Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Zamanzi Ahlakaniphile Nezimiso Zawo Zokuxhumana

Amanzi ahlanzekile aba enye yemithombo ecindezelekile kakhulu kuleplanethi. Ukuguga kwezakhiwo, ukwanda kwabantu, nesomiso esibangelwa isimo sezulu kucindezela izimiso ezivamile zokusakaza amanzi zifinyelele emingceleni yazo. Ekuphenduleni, inani elandayo lamadolobha nezinto ezisetshenziswayo liphendukela ku- ubuchwepheshe bamanzi obunemisebe eqinile[[]]. [Izimiso zemishini ezihlangene ezilawula amanani elawulayo ezihlaziya, ezihlaziya, nokulawula imishini yamanzi ngesikhathi sangempela. Le mishini ithembisa ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi, ukuthuthukisa ukukhokha amandla, futhi yenza ukuba ukusetshenziswa kwawo okuphumelelayo kwamandla namanzi kukwazi ukuphatha kahle. Kodwa ukuthatha kwazo izinqubo ezibanzi zabenzi besimiso sezomthetho, ukusekela ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, ukuhlelwa kwamazwe, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso. Lesi sihloko sihlola isimo samanzi, izinhlelo zamanje, ukuhlelwa kwamanzi, nokusetshenziswa kwendlela yokuphatha amanzi esikhathini esizayo.

Iyini Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Zamanzi Ezihlakaniphile?

I-grid yamanzi ehlakaniphile yisimiso esihlangene sezinzwa, imishini yokuxhumana, imishini yokulawula ukwaziswa esebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqondiswe ukusakazwa kwamanzi ngokunembe okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili. Ngokungafani nezimiso zamanzi ezivamile ezithembele ekufundeni ngezandla nasekulungiseni izinto ezisebenza kahle, ama-road anikeza ukubonakala okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kwalo lonke i-nethinethiwekhi. Zivumela izinga elisebenzayo ukuba likwazi ukubona ukuvuza ngemizuzu kunezinyanga, zenza izimiso zokumpompa ezisekelwe ekufuneni isikhathi sangempela, futhi zibikezele ukuhluleka kwemishini ngaphambi kokuba iphazamise umsebenzi.

Lo mqondo wakheka kuyi-inthanethi efanayo yezinto (IoT) kanye nezimiso ezisekelwe kukwaziswa ezisekela ama-grid kagesi ahlakaniphile, kodwa zisebenza ezicini ezihlukile ezingokomzimba nakusebenza zesakhiwo samanzi. Umphumela yisimiso esingazivumelanisa ngamandla nezimo, ulondolozo lwamanzi, unciphise izindleko zokusebenza, futhi uthuthukise inkonzo yamakhasi.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Ze - grid Yamanzi Ehlakaniphile

Izinzwa Neziyalezo Ezilinganiselwe

Izinzwa eziphambili amehlo nezindlebe ze-grid ehlakaniphile yamanzi. Lezi zihlanganisa izinzwa zokucindezelo , [i-FLT]] amamitha okuhamba , [ ukuvuza komsindo okuvuzayo [[, [[FLT] ne[FLT] izinga lamanzi [FLT] imithombo yamanzi] (ihlola imingcele enjenge-pH, i-turbible, i-rine resual, ne-teat). Amamitha afakwe ekhasimethi eliphezulu anikeza ukwaziswa okufuna ukufihla, ukuvuza engxenyeni ye-pane.

Amanethi okuxhumana emininingwane

Imishini yolwazi namamitha idlulisa ukwaziswa nge-cellular, i-LoRaWan, noma iziteshi zomsakazo ezinikezelwe eziphakathini zomphezulu we-alytics. Ukuze kulawuleke ngempela, ukuxhumana okuphansi kuyadingeka. Imishini yobuchwepheshe isetshenziswa kakhulu i-LTE noma i-5G ukuze isekele izimfuneko eziyizinkulungwane zezindawo eziseceleni.

Imishini Yokwaziswa Nokuhlakanipha Okuklanywe

Imininingwane engahluziwe evela ezinzweni ingaba nkulu ngaphandle kwe-software eyinkimbinkimbi ukuchaza. Amapulatifomu ama-oanalytics asebenzisa umshini wokufunda i-algoriths ukukhomba amasampula abonisa ukuvuza, ukuqhuma, noma izenzakalo zokungcoliswa. Aveza futhi amasampula abikezela isidingo samanzi, enza ukuba izinto ezisebenza kahle zikwazi ukulawula indawo yokugcina nokumpompa ngokusebenza. Izimiso eziqhubekayo zingalingisa ngisho ne ̴ ukuthi i-ayikhofanu-ifa #8221; izenzakalo, njengemiphumela yokuphulwa komfutho omkhulu womfutho womfuno noma umphumela wesomiso ezindaweni ezinethanjeni.

Izimiso Zokulawula Ezizenzakalelayo

Izintambo ezihlakaniphile zivala igebe phakathi kokuhlola nesenzo. Izivalo ezizinzile, izimpompo, neziteshi ezilawula umfutho zingahlengwa kude esikhungweni sokulawula noma ngemithetho ehlelwe kusengaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inzwa ibona umfutho osikisela ukuvuza, isimiso singazihlukanisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ingxenye ethintekayo yepayipi kuyilapho ibuye ifake amanzi kwezinye izindlela. Lokhu kunciphisa izikhathi zokusabela kusukela emahoreni kuya emizuzwanani kuya ekuncipheni futhi kunciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi nokuphazamiseka kwenkonzo.

Izinzuzo Zokutshuza Kwamanzi Ahlakaniphile

Ukuvuselelwa Kwamanzi Angewona Awenziwe

Ngembulunga yonke, ubuchwepheshe obuvuzayo bunganciphisa lokhu kulahlekelwa ngamaphesenti amathathu kuya ku 50 amanzi awelaphayo alahleka ngaphambi kokuba afike kubathengi i-— obuningi bawo ngokuvuza emapayipini agugile. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola okuvuza bunganciphisa lokhu kulahlekelwa ngezigidi ezingama-20% kuya ku-40% ngonyaka wokuqala wokuthuthwa, ngokwezinhlolo ezihlolwe i-Stract Water Networks Forum[FFFLT[:3].

Ukusebenza Kahle Kwamandla

Ukusakazwa kwamanzi kungenisa amandla, kubalelwa ku-4% yokusetshenziswa kukagesi okuphelele kwezinye izindawo. Ngokunciphisa imishini yokumpompa nokunciphisa isidingo sokulungisa nokulahla amanzi, ama-grid ahlakaniphile anganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngo-15% kuya ku-30%. Lokhu kunezinzuzo eziqondile ngokwezimali nasendaweni ezungezile, ikakhulukazi lapho ugesi ukhiqizwa khona ngemithombo yamandla avundlile.

Izinga Lamanzi Elithuthukisiwe

Ukugadwa okuqhubekayo kwezindawo ezizinzile zamanzi ezindaweni eziningi kwinethiwekhi kuvumela izinto ezisizayo ukuba zibone izenzakalo ezingcolisekile zisenesikhathi. Uma kwenzeka kuchitheka amakhemikhali noma kuthuthukiswa ngokwemvelo, abasebenzisi bangakhipha i-'milter's' i-“boil dometer ̵ ama-ambries kunokuxwayisa ngokuvala igwebu, ukulondoloza ukuthemba komphakathi uma uvikela impilo.

Ukuhlanganyela Esontweni Okuthuthukisiwe

Amamitha ahlakaniphile anika abathengi amandla okuthola ukwaziswa okusetshenziswa kwamanzi cishe ngesikhathi esingokoqobo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amakhaya athola imiphumela evamile anciphisa isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwawo ngesilinganiso sa 10% kuya ku-15%. Imishini ingasebenzisa nezinhlelo ezilandelanayo ezinika inzuzo yokulondoloza, okwenza amakhasimende asebenze ngokubambisana ekunakekeleni amanzi.

Izinselele Zesimiso Namathuba

Nakuba isimo sobuchwepheshe bama - ray ahlakaniphile amanzi sinamandla, ukuwasebenzisa akuyona nje indaba yobunjiniyela. Kudinga isimiso sokusekela esisingatha izinselele eziningana ezihlobene.

Ukuba Wedwa Kwemininingwane Yezokwelapha Nokulondeka

Ama-grid amanzi ahlakaniphile aveza izilinganiso ezinkulu zokwaziswa, kuhlanganise nezindlela zokusetshenziswa ezingaveza imikhuba yasekhaya (umz., lapho abantu besekhaya, ukuthi bangaki abahlala khona). Lolwazi lubalulekile emikhankasweni ewusizo kodwa futhi ludala izingozi zomuntu siqu. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe bamise imithetho ecacile[ mayelana nokuba nomnini wemininingwane, ukuvuma, nokusebenzisa okuvunyelwe. .S. Izesivikelo sezemvelo [[[FLT]][FLT]] ikhiphe isiqondiso sokungaguquguquki kwamanzi, kodwa abaningi bathi akukho mithetho eqondile eqondile eqondeneyo ekwazini ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Uhlelo lwesizwe lungasiza abahwebi uma bevumela ukufakwa kokwaziswa okusemthethweni.

Ukuzimela okungokobukhali kungomunye umkhakha obucayi. Izimiso zamanzi ziyingxenye yesizwe i’ izakhiwo ezibucayi, futhi ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi ngempumelelo kungaphazamisa ukutholakala noma ukuhlehla kwezinga lamanzi. Abaphathi-kampali kufanele bagunyaze izindinganiso zokuphepha ezilinganiselwe ze-grid ehlakaniphileyo, idinga ukuhlolwa njalo, futhi inikeza imithombo yezinto ezingase zingabi nazo izisetshenziswa ezisenzweni ezinikezelwe i-IT.

Imisebenzi Yokuhlela Nezindinganiso

Kusungulwe imithetho yamanzi ekhona ukuze kubonwe ukuthi inkathi yangaphambi kwemithola-mfantu. Bavame ukunikeza izikhawu ezithile zokuhlola, ukubika amafomethi, kanye nezinqubo ezisebenzayo ezithatha ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kwezandla kanye nokuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuze kuhlangatsheliswe ama-grid ahlakaniphile, abalawuli kudingeka bahlaziye lemithetho eqhubekayo ukuze baqaphele ukugadwa okuqhubekayo njengokulingana noma okungcono kunezibalo ezingokwesiko. Ngokwesibonelo, i- American Water Works Association[ ibisebenza ngezindinganiso ze-intelligate yemininingwane ye-meters zolwazi oluhlakaniphile kanye nokungahambi nge-ikhuthu, kodwa ukutholwa.

Ukubambisana kuyinto ekhathazayo. Imishini ivame ukuthola izinzwa nezinhlelo kubathengisi abahlukene, futhi ngaphandle kwamafomethi okwaziswa avamile, ukuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane kuyabiza futhi kungabi namandla. Ohulumeni bangasheshisa ukutholwa komntwana ngokufuna izimpawu ezivulekile nezinhlelo zezinhlelo ze-odations (APIS) ezivumelwaneni zokuthola imishini, njengoba nje bekwenzele amamitha kagesi ahlakaniphile ezindaweni eziningi.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Nezisusa

Ukukhipha i-grid ehlakaniphile idinga ukutshala i-aspective. Abaqondisi be-millivation, imishini yokuxhumana, izimiso zokulawula, kanye namapulatifomu alawulayo kungabiza amashumi ezigidi zamaRandi edolobheni eliphakathi. Amathikithi amaningi, ikakhulukazi lawo asiza imiphakathi ethola imali ephansi, azama ukukhokhela imisebenzi enjalo ngokukhokha imali yemali kuphela. Abenzi bemishini banamathuluzi amaningana okuvala igebe:

  • nesifundazwe sinikeza izinhlelo: I-Preater Water State Revoiver Fund yase-U.S. ingasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zakha amanzi anikezelwe ahlakaniphile anikeza izinyathelo zokuzivuselela kwesimo sezulu.
  • Ubungani bobuPPP): Imisebenzi ingahlangana nefemu ezizimele ezixhasa imali, ezifaka, futhi zisebenzise izimiso ze-grid ezihlakaniphile ezishintshana nengxenye yemali egciniwe ekuncipheni kwamanzi.
  • Imithetho esekelwe ku-parform: Esikhundleni somthetho wendabuko we-service, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zingavunyelwa ukugcina ingxenye yogcino lwemali ekhiqizwa yi-projekthi ye-grid ehlakaniphile, idala isikhuthazo esinamandla sokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obusha.
  • Izibopho zohlaza nezimali zesimo sezulu:[ Imisebenzi yokulondoloza amanzi ngemiphumela engcono kakhulu ukukhanga abatshali bezimali nezimakethe zokubophana eziluhlaza.

Ukulinganisela Nokuhlukana Kwezinombolo

Izinzuzo ze-grid ezihlakaniphile ngeke zifike ngokuzenzekelayo kuyo yonke imiphakathi. Izindawo ezithola imali ephansi nezindawo zasemaphandleni zivame ukuba nezakhiwo zakudala, zingangeni enhloko- dolobha, futhi zingangeni ekufundeni okuphezulu kwamanani amanani aphansi. Ngaphandle kokungenela kwezimiso, ukufakwa kwe-grid ehlakaniphile kungaveza ukungalingani okukhona, kushiye imiphakathi empofu enezindleko zamanzi eziphezulu nenkonzo engathenjelwanga kakhulu.

Abenzi be-mageagette kufuneka badinge izinto ezisiza ekuhlolweni kwemiphumela ehlangeneyo emacebweni abo ahlakaniphile. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho ingagunyaza ukuthi amaphesenti athile emishini efakwayo ehlakaniphile afakwe ezindaweni ezigciniwe, noma ukuthi izinhlelo zokuxhasa ngemali zinikeza indawo yokuqala imisebenzi esiza abantu abasengozini. Ukuthembisana komphakathi nakho kubalulekile: izakhamuzi kufanele zaziswe ngezinzuzo nangemiphumela engenzeka, futhi ukufakwa kwazo kungakha izinhlelo zokusebenzisa isikhathi nezakhiwo zokusebenza.

Izinhlelo zezokubhala zingasiza amakhasimende ukuba achaze ukwaziswa okusetshenziswayo futhi asebenzise izisusa zokulondoloza imvelo. Imisebenzi ingasebenza nemitapo, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezikole zokunikeza amashabhu nemithombo ye-intanethi. Ukutholakala ngokulinganayo kwezinzuzo zamanzi akuyona nje imfuneko engokokuziphatha kuphela kodwa futhi nokusetshenziswa kwe-̬ ukutholwa okusekelwe kuyi-ibhuloho eligciniwe futhi kunciphisa imfucumfucu yesimiso sezekelele ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlola Izifo Ezibangelwa Ukuncipha Kwamanzi Asemthonjeni Ohlakaniphile

ISingapore’ Inethwekhi Lamanzi Elihlakaniphile

I-Singapore̱ i-UB yesizwe ekhipha amanzi, i-PUB, isebenza enye yezintambo zamanzi eziphambili kakhulu emhlabeni. Isimiso sihlanganisa izinzwa ezingaphezu kuka-7 000 [ ezibekwe emakhilomitheni angu-5, 600 ukugeleza, ukugada, ukucinana, nokuphakama kwamanzi esikhathini sangempela. Isimiso sokwaziswa sifakwa ebhukwini elifana nalo lonke ulwembu jikelele futhi sibikezela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi luhlulekile. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Singapore inciphisa izinga lamanzi angangeni ngezansi kwe-10% &812;12; i-okanye yezinga eliphansi kakhulu emhlabeni. Isimiso sisekela futhi ukuphatha amanzi ezweni i-&517; ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa, ukuvungula, ukuvungula amanzi.

IBarcelona ̱ Ukuhlangana Okuhlakaniphile Kwamadolobha

IBarcelona yahlanganisa i-Grade yamanzi yakhona yaba iqophelo eliphambili ledolobha, ihlanganisa ukwaziswa okuvela emanzini, amandla, kanye nezimiso zokuthutha. Abaqondisi bamapaki omphakathi balungisa ukunisela ngezindlela ezisekelwe emswaneni wenhlabathi nasezibikezelweni zezulu, begcina amanzi afinyelela ku 25% asetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo eziluhlaza. Idolobha futhi lisebenzisa amamitha ahlakaniphile ezakhiweni eziningi ukuze libone ukuvuza nokusiza abaphathi bezakhiwo banciphise imfucumfucu. I-Barcelona ̱ okuhlangenwe kubonisa ama-synergie angatholakala uma imininingwane yamanzi ihlangene neminye iminyango kamasipala, nakuba iqokomisa isidingo sezindawo zokulawula ukwaziswa okunamandla ukuze kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi.

IPittsburgh ̱ iLeak Fience Fielogion

I-Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority (PWSA) yavula iprojekthi yokulawula izindiza esebenzisa izinzwa zomsindo kanye nezingala ezibonisa umsindo ukuze ibone ukuvuza emapayipini ayo agugile. Phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha zokuqala, lesi simiso sathola uvuzo olungaphezu kwama-30 ngaphambili, olunye lwalo olwalulahlekelwa amalitha angu-50 ngomzuzu. Lo msebenzi wazikhokhela ngokwawo ngonyaka ngemali egciniwe yamanzi futhi wagwema izindleko zokulungisa. I-PWSA manje iyanda imishini esetshenziswa inxanxathelayo yombuso wonke, isebenzisa isamba semali kahulumeni nemali engaphansi kakhulu eboletwayo.

Ukubona Ikusasa Nokutusa Kwesimiso

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlaziywa kwamadolobha, nokuwohloka kwezezisekelo kuyoqhubeka kuqhubekisela phambili isidingo sobuchwepheshe obuphambili bamanzi. Ngo-2030, amakethe asebenza amanzi ahlakaniphile emhlabeni wonke alindeleke ukuba adlule ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20) ngokwezibikezelo zezimboni. Kodwa ezobuchwepheshe kuphela azinele. Izinhlelo eziphumelela kakhulu ezizosekelwa yizimiso eziphambili ezihlobana nezinselele ezichazwe ngenhla.

Abenzi bemithetho kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni kufanele bacabangele lezizenzo ezilandelayo:

  • [ Izindinganiso ze-data yamanzi e-' eziqinisekisa ukubambisana, ukulondeka, kanye nemfihlo kuzo zonke izinto ezisesilinganisweni, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu noma indawo.
  • idala imifula enikezelwe ngokwezimali ukuze kusetshenziswe i-grid ecwebile, okuza kuqala emiphakathini ebhekene nezinselele ezinkulu zezesisekelo nezomnotho.
  • Vuselela ama-plareding ukuqaphela ukugadwa okuqhubekayo nokulawulwa ngemishini njengezinto ezisebenzayo esikhundleni sezindlela zokulalela ezingokwesiko, kuyilapho ugcina ukuqondisa okunzima.
  • i-Manute eququation ne-'i-' kuyo yonke imisebenzi yamanzi ehlakaniphile, kuhlanganise nokubika komphakathi ukuthi izinzuzo zisakazwa kanjani emaqenjini amanani abantu.
  • [ ukubambisana kwe-FOster phakathi kwemishini, amazazo obuchwepheshe, i-academia, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngemisebenzi yokubonisa ngemiboniso kanye namapulatifomu ahlanganisa ulwazi.

Izimiso zamanzi zekhulu lama-21 kumelwe zibe zihlakaniphile, ziqine kakhulu, futhi ziqine kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bamanzi obuhlakaniphile bunikeza iqoqo lamathuluzi anamandla okufeza lemigomo, kodwa amathuba azo azakufezeka kuphela ngokuklanywa kwezimiso ngamabomu nangokungabodwa. Ngokusebenza manje, abenzi bezimiso bangaqinisekisa ukuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo sezesisekelo samanzi sisiza wonke umuntu ngokuphumelelayo nangobulungisa.