimiso zomthetho.
Izinga lembuyiselo lithinta abangase bakwazi ukusebenza esimisweni somthetho. Amaholo aphakeme enza ukuba abantu abaningi bangenelwe inkonzo yemithetho, kuyilapho isilinganiso senhlawulo siphansi sisebenza kulabo abakwazi ukuthatha isikhathi esikude kweminye imisebenzi noma abathathe umhlala-phansi. Lokhu kuthinta ukwahlukahlukana nokumelelwa kwezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni.
Izinselele Ezibhekene Nemithetho KaHulumeni
Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zibhekene nezinselele eziningi ekhulwini lama - 21, kusukela ekuncipheni kwemingcele ehlukene nakulwa okuhlukanisayo kuya ekuvimbeleni izimali nasekushintsheni amathemba omphakathi. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo kuhulumeni wezwe nesimiso.
I - partisan Polaryation
Njenge-Congress, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zabona ukwanda kobuhlanga emashumini eminyaka amuva. Igebe lemibono phakathi kwe-Democrates neRepublicans liye landa, futhi inani labashaya imithetho abalinganiselayo liye lehla. Lokhu kuhlukana kungenza ukuyekethisa kube nzima kakhulu futhi kuholele ekuhleleni imithetho, ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezinohulumeni ohlukene lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula khona i-garlance kanye noma zombili igumbi lomthetho.
Ukuhlaziywa futhi kuthinta inqubo yemithetho ngokwayo, ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa amaqembu amaningi asebenzisa amasu okusungula ukuze kulinganiselwe ukuthatha isinyathelo kweqembu elincane nokucabangela izinto eziza kuqala ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kungalulaza ukucubungula futhi kunciphise izinga lemiphumela yemithetho.
Imingcele Yezikhathi Nolwazi Lweziqu
Ezindabeni ezinemingcele yamanje, ukuguqulwa okuqhubekayo kwezishayamthetho kunganciphisa ulwazi lwamaqembu nobuchwepheshe. Izishayamthetho ezintsha kumelwe zifunde izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezindawo zezimiso ngokushesha, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwamalungu anolwazi kungashintsha amandla kuzisebenzi ezingaqashelwanga, abangenisi, nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ezinikeza ukuqhubekeka nobuchwepheshe.
Imingcele yemithetho ithinta futhi ukuhola kwemithetho, njengoba abaholi bengase babe nesikhathi esincane sokuthuthukisa amakhono nobuhlobo obudingekayo ukuze umholi aphumelele. Ucwaningo oluthile lusikisela ukuthi imingcele yegama iye yanciphisa izishaya - mthetho ngokuphathelene nababusi futhi yenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuxazulula izinselele zenqubo ezithatha isikhathi eside.
Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi Nokuhlanganyela
Ukuthembela komphakathi ezindlini zomthetho, njengokuthembela kuhulumeni jikelele, kuye kwehla emashumini eminyaka amuva. AmaScandal, izingxabano zobuhlanga, nokungasabeli okucatshangelwayo ezimkhathazayo kwezakhamuzi kuye kwanezela ekugxekweni komphakathi ngezinhlangano zomthetho. Ukungathembani kungenza kube nzima kakhulu ngamalungu ombuso ukuxazulula izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo futhi kunganciphisa ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi ngenqubo yezombangazwe.
Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zasabela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kulezi zinselele, kuhlanganise nokuthatha izinguquko zezimiso, ukwandisa amathuba okwanda, nokuveza amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela ezakhamuzi.
Indima Yemithetho KaHulumeni E - American Federalism
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinezikhundla ezikhethekile eMelika, zisebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi lapho izinhlelo zezimiso zingahlolwa futhi zicwengisiswe khona ngaphambi kokuba zithathwe njengezingane ezisezingeni lesizwe. Zisebenza futhi njengeziphequlweni ezibalulekile embusweni kahulumeni futhi njengezici zokuqeqeshela abaholi bezwe besikhathi esizayo.
Ukuvuselela Isimiso Nokuzama
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zasungula izinqubo eziningi ezamukelwa kamuva ezinye izifundazwe noma uhulumeni kahulumeni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa isinxephezelo sezisebenzi, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, imithetho yokuvikela indawo ezungezile, nezinguquko zezempilo. Ikhono lezwe lokuzama izindlela ezihlukene zezinkinga ezivamile lingenye yezici ezingcono zombuso waseMelika.
Lokhu kuhlola kuvumela abakhi bezimiso ukuba bafunde kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamanye amazwe, bamukele izinto ezintsha eziphumelelayo futhi bagweme ukuhlola okuhlulekile. Kuvumela futhi amazwe ukuba avumelanise izimiso nezimo zawo ezihlukile nezindinganiso, kunokuba afake amakhambi alinganayo.
Ubuhlobo Obuhlangene Behulumeni
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zisebenzelana kokubili nohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni bendawo ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Bamisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni, basabela ekugunyazweni uhulumeni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi bamelane nezimiso zikahulumeni abazibheka njengezingaphezu kokufinyelela. Badala futhi balawule ohulumeni bendawo, banqume imibuso yabo, izakhiwo, nezimali zabo.
Lokhu kuhlangana kohulumeni ngokuvamile kuphawulwa ngokungezwani kanye nokubambisana. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingacasukela imiyalo kahulumeni edinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni ngaphandle kokunikeza imali eyanele, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo bengase bafune ukuzibusa okukhulu kakhulu ekulawuleni kukahulumeni. Ukulawula lobu buhlobo ngokuphumelelayo kuyisici esibalulekile somsebenzi womthetho kahulumeni.
Indawo Yokuqeqeshela Abaholi Besizwe
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zisebenza njengezindawo ezibalulekile zokuqeqesha ababusi besikhathi esizayo, amalungu eSishaya-mthetho, ngisho nabangamongameli. Inkonzo esindlu yombuso inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile ekwenzeni izimiso, ukwakha izakhiwo ezihlangene, nenkonzo ehlela abantu ngabanye ukuba bangene ezikhundleni eziphakeme. Abaholi bezombangazwe abaningi baqala imisebenzi yabo ezindlu zombuso, lapho bathuthukisa khona amakhono nobuhlobo obasiza ukuba bathuthuke.
Isiphetho: Indima Ebalulekile YeMikhandlu Yomthetho KaHulumeni
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyizinhlangano ezisemqoka ekubusweni kwentando yeningi eMelika, zenza izinqumo ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezigidi zezakhamuzi. Kusukela emfundweni nasemkhakheni wempilo kuya ekukhiqizweni kwezezigebengu nentuthuko yezomnotho, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zihlela inqubo ezindaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zindikimba ezihlelwe ngayo, indlela ezisebenza ngayo, futhi izinselele ezibhekene nazo zibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuba isakhamuzi esisazi futhi esizibophe isibopho.
Isakhiwo se-bidamaral esamukelwa yizifundazwe eziningi, isimiso sekomiti, ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu, kanye nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi konke kunezela esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esivamile esiphumelelayo sokubusa kombuso. Nakuba izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwezici, ukuncishiswa kwezimpahla, nokuncipha kokuthenjwa komphakathi, zisebalulekile ekuhleleni idemokhrasi nokwenza izinqumo.
Njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyoqhubeka zifeza indima ebalulekile ekusingatheni izinselele zenqubo evelayo nokuhlola izixazululo ezintsha. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo kangcono zibekwa ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yezombangazwe futhi zigcine abameleli bazo abakhethiwe benecala. Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngesimiso sombuso, amawebhusayithi amaningi ombuso anikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngenqubo yemithetho, umthetho wamanje, namathuba okuthembisa izakhamuzi.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezakhiwo zikahulumeni wezwe nezinqubo zomthetho, vakashela i-partel Conference of State Legislatures , enikeza imithombo ebanzi ezindabeni zikahulumeni. USA.gov uhulumeni wezwe unikeza futhi ama-webhsayithi kahulumeni ngamunye lapho ungathola khona ukwaziswa okuqondile ngezimiso zesizwe nendlela yokuxhumana nabameleli bakho.