Isingeniso

Ukwanda komakhalekhukhwini, amaphilisi, nama-laptop kuye kwashintsha indlela izihambi ezigcina futhi zithuthe ngayo ukwaziswa okusheshayo. Emingceleni yase-U.S. izikhulu zezokugcinwa kwemithetho zicela njalo noma ziphoqelela ukuba zingene kulemishini. Lomkhuba uphakamisa umbuzo onzima womthetho-sisekelo: ingabe iSichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukugcinwa komthetho ngaphambi kokufuna imvume ngaphambi kokuhlola imishini yomuntu siqu emngceleni wezwe lonke? Impendulo, njengoba imile, isuka kude kakhulu emfunweni yenkantolo, izimiso zezekhotha, nezicelo zezemithetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokuhlola imingcele yemishini yezemishini yezesayensi, ukuhlola ukungathintinyeza kwemigomo yesizwe nelungelo lomuntu siqu.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Zokucwaninga Ngomngcele

Ukukhishwa komngcele

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nokuquleka futhi ngokuvamile sidinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwa yisizathu okungenzeka. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. sekuyisikhathi eside iqaphela “ukuphenywa okungavunyelwe” okuvumela amanxusa kahulumeni ukuba ahlole ngaphandle kobufakazi emingceleni yomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kushiyelwa egunyeni likahulumeni eliphethe ukuze kuvike imingcele yesizwe futhi kuvimbele ukungena kwemingcele evinjelwe, izimpahla ezinqatshelwe, nabantu abasongelayo. Ngaphansi kwalemfundiso, ukuhlola komngcele okuvamile akudingezwangagunyazwanga lutho noma ukusola komuntu ngamunye ngokomlando.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nokulindela Ukuba Wedwa Ngokulinganisela

Ubukhulu bokufuna umngcele buye baphikiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe njengemishini yezibalo ikhona. Indlela iNkantolo ecabanga ngayo ku-United States v. Jones (2012]) no- Riley v. California[ [[FLT]]] [igcizelela ukuthi amandla amakhulu amathuluzi anamuhla abangela ingozi engakaze impela yokungena emininingwaneni efiphele kakhulu yokuphila komuntu. [[FLT]] RY[FLT] [FLT]] [ice] [[FLT] axoxwa] [iphawu lokuboshwa, ukuphatha kwayo okuthiwayo isaziso esivamile ukuze iboshwe ukuze iboshwe igwebe ikhombe inxuse umngcele. Inkinga ephakathi kwezindawo ezise-mende, ingahlolwa ukuphenywa ngemishini yezindlela ezilinganayo zokuhlolwa.

Ukwanda Kwemishini Yezinombolo Nokucatshangelwa Okukhethekile

Umehluko Phakathi Kokuhlola Okungokomzimba Nokuyi - assic

Izinkantolo nabahlaziyi baye baqaphela kakhulu ukuthi ukuseshwa komshini we-electronic kuyehluka kakhulu ekuhloleni isikhwama sezincwadi noma ipotimende. Ucingo olulodwa lungafaka amarekhodi emali, ulwazi lwezokwelapha, ukuxhumana kwabantu ngasese, umlando wendawo, futhi ngaphezulu. INkantolo Ephakeme iqaphele ukuthi amathuluzi anjalo “akuyona nje enye indlela engcono yobuchwepheshe” kodwa“ empeleni ayiyona indawo yokugcina yemininingwane yezindaba zomuntu siqu. Emngceleni, lomehluko uye wabangela ukuba ezinye izinkantolo ze-appellate zifune isiqinisekiso noma ukusola okunengqondo kokungancintisisa izinto zobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuseshwa okungahlanganisi nokukopishwa kwemininingwane yemininingwane.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Zenkantolo

ICotterman (yesi - 9 yesiFunda, ka - 2013)

Kwesinye sezinqumo zokuqala zokuhlola umngcele wenombolo, iSifundazwe se-Ninth sathi ukuhlola okungenasiqinisekiso kwe-laptop emngceleni kwaphula iSichibiyelo sesine. Inkantolo yahlukanisa phakathi “ukubheka” kokubukeza isisetshenziswa . Okungase kuvunyelwe ngaphandle kokusola − kanye nokuhlola i-software ekhethekile ukuze kutholakale amafayela acinyiweyo. Inkantolo yayala ukuthi, okungenani idinga ukusola okunengqondo ngenxa yokungangeni kahle kokwaziswa komuntu siqu. [[FLT:] man [[FLT:]

E - United States, uKolsuz (4th Fridera, 2018)

Isifunda sesine saqhubeka kakhulu ku-United States v. Kolsuz, siphethe ukuthi ukuphenywa komngcele okungenasizathu kwe-laptop kwakungenangqondo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. Inkantolo yasebenzisa ukucabanga [ u-Riles emongweni womngcele, iphetha ngokuthi ukuphenya komngcele akuvumeli ukuphenywa komsebe wemishini yezobuchwepheshe. Isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekubekeni imithetho emngceleni asiyidlulisi imibandela eyimfihlo emininingwaneni yolimi. Isifunda sesine sasifuna ukuvalwa kwemibandela, engekho ezimweni.

Riley v. California (INkantolo Ephakeme, 2014)

Nakuba ibhekiswe ekufuneni isenzakalo sokubopha, ukucabanga kwayo kuye kwaba balulekile ekufuneni umngcele. IJaji eliyinhloko uRoberts labhala ukuthi imininingwane yocingo lwamakhalekhukhwini “ayinakusetshenziswa njengesikhali” noma isithiye ukuboshwa okungokomthetho, ngakho - ke izimpawu zesenzakalo sokuhlola esingagunyazi ukubopha asisebenzi. Lokhu kucaciwe yizinkantolo eziphansi ukuphikisa ukuthi umngcele wesiko usekelwe ekuhloleni i-crectrand //is“ixhumistion for arective systruption, equkethe ukwaziswa okungakholekiyo kokubopha kwemicikilisho kunezinto ezingokoqobo.

ICBP Yamanje Ne - ICE Policies Kucwaningo Lwesisetshenziswa

Iqondiswa Kuyi - CBP Kuyimishini Yobuchwepheshe Yomngcele

U.S. Customs and Bordline Protection (CBP) ikhiphe ukuhlola okuqondisayo kwemishini yobuchwepheshe. Njengendlela yokulungisa kwayo kwamuva kakhulu, izikhulu ze-CBP zingaqhuba u-“bassic” zihlola (ukuhlola okukhona ngaphandle kwe-software yangaphandle) ngaphandle kokusola. “ukuhlola" okuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yangaphandle ukubukeza, ukukopisha, noma ukuhlaziya imninime-(i-'enjini" kumelwe ibe nokwephulwa okunengqondo” kokwephulwa komthetho. Isiqondiso sidinga ukuhlolwa ngendlela efike ngesikhathi esifike ngesikhathi nokuthi isisetshenziswa asigcinwangagcini izinsuku ezinhlanu ngaphandle kokuba sidluliselwe umqondisi. [FF:]

Imikhuba Yokukopisha Nokwenza Imininingwane

Ngaphansi kwesiqondiso se-CBP, izikhulu zingakopisha ukwaziswa komshini phakathi nokufuna okuthuthukisiwe. Le nhlangano ithi amakhophi avikelekile futhi kumelwe abhujiswe ngemva kokuphela kwesenzo sokuqinisekisa. Nokho, abagxeki baveza imibiko yokwaziswa okugcinwe izinyanga noma iminyaka ngaphandle kokulunga, futhi ezimweni lapho ukwaziswa kwahlanganyelwa khona nezinye izinhlangano ezinjenge-ICE ne-FBI. Ukungaqondisi okukhulu kuye kwaholela ekubekeni inseleleni imingcele yale mithetho esemthethweni.

Imingcele Yokuqaphela Intuthuko Namalungelo Okwenqaba

Abahambi bangase benqabe ukuvula umshini noma ukunikeza amagama ayimfihlo, kodwa ukwenqaba okunjalo kungaba nemiphumela. I-CBP ingabamba ithuluzi, futhi umhambi angase abekwe inselele yokubuza noma ukulibala. Ukwenqaba akunikezi itheku eliphephile elizisebenzelayo; amanxusa angase athole izimpawu eziyingozi zokwenqaba. Ezinye izinkantolo zithole ukuthi iphoqelela umhambi ukuba avule isisetshenziswa esinemigqa eqinile (njengesici somnwe) esingasenziwe evunyelwe ngaphansi komngceleni, kanti ukufakwa kwe-codex kungafaka isivikelo se-fidicrate enqabelaniwe. Izindawo ezingokomthetho ezimelene nokwenqaba kuhlala zingasheki.

Impikiswano Engokomthetho: Inqaba Noma Cha?

Izimpikiswano Zokufuna Ukunqoba Ibhizinisi

Abasekeli bemfuneko yemithetho ye-minutation baphikisa ngokuthi izisetshenziswa zamanani zilingana nenqolobane yanamuhla nokuthi i-apply search akuzange kuhloselwe ukugunyaza uhlobo lokuhlola i-fonsic imishini yesimanje eyitholayo. i-American Civin Liberties Union (ACLU) kanye namanye amaqembu afuna ukugcinwa komngcele acindezeleke ngokufuna isiqinisekiso ngesizathu, iveza ukuthi isithakazelo somuntu ngamunye sidlula isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekufuneni okumfushane, ukusolwa. Bakhomba [[FLT:] KolUz[FLT] kanye [FLT:] kanye [FOLT] [FFFLT]] [FFFFF:]

Impikiswano Yomngcele Iyahluka

Uhulumeni umi esemthethweni ukuthi ukuphenya umngcele kubalulekile ukuze kuqikelelwe amasiko, ukufuduka, nemithetho yesizwe. Izikhulu ziphikisa ngokuthi ukubeka imfuneko kungaphazamisa ikhono lazo lokubona izithombe ezingcolile zezingane, ukusongela kobuphekula, nokuphulwa kwemithetho yezohwebo. UMnyango Wezobulungisa uye wavikela ukuphenywa okungenamvumelwayo ezinkantolo eziningi, ziphikisa ukuthi i-espectal commonctive kufanele isebenzise izinto zobuchwepheshe njengoba nje yenza ezitshani ezisemzimbeni. Uhulumeni uphawula futhi ukuthi ukufuna isiqinisekiso kunganciphisa ukuhlola okusheshayo emachwebeni okungena ezisebenzini ezimatasa futhi imishini yamanani ingasuswa ngokushesha noma ibhalwe ngokufihlekile ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale imvume.

Indima Yezimo Ezimbi

Ngisho nezinkantolo ezifuna imvume ziqaphele ukuthi imvume ilungile uma kukhona usongo olusheshayo ekulondekeni kwesikhulu noma ingozi yobufakazi obungabhubhi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inxusa linesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umshini unokwaziswa okuphathelene nokuhlasela kwamaphekula okuseduze, ukuphenya okungenalumthetho kungalunga. Nokho, ukukhomba kumelwe kube okuqotho futhi hhayi nje ukuqagela. Izinkantolo bezingabaza ukuthi umngcele ngokwawo uveza ukungaguquguquki. Ukuthambekela kudinga ukusola komuntu siqu noma isiqinisekiso sokufuna ukuphenya okungeniswa kwe-orligion.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezivakashi

Amacebiso Okuvikela Imininingwane Yakho

Abahambi abafisa ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthola ukwaziswa kwabo emngceleni bangathatha izinyathelo eziphuthumayo:

  • Umva wonke amamniningo ngaphambi kokuhamba, futhi ucabangele ukushiya amafayela azwelayo ekhaya noma efwini.
  • Sebenzisa ukuvulwa okunamandla [ ezisetshenziswani futhi ugweme ukuthembela kuphela ezihluthulweni ze-biometric. Nakuba ukuvulwa kombhalo ofingqiwe kungavimbela ukufinyela, kungenza kube nzima ngemishini ukufinyelela ukwaziswa uma isisetshenziswa siboshiwe.
  • Travel ngemininingwane emincane. A A “isithombe” esihlanzekile [1] isisetshenziswa esiqukethe izinhlelo namafayela abalulekile kuphela.]
  • [[UMTL:0] Wazi amalungelo akho. Akufunekanga ukuba uvule isisetshenziswa sakho, kodwa kufanele uqaphele imiphumela engavela: isisetshenziswa singavalelwa futhi ungabhekana nezikhawu.
  • Cela ukusebenzisa isisetshenziswa esihlukile, sesikhashana ekuhambeni kwezwe lonke, ikakhulukazi uma unebhizinisi elibucayi, i-partical, noma i-message.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho Emngceleni

Imithetho yesizwe i-Guild kanye [[FLT]] ALU inyathelise uyakwazi 76 umqondisi wakho wezokweqa emngceleni. Abahambi kufanele baqonde ukuthi bangabuza ukuthi bakhululekile yini ukuphuma, bayeke ukuphendula imibuzo mayelana nesisetshenziswa sabo, futhi bacele ukuba kuhlolwe umqondisi noma ummeli uma benomuzwa wokuthi amalungelo abo aphulwa. I-acense i-CLUA i-etask mayelana nomnyango wabo.[FLT:]

Izizathu Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nezimo Zomngcele

Izinselele Ezisebenzayo

Amanxusa emingcele abhekene nesenzo esinzima sokulinganisela. Asebenza ngokumisa amakhulu emithetho emathekwini okungena, futhi izingcingo zemishini zingaqukethe ubufakazi bokukhwabanisa kwamasiko, ukushushumbisa abantu, nezinsongo zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Nokho, indawo engokomthetho ihlukene. Uphenyo olungokomthetho echweba lokungena lungavumelani nesinye isigaba somthetho. UMnyango weJaji unxuse iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ixazulu elihlukene phakathi kwezifunda, kodwa ngale ndlela iNkanto iNkantolo iyenqaba ukuzwa icala eliveza impikiswano ngokuphelele. Okwamanje, izikhulu zezokuqeqesha ukuqonda izindinganiso ezihlukene, ezingadidanisa ukusebenza.

Ukuvumelana Nezindinganiso Ezishintshayo

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zithatha imithetho evimbela kakhulu ukuze zigweme ukuphehlwa. IKlolsoz'isine sesifunda sibambe iKolfoz isebenza ekuphenyeni kulelosifunda (Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina), kodwa amanxusa angaqhubeka ehlola ngaphandle kwemvume kwenye indawo. [[FLT:] I-FLT] I-fect of Homeland Security ikhiphe isiqondiso izibuko ze-CBP, kodwa i-ast Virginia yangaphakathi iye yabonisa ukugcinwa okungahambi ngqalanisa okungaqondani kwemininingwane. Ukuvumelana nezimfuno zomthetho, kuyodinga ukufakwa ezimisweni eziqinisekisayo, okubhalwe ngokushesha, nokuqondisa okukhunjuliwe.

Intuthuko Yesikhathi Esizayo Nemizamo Yokushaya Imithetho

Imithetho Emisiwe

Kuye kwafakwa izikweleti eziningi eMkhandlwini ohloselwe ukucacisa imfuneko yomthetho emngceleni. [[FLT:] Isichibiyelo sesithathu asiyiyo Impoqo yomthetho yeSale Act kanye ne-[FLT] Ukuphenya Imishini Yemishini Ye ele electronic Act kungadinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze uthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka embangelani owenzekayo, ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile zomkhakhakha wezeko-khathi. Njengangokwa 2025, lezi zikwenqatshelwa akuzange kwenziwe, kodwa kubonisa ukukhathalela okuqhubekayo ngenkathi yonyaka. Ungalandela isimo se-UFF:BBFT [FF]

Isiqondiso Senkantolo Esiphakeme Engase Sibe Khona

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yenqaba ngokuphindaphindiwe ukunikeza i-certiorari emacalani inselele eqondile engekho ngokomthetho esemthethweni. Lokhu kushiya izinkantolo eziphansi zididekile. Nokho, njengoba inani lezifunda ezidinga imvume noma ukusola okunengqondo likhula, ukucindezelwa kweNkantolo ukuxazulula lendaba kuzokhula. Icala lesikhathi esizayo lingamisa indinganiso yesizwe: noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenywa komngcele kusebenza ezintweni zobuchwepheshe njengoba kwenza ezisemgqeni, noma ukuphatha isiqinisekiso esidingekayo esidingekayo sokukhipha imvume. Inkantolo ibikezela ukuthi ekugcineni inkantolo izokala, inikeze izigxobo futhi ihlukanise.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nokuba Wedwa

Imfuneko yokuhlola imishini yobuchwepheshe emingceleni yase-U.S. ilokhu ingenye yezingxenye ezinamandla kakhulu zomthetho weSichibiyelo sesine. Umkhuba wamanje uyindawo embaxa-nye: amanye ama-ocester avumela ukuseshwa okuyisisekelo okungasoleki kodwa adinga ukusolwa okunengqondo kokuhlola okungakholekiyo; amanye afuna isiqinisekiso sanoma yisiphi imishini enenjongo. Abahambi, abameleli, nabameleli bezomthetho konke kunesithakazelo esicacile, umthetho ofanayo ophathelene kokubili izidingo zenhlala-zweni kanye nezithakazelo eziyisisekelo zemfihlo zemishini yezobuchwepheshe manje egcina imishini. Kuze kube i-Congresssions okanye iNkakhulu inikeza isiqondiso esiqinisekile, indawo esemthethweni iqhubeke iguqulwa yi-ligigrac, inqubo yokulungisa, ushintsho, nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe.