Isisekelo Sokusekela Umphakathi

Ukuxhasa imali kubaluleke kakhulu ekubuseni kwanamuhla, ukukhokha intela ekhokhiswa emfundweni, ekunakekeleni impilo, ezisekelweni zezenhlalakahle, nasezinhlelweni zezenhlalo. Kodwa ngokulandelana nale nqubo yemali kuvela umthwalo obalulekile wezimiso zezimiso. Indlela ohulumeni abahlela ngayo futhi baphathe ngayo le mali ithinta ukuthembana komphakathi, ukulingana kwezenhlalo, nempilo yentando yeningi iyonke. Uma izimali zisetshenziswa kabi noma zibekwa ngaphandle kokucwasa, ukugxeka kuyakhula, futhi izakhamuzi ziyayeka ukuhlanganisa. Ngokuphambene, ukuphatha imali ngokuziphatha kukhuthaza ukuziqhenya komphakathi nentuthuko ehlangene.

Ukuxhasa imali yomphakathi akuyona nje indaba engokomthetho; kuyimfuneko yokuziphatha. Abakhokhi bentela baphathisa umbuso inzuzo yabo enzima ngethemba lokuthi izosetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yesizwe. Lokhu kuthemba kumelwe kuhlonishwe ngezinqubo ezicace kakhulu, ukusakaza ngokulinganayo, nokulandisa okulinganayo kuzo zonke izinga. Ngaphandle kwesimiso esiqinile sokuziphatha, izingozi zokuxhasa umphakathi zibe yithuluzi lokusekela kwezombangazwe, udoti, noma ngisho nenkohlakalo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuxhasa Umphakathi

Kungani izimiso zokuziphatha zibaluleke kakhulu kwezezimali zomphakathi? Impendulo isesivumelwaneni somphakathi phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi. Imali ngayinye esetshenziswayo iyisithembiso sokufeza okuhle okufanayo. Uma leso sithembiso sephukile, isisekelo somphakathi siyaxabana. Ukuxhasana kwezezimali zomphakathi kuyasiza:

  • [[IQUMT:0] Gcina ukuthembana komphakathi:[ Izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekuvumelaneni nezibopho zentela nokusekela izinyathelo zikahulumeni zokuthatha isinyathelo uma zikholelwa ukuthi imali isetshenziswa ngokufanele.
  • [ I-Fairsure: Isabelo sezentengiselwano sivimbela ukuthunjwa kwezikhulu futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi ehluzekile ithola ingxenye yayo enkulu yemithombo yemali.
  • [ Imiphumela esebenzayo: Iziqondiso ezicacile zokuziphatha zinciphisa ukukhwabanisa nokuchitha, zindisa ithonya lemali yonke ekhokhayo.
  • Intando yeningi evuselelwe: Ingxenye nezinqubo zokusekela ngokwezimali ezibonisayo zinika izakhamuzi amandla futhi zikhuthaza ukubophana komphakathi.

Ukucwaninga kwe ECD kubonisa ukuthi amazwe anezimiso zobuqotho zomphakathi eziqinile athambekele ekuthembeni kakhulu kuhulumeni nasekukhuleni kwezomnotho okungalondolozwa. Ukuxhasa imali yomphakathi akuyona into yokunethezeka; kuyimfuneko yokulawula ngokuphumelelayo.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Ezingokwesayensi Ekusekeleni Umphakathi

Ukuze kusetshenziswe izimiso zokuziphatha, ohulumeni kumelwe banamathele ezimisweni eziyisisekelo. Lezi zimiso zinikeza uhlelo lwesinqumo olusiza izikhulu ukuba zilawule izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokusebenzisa imali lapho zilondoloza ubuqotho.

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Izikhulu zomphakathi kumelwe zilandise ngezinqumo zazo zokuxhasa ngemali. Ukulandisa kusho ukuthi abenzi besinqumo bangabizwa ukuze bathethelele indlela imali eyabelwe ngayo futhi isetshenziswe ngayo, nokuthi kunemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kabi kwemithetho. Imishini enjengezokwengamela umthetho, ukuphenya okuzimele, nokuhlola ukusebenza kubalulekile. Ngaphandle kokulandisa, ngisho nezinhlelo ezihloselwe kahle zingakhukhuleka zifinyelele ekunelisekeni noma ekukhetheni.

Ukubona ngale

Izinqubo zokuxhasa izimali kufanele zivuleke ukuze kuhlolwe umphakathi. Inhlangano ebonakalayo ihlanganisa ukwenza amabhukwana aphathelene nohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, amarekhodi, nemibiko yezindleko ifinyeleleka kalula. Futhi kusho ukuthi izinqumiso zezinqumo zokuxhasa imali zichazwe ngokucacile futhi zisetshenziswe ngokungaguquki. i-International[ iphawula ukuthi imikhondo eshicilelwe imali iyindlela yokuzalela impova. Uma izakhamuzi zingabona ukuthi imali iyaphi, zingagcina izikhulu zinecala futhi zinikele emiphumelweni engcono.

Equity

Izimali zomphakathi kumelwe zihlangane kahle, ziqaphela ukuthi imiphakathi ehlukene inezidingo ezingafani. I-quity ayisho ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo kwabo bonke; kunalokho, kusho ukuhlanganisa imithombo elingana nokusingatha izinkinga zomlando noma izidingo ezicindezelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isifunda sesikole esithola imali encane singadinga ukuxhasa umfundi ngamunye ngemali eningi kunomuntu ocebile ukuze afinyelele imiphumela engokwemfundo efanayo. Ukuxhasa umphakathi ngenkuthalo kusebenza ngokuvala amagebe kunokuba kwandise.

Ubuqotho

Ukukhokha izinqumo kumelwe kukhululeke ezimpikiswaneni zesithakazelo, ukufumbathisa, noma ukucindezela kwezombangazwe. Ubuqotho bufuna ukuba izikhulu zomphakathi zibeke okuhle okuvamile ngaphezu kwenzuzo yomuntu siqu noma inzuzo yeqembu. Lesi simiso sivame ukudinga ukuqeqeshwa okunzima kwezimiso zokuziphatha, ukubhalisa izimpi, kanye nokuphoqelela izimali ngokusemthethweni. Ihlazo elilodwa elihilela ukusebenzisa kabi imali lingayiqeda iminyaka eminingi imizamo yokwakha ukwethembana.

Umlando Nokuziphendukela Kwezimiso Zomphakathi Zokuxhasa Umphakathi

Izindinganiso zokuziphatha esizisebenzisayo namuhla ekuxhaseni imali yomphakathi ziwumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Emiphakathini yangaphambi kwenkathi yanamuhla, izimali zomphakathi zazivame ukuphathwa njengempahla yababusi, okuholela ekuxhashazweni okusakazeke kakhulu. IMagna Carta (1215) yayiyisinyathelo sokuqala sokulandisa, sithola ukuthi inkosi ayinakukwazi ukukhokha izintela ngaphandle kwemvume yendawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinhlangano zentando yeningi zabhebhebhethekisa ukubonakala okukhulu kwenani nezakhamuzi ekuhleleni izimali.

Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka laba nokwanda kwezokuqondisa komphakathi okungochwepheshe nezimiso zokuhlola ezingokomthetho. Umthetho ofana nomthetho woHlanza no-Accounting Act ka-1921 wadala iHhovisi le-Hulumeni elinoMalunga ne-Accounting Accounting. Muva nje, ukuphoqelelwa kwembulunga yonke kukahulumeni ovulekile kuye kwaholela ezinyathelweni ezinjenge Open Government Partership [, lapho amazwe angamalungu efaka khona ekuboneni obala, ukulandisa, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi eziminyeni zemali.

Naphezu kwale ntuthuko, izinselele ziyaqhubeka: Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimali zanamuhla, ithonya lokuthonya, nejubane lezokuhwebelana ngemishini konke kungafihla ukusetshenziswa kwemali esemthethweni. Ukuqonda lomlando kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi sifinyelele kude kangakanani, futhi umsebenzi usasebenza kangakanani.

Izinselele Ekuxhaseni Umphakathi

Ngisho noma kunezimiso eziqinile, ukusebenzisa indlela yomphakathi yokusekela izimali kugcwele izithiyo.

Ukonakala

Ukonakala kusewusongo olubonakala kakhulu ekuxhaseni isimilo. Kungathatha uhlobo lokufumbathisa, ukukhokha, noma ukukhetha ngokukhokhwa. Emazweni anezinhlangano ezibuthakathaka, ukonakala kungase kube okuwukuhleleka, kuphambukise izigidi zamaRandi ezinkonzweni ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, iWorld Bank ilinganisela ukuthi imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-R3 zamaRandi ikhokhwa ngokufumbazwa unyaka ngamunye. Ukulwa nalemithetho eqinile emelene nokonakala, i-gadiary, kanye nesivikelo sokuvulela i-applier ibalulekile.

Ithonya Lezombangazwe

Ukukhokha izinqumo kungokwezombangazwe ngokwemvelo, kodwa uma imigomo emifushane yezombangazwe idlula izidingo zomphakathi zesikhathi eside, izimiso ziyahlupheka. Abezombangazwe bangaqondisa izimali ekuwineni izigodi ukuze banqobe amavoti, noma bavumele imisebenzi yezilwane ngenzuzo yomphakathi engabazekayo. Le "pork-barrel" ukuchitha imali kululaza ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zemali nokuzihlela ngokuzimele. Ukumisa izikhomishane zemali ezikhokhwayo nokufuna izindleko ezikhuhliweyo kungasiza ekufakeni izimali kwezombangazwe ezimsulwa.

Uhambo Lwemithombo

Awukho uhulumeni onemali elinganiselwe. Uma uhlelo lokuhlela imali luqinile, kumelwe kwenziwe izinqumo ezinzima. Izinkinga ezingokohlelo ziphakama lapho ukuxhasa uhlelo olulodwa kusho ukusika olunenzuzo oluthi olunenzuzo kanye nemfundo, ngokwesibonelo. Lezi zinqumo zidinga ukucubungula okusobala kanye nokuhleleka okucacile kwezinto eziza kuqala ezisekelwe ezindinganisweni zomphakathi. Izinqubo zokuhlela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali zingasiza imiphakathi ukuba ilinganisele ibhizinisi njengeqembu.

Ukuntuleka Kwesikhathi Somphakathi

Uma izakhamuzi zizizwa zingasakwazi ukukhokhela izinqumo zemali, zingase zingabe nandaba noma zingathembi. Ukuthembisana ngezimali kunciphisa ukuqondisa futhi kuvumela ukuba imikhuba engekho emthethweni ichume. Izakhamuzi eziningi azinaso isikhathi noma ikhono lokuqonda izindleko zemali eziyinkimbinkimbi, okwenza kube lula ngezikhulu ukuba zifihle imali engabazekayo. Ohulumeni kumelwe banciphise imingcele ngokuzikhandla ukuze bahlanganyele ngokuhlanganyela emphakathini, ukufingqa imali, nemikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi.

Izinqubo Zokusekela Ukuxhasa Umphakathi

Ukusingatha lezinselele kudinga indlela ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa ushintsho lokwakha noshintsho lwempucuko. Amasu alandelayo aye aphumelela emongweni ohlukahlukene.

Ukuhlola Omphakathi Nokuhlanganyela Ekusebenziseni Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Ukuhlanganyela ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi ekunikezeni izinqumo zokuxhasa imali kwakha ukwethembana futhi kuthuthukisa imiphumela. Ukusebenzisa imali (PB) kuvumela amalungu omphakathi ukuba ahlongoze futhi avote emisebenzini, kunikeza incazelo yangempela ngendlela esetshenziswa ngayo imali. Idolobha lasePorto Alegre, eBrazil, lasungula lendlela ngawo-1980, okuholela ekuthuthukiseni izinkonzo zomphakathi futhi kunciphe ukonakala. Namuhla, i-PB ikhona ezinkulungwaneni zikamasipala emhlabeni wonke, kusukela eNew York ukuya e-Seoul. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-PB yandisa ukwaneliseka ngohulumeni futhi iholela ekutholeni inzuzo engcono kakhulu yempahla esemthethweni.

Ukuhlola Nokuqondisa Kwasikhathi Sonke

Ama-audiement ayizinkomba zokulandisa. Abona ukungahleleki, akhubaza ukungasebenzi kahle kwendlela yokuthuthukisa, futhi anikeza ukutusa kokuthuthukisa. Imikhakha kufanele iqhutshwe izidumbu ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe, njengezinhlangano ezinkulu zokuhlola izimali. Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa kwemali, amaphesenti ahlola ukuthi izinhlelo zifinyelele imiphumela yazo ezihlosiwe. Imiphumela yokunyathelisa ngamafomethi atholakalayo inika izakhamuzi nezintatheli amandla okubuza imibuzo enzima.

Iziqondiso Ezicacile Nezindinganiso Ezingokwezimiso

Ohulumeni kufanele bahlanganise ukulindela okungokokuziphatha ezimisweni ezihleliwe. Lezi ziqondiso kufanele zihlanganise yonke into kusukela emithethweni ethathwayo yezezimali zezezimali zezentengiselwano. Kumelwe zikhulunyelwe ngokucacile kuzo zonke izikhulu zomphakathi futhi ziphoqelelwe ngokungaguquguquki. CD iSimemezelo sobuqotho bukaHulumeni [ inikeza uhlelo olubanzi, lugcizelela isiko lobuqotho kunokuba kugcizelelwe nje ukuvumelana nemithetho.

Imfundo Nokuqeqeshwa

Izimiso zokuziphatha azinakuthathwa kalula; kumelwe zifundiswe. Ukuqeqeshelwa njalo izikhulu zomphakathi ngezihloko ezinjengezimpi zesithakazelo, izivikelo zokushaya ikhwelo, nokwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha kusiza ukwakha izisebenzi ezizisa ubuqotho. Ukuqeqesha kufanele kuqashelwe futhi kuqaliswe minyaka yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zemfundo yomphakathi zingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kusebenza kanjani ukuxhasa umphakathi nokugcina izikhulu zilandisa.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekuthuthukiseni Ukuxhasa Umphakathi

Uma usetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha, ubuchwepheshe bungavala igebe phakathi kohulumeni nezakhamuzi, okwenza kube lula ukusekela imali.

Vula Imininingwane

Izimali zokunyathelisa, izivumelwano, nezindleko ezisezingeni elibhalwe ngomshini zivumela abacwaningi, izintatheli, nezinhlangano ezigadayo ukuba zihlaziye indlela yokusebenzisa imali. I-opendies ingaveza izivumelwano noma izimali ezinkulu kakhulu ezithunyelwa ezindaweni ezithile. I-U.S.orv platform ne-UK’s data.gov. uk uphenya lendlela. I-open activeiling Stanicationshiption [[ ikhuthaza ukubonakala komphakathi, okuvame ukuba yindawo esengozini yokukhohliswa.

Amathuluzi Okuhlanganyela Kuyi - Internet

Ama-tect awezinombolo enza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zemali ezivela kunoma kuphi. Amathuluzi anjenge-Consul, i-Decidim, futhi ahlangene nemithombo yezokuxhumana avumela ukunikeza impendulo yangempela, ukuzithoba komqondo, nokuvota ekusebenziseni izinto eziza kuqala. La mapulatifomu enza futhi irekhodi lokusebenza komphakathi elingasetshenziselwa ukwenza izikhulu zibe nesibopho sokuzishaya indiva ngokuthanda komphakathi.

Ukuhlolwa Nokuhlolwa Kwama - alytic

Ubuchwepheshe be-btshchain bunikeza amarekhodi okungangenwa hlangothi kwentengiselwano, okwenza kube nzima ukuphambukisa izimali. Lapho kusavela, imisebenzi yabashayeli emazweni anjenge Georgia ne Estonia iye yabonisa isithembiso sokulandela izimali zomphakathi. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza umshini kungasetshenziselwa futhi ukuzwa izindlela zokukhomba ezisolekayo ekuthengeni, ukunqanda ukukhohlisa okungase kuqhubeke.

Imivuzo Yemfundo Yezinombolo

Ohulumeni bangakha izifundo ze-inthanethi, ukubonelela ngemiboniso, nemidlalo ehambisanayo ukuze bafundise izakhamuzi ngemali yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, "imiboniso egunyazayo" ivumela abayisebenzisayo ukuba bazame ukulinganisela imali yokusetshenziswa kwemali ehlekisayo, ukwakha ukuqonda okungaqondakali kwezentengiselwano. Ukwanda kokufunda imali emphakathini kwenza i-computer efuna inqubo yezimiso zokuziphatha.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekuhwebeni Komphakathi Kwama - Ethical

Ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe langempela kunikeza izifundo ezicacile zendlela izimiso zokuziphatha ezingasetshenziswa ngayo ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuhlelweni Kwemali EPorto Alegre, eBrazil

Kusukela ngo- 1989, uPorto Alegre wavumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ngokuqondile ukuthi zingayisebenzisa kanjani ingxenye yemali yedolobha. Lenqubo yaholela ekuthuthukisweni okuphawulekayo kwenhlanzeko, imfundo, nezindlu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimpofu kakhulu. Ukubhalisa imingcele ephakeme, futhi inkohlakalo yehla. Isibonelo siye sashukumisa ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlela ukuhlukana emhlabeni wonke futhi sikhonjwa yiWorld Bank njengomkhuba ongcono kakhulu wokubusa ngokuphelele.

Ukungenela Kukahulumeni Ovulekile E - United States

Iqaliswe ngo-2009, i-Open Government Initive kahulumeni ehloselwe ukwenza uhulumeni asebenzise imali ecace kakhulu. Ngeziteshi ezifana ne-USASpending.gov kanye nokumiswa kwe-Open Government Prineshineship, ukuthatha isinyathelo kwandisa ukutholakala komphakathi kokwaziswa ezivumelwaneni, izibopho, nemali ebolekwayo. Nakuba izinselele zilokhu zikhona cishe njengokuphelela kwemininingwane nokusebenziseka komsebenzi, i-USAScel Privice i-ced transpoint (ukusebenza) i-oced projectivesss processsssssworket (unity) kahulumeni.

Imisebenzi Yokuthuthukisa Umphakathi ECanada

Uhulumeni wezwe waseCanada uye wasungula izindlela zokusekela imali ezisekelwe ekwakheni imiphakathi yomdabu, ukhuluma ngokuncitshiswa kwemiphakathi ngokomlando. Ngokunikeza imithombo esekelwe ekusweleni kwabantu kunokuba inikwe inani labantu kuphela, lezimiso zihlose ukuvala izikhala ezisemzimbeni, ekunakekeleni impilo, nasemfundweni. Umphumela uye waba ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo okulinganayo kanye nokubambisana okuqinile phakathi kohulumeni nezizwe zokuqala.

Ukwenziwa Komdwebo Oyinqaba E - United Kingdom

I-UK’s National Lottery Community Fund idinga abafaka isicelo ukuba babonise indlela imisebenzi yabo eyozuzisa ngayo imiphakathi ehlukahlukene futhi ikhuthaze ukulingana. Izinqumo zokuxhasa izimali zenziwa amakomiti ahlanganisa abameleli bomphakathi, anciphise ingozi yokubanjwa abambalwa. Ukuhlola imiphumela yokulandela iziqondiso, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimali ezikhokhelwa intela zifeza inzuzo engokwenhlalo.

Ukwakha Isiko Lokusekela Umphakathi

Izimali zomphakathi azifinyelelwa ngenqubo eyodwa noma ngobuchwepheshe; kudinga isibopho esiqinile ebuqothweni, ekuboneni, nasesakhiweni sezakhamuzi. Ohulumeni kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi izimali zomphakathi ziyisibopho esingcwele, hhayi ithuluzi lokusetshenziswa ukuze kuzuze ezombangazwe. Ngokuzinzisa izimiso zokuziphatha ezihambelana nanoma iliphi izinga lokuxhasa imali ("kusukela ekuhleleni ukuhlolwa) ukukhokha imali ekhokha intela kungafeza okuhle. Izakhamuzi, ngokwengxenye yazo, kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile futhi zibophe isibopho, zisebenzisa amathuluzi okubonakali ukuze zibambe icala lenzuzo. Kuphela ngemithwalo ehlangene singakha isimiso esifanelwe ngempela ukwethenjwa okubekwe kuso.