Izifungo zikamongameli ziyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando waseMelika, ezibonisa ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwamandla kanye nesibopho sabaholi sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo. Phakathi neminyaka, ezinye izikhathi zezifungo ziye zaduma ngenxa yamazwi ashiwoyo noma izimo eziwazungezile. Lesi sihloko sihlola izingcaphuno eziphawulekayo zezifungo zobumongameli kuwo wonke umlando wase-U.S., zihlukanisa inganekwane neqiniso futhi zihlola ukuthi kungani lamazwi esazwakala.

Isifungo Sokuqala Nokubaluleka Kwaso Komthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo sobumongameli sifunwe nguMthetho-sisekelo Article II, Ingxenye 1, u-Claus 8. Amagama akuqala, njengoba kubonisiwe, yile: ] ngifunga ngokuqinile ukuthi ngizoyifeza ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizoyifeza ngamabomu i-alpha yekhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Lesi sifungo sigcizelela isibopho somongameli sokusekela imithetho yesizwe nomthetho. Abahleli bezakhiwo bafaka lemfuneko ngamabomu ekuqaleni kwemibuso yegatsha, bebonisa ukuthi umongameli akakholeki ngokomthetho kodwa uhulumeni uboshelwe umthetho. [[FLT] [FLT]

Ngokuphawulekayo, uMthetho-sisekelo awuchazi ukuthi ubani okhipha isifungo − ngokwesiko, uMahluleli Oyinhloko wase-United States, kodwa kuye kwaba khona okuhlukile. futhi awudingi iBhayibheli noma inkulumo ethi "ngalokho ngisize uNkulunkulu." Lawomasiko aqala kamuva, futhi umlando wawo ngokuvamile awuqondwa kahle.

IOath Yokuqala Kamongameli: UGeorge Washington (ngo - 1789)

Isenzakalo Esiyingqopha - mlando

Lapho uGeorge Washington efunga ngoApril 30, 1789, kuvulandi we-Federal Hall eNew York City, wanezela inkulumo ngakho - ke ngisize ngibone uNkulunkulu. Lesi senzakalo sidala kakhulu esilotshiwe somongameli osho lawo mazwi phakathi nesifungo, futhi ezinye izazi zezindaba ziphikisana ngokuthi iWashington yawasho ngempela yini noma ukuthi indaba yathandwa kamuva. Noma kunjalo, lamazwi aba yisici esiyinhloko sawo wonke amasonto alandela. [[FLT.1] Washington waqabula iBhayibheli ngemva kokusho lesifungo, wabeka esinye isifungo esilandelwa amongameli abaningi.

Wayeqaphela ngokuphawulekayo ukuthi noma yisiphi isinyathelo asithatha sasiyobekela ababusi besikhathi esizayo isibonelo. Isimo sakhe sobuqotho nokunezela isikhalo esingokwenkolo kwaleRepublic entsha kwabonisa isifiso sale republic sesiqondiso saphezulu.

Iqiniso.

Alikho iphephandaba elaziwayo elabika iWashington elabika ukuthi "ngakho ngisiza uNkulunkulu. Ukulandisa kokuqala okwaziwayo kuvela ebhokisini elakhishwa ngo-1854 nguWashington Irving, owalisekela ekukhumbuleni ufakazi. Nokho, ngesikhathi sika-Abraham Lincoln, leligama laqondwa njengengxenye yesifungo, futhi Franklin D. Roosevelt wayenza yathandwa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwalo emphakathini [[[[ njengengxenye yendlela yokusakaza umsakazo wokunikezelwa kwakhe ngo 1933. Namuhla, cishe wonke umongameli uyalisebenzisa, nakuba kusesesemthethweni.

U - Abraham Lincoln (1861): Amazwi Okuphulukisa

Hhayi Ngokuzenza Inyama

Lincoln wadumile ukuthi uhloba ngokungafanele, noyedwa, nosizo kubo bonke abathandiwe" phakathi nekheli lakhe lesibili lokumisa ikheli eliyi-[, hhayi phakathi nomkhosi wesifungo. Isihloko sokuqala sifaka lokhu njengengxenye yesifungo. Nokho, amazwi ahlobene kakhulu ne-Lincoln's' kangangokuthi avele kaningi ezingxoxweni zokunikezelwa kwakhe. [FLT] uqala waphetha ngesicelo: [FLT:] ] amaphimbo ayimfihlakalo enkumbulo ... kodwa azokudlondloza ingoma ye-Union, lapho iphinde ithintelwe, njengoba izingelosi ezingcono zemvelo yethu. [FYN:]

I - oath Cerem Iyazibiza

Lincoln wafunga ngoMahluleli omkhulu uRoger B. Taney. Talney . . . . . . .Dred Scott isinqumo. ICapitol dome yayisawulungiselela ingakapheli, ifanekisela isizwe esisakhiwa. ULincoln wabeka isandla sakhe phezu kweBhayibheli elalingakakhonzwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme kodwa elalibolekile kumphathi. Ikheli lakhe lokuqala, nakuba lalimbozwe ngumthetho wakhe wesibili, liyikhokha lokucabanga nokwenza umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Ukubheka ngokujulile amagama okuvula kaLincoln, i-Librial of Congress inikeza ukubhalwa kwemisho nomongo womlando.

UFranklin Roosevelt (1933): Yesaba Iyodwa

Iqembu Eliyisithunzi Phakathi Nenhlekelele

" Okuwukuphela kwento okumelwe sesabe ukuthi ingeyokwesaba ngokwayo" iwumugqa odumile kakhulu kusukela kunoma yiliphi ikheli lokuvula. Njengo-Lincoln, yayingeyona ingxenye yesifungo kodwa ingxenye yenkulumo yokuqala ye-FDR, eyakhishwa ngoMatshiwe ngoMashi 4, 1933, phakathi nokujula kokwehla kokwehla Kwezomnotho. Umgca wahlohlwa ngokucophelela ukuze ugxilise ukuqiniseka esizweni esithukile. URoosevelt wayenyuliwe ngoNovery 1932 kodwa kwadingeka ukuba alinde izinyanga ezine ukuba athathe isikhundla esibuhlungu. Izehlakaniselo, eyagunyaziswa ngo-20, eyamukelwa ngo-33, i-Inruation kuya ku-Januauni 20, elindele umongameli wesikhathi esizayo.

FDR wasebenzisa inkulumo " ngakho ngisize ngithi Nkulunkulu" ngesikhathi sifunga, futhi wayengumongameli wokuqala ukusakaza wonke umkhosi emsakazweni (ngaphandle kukaWilliam Howard Taft’s 1909 inkulumo eyabhalelwa amaphephandaba). Inhlanganisela yesifungo esiqotho nenkulumo eshukumisayo yanika amaMelika ithemba lokuthi umholi wawo omusha uthathe isinyathelo esiwujuqu.

Ihlazo Elenzayo

FDR wathatha isifungo ngesandla sakhe phezu kweBhayibheli lomkhaya wavula emotweni evela encwadini kamphostoli uPawulu eya kwabaseKorinte: " uma umuntu ekhona kuKristu, uyisidalwa esisha: izinto ezindala zidlulile; bheka, zonke izinto ziba zintsha. uMphathi uJohn Nance Garner] wakhala emehlweni akhe njengoba ayebukele. Iqiniso lokuthi ivesi leBhayibheli lalikhuluma ngoshintsho alizange lilahleke ezigidini ezilalele.

UJohn Kennedy (1961): Inselele Esizukulwaneni

"Buza buza ukuthi"

Umongameli John F. Kennedy wavula inkulumo yakhe yokwethula ngo-January 20, 1961, enenselele engafi: [[FLT: 0]]. Ungabuzi ukuthi izwe lakini lingakwenzelani. Njengamanye, lokhu kwakungeyona ingxenye yesifungo kodwa inkulumo eyalandela. Kodwa sekunjalo kuye kwagxila kakhulu enkumbulweni yasobala yokunikezelwa kwakhe kangangokuba umehluko uvame ukufiphaza. Kennedy wanikeza lamazwi ngosuku olubanda kakhulu eWashington, iqhwa lisalokhu lisekhona emhlabathini kusukela esiphephwini samuva. Wayengagqomi ngejaka, isinqumo esanezela umfanekiso wakhe wesibindi.

Kennedy wafunga umongameli wasebenzisa iBhayibheli ayelinikwe odadewesiSanta Joseph eMassachusetts, kuyilapho uVice Presidenti Lyndon Johnson esebenzisa iBhayibheli evela emkhayeni wakhe siqu. AbakwaKennedy nabanye babekhona ochungechungeni lwebhola lokuvula ngalolo suku kusihlwa, kodwa inkulumo yadlula konke.

Ukukhuthazelela Umphumela

U-"ask not" washoshozela ukusungulwa kwe-Peace Corps kanye negagasi lokuzithandela kulo lonke elaseMelika. Isengomunye wemigqa ecashunwe kakhulu kunoma ubani, noma kuphi emlandweni wezombangazwe. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library[ inikeza i-progray egcwele nezwi lekheli.

Ronald Reagan (1981): Uhulumeni Uyinkinga

Ukukhala Okushintshayo

Ikheli lokuqala likaRonald Reagan ngo-January 20, 1981, lalihlanganisa isimemezelo esicacile: uhulumeni awulona ikhambi lenkinga yethu; uhulumeni uyinkinga. Lomugqa wathatha umoya weNguquko yeReagan, eyabiza ukuncishiswa kwentela, ukuncishiswa kwentela, nendima kahulumeni encishisiwe. Yanikezwa ngesikhathi sokwehla okukhulu kokwehla kwamandla emakhaya, ukuswela umsebenzi, nomuzwa wokuphelelwa kwezwe. Amazwi kaReagan athinta kakhulu izigidi ezazinomuzwa wokuthi uhulumeni wawusukhulu kakhulu futhi unciphe kakhulu.

UReagan wathatha isifungo ngosuku olubandayo futhi olwabona ukukhululwa kwabathunjwa baseMelika e-Iran(a) ngokuzenzakalela ukuthi abaningi bathathe isibonakaliso sethemba. Wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elivulwe 2 IziKronike 7: 14., ivesi eliphathelene nokuphenduka kwesizwe: " uma abantu bami, ababizwa ngegama lami, beyozithoba, futhi bathandaze...

Ifa Nokugxeka

"Uhulumeni" inkinga kuye kwaxoxwa ngayo kusukela kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ilulaza ukwethembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni, kuyilapho abasekeli beyibheka njengendlela yokulungisa edingekile. Noma kunjalo, yachaza inkulumo yezombangazwe amashumi amaningi eminyaka. [Ronald Reagan Reagan Indalial Foundation[[FLT: 1] inikeza imininingwane ngemikhosi nenkulumo.

Eminye Inkathi Yemivubukulo Nemikhuba Yanamuhla Ephawulekayo

George H.W. Bush (1989): Ukuthintana komuntu siqu

George H.W. Bush wafunga esebenzisa iBhayibheli elifanayo nalelo uGeorge Washington alisebenzisa ekuqaleni kokunikezelwa kwezwe. Wahlanganisa futhi namazwi " ngakho ungisize nguNkulunkulu" wanezela ukuxhawulana noMahluleli omkhulu uWilliam Rehnquist. Ikheli lakhe lokuqalisa ligxile ekusungulweni kwesizwe sokuzithandela kanye nesizwe " esithambileyo.[[FLT]

UBarack Obama (2009): IBhayibheli LeLincoln

Barack Obama wasebenzisa iBhayibheli likaLincoln lapho efunga okokuqala, ukukhetha ngamabomu ukudumisa umongameli we-16. Nokho, isifungo sakhe sokuqala ngo-January 20, 2009, sadume ngokuphambuka: UMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Roberts washintsha uhlelo, futhi u-Obama waliphinda ngokungeyikho. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho nkinga engokomthetho-sisekelo, lesi sifungo saphinda ngasese ngosuku olulandelayo eHolo Emhlophe. U-Obama wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elifanayo futhi wahamba ngokushelela. Ikheli lakhe lahlanganisa umugqa [i-FLT]]] thina bantu siye sahlala sithembekile ezimisweni zethu zobufundisi,"[FLD:1] kodwa isifungo saziveza ngokwaso impikiswano eqondeni.

UDonald Trump (2017): AmaBhayibheli amabili

UMongameli uDonald Trump wafunga esebenzisa amaBhayibheli amabili: elinye alinikwa unina neBhayibheli likaLincoln. Isandla sakhe sasiphezu kwakho kokubili njengoba uMahluleli omkhulu uRoberts anikeza isifungo. uTrump wathi ] u-Trump wangisiza ngithole uNkulunkulu"[[ futhi kamuva wanikeza inkulumo eyayihlanganisa umugqa " Ukubulala kwaseMelika kuyama lapha futhi manje.[FLTY:3] Umkhosi wakhe wokufungela wawuphawuleka ngenxa yokubuya kwesiko lokusebenzisa amaBhayibheli amaningi, abanye abenza njengakuLincoln no-Obama.

UJoe Biden (2021): Buyela Esikweni

Joe Biden wasebenzisa iBhayibheli lomkhaya elalikhona emkhayeni wakhe kusukela ngo-1893. Lomkhosi washintshwa kakhulu ngenxa yobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, olunobuthelela nalokhu kusetshenziswa kwebhayisekile. UBiden wanezela amagama " ngakho ngisize nguNkulunkulu" futhi wanikeza ikheli lokuqalisa eligxile ebunyeni nasekuphulukisweni. Isifungo ngokwaso sabekwa nguMahluleli omkhulu uRoberts, waqhubeka nomkhuba owesikhathi eside.

Umphumela Walezi Zingcaphuno Esikweni LaseMelika

Eziningi zalezi zingcaphuno ziye zaba izimpawu zobuholi bazo nezikhathi emlandweni. "isibopho sikaLincoln kunoma ubani" sibonakalisa ukuzimisela kwakhe ukuhlanganisa phakathi nesikhathi sesiyaluyalu, kuyilapho inselele kaKennedy yashukumisela isizukulwane enkonzweni yomphakathi. Amazwi kaReagan aveza umbono ogxekayo kahulumeni owezwakalayo namaMelika amaningi. Ngisho namagama angaveli esifungweni ngokwaso, − "ukwesaba ngokwako"" ngokungaqondakali ngokuhlangeneyo ekunikezeleni ngoba achaza umsindo wesimiso esisha.

Lamagama afundwa ezikoleni, acashunwe ezinkulumoni, futhi abhekiswe emithonjeni yezindaba ethandwayo. Aguqula ukuqonda komphakathi ngalokho umongameli ngamunye ayekumelela. Amandla egama elibhalwe ngokushenxiswa kahle ngesikhathi sokufunga: amisa uhlelo futhi athathe ukunaka kwesizwe.

Izimpimpi Nezinganekwane Ezizungeze Isigodlo

Impikiswano ethi “Ngakho Ngisize UNkulunkulu"

Ukuthi iWashington ngempela yathi "ngakho Nkulunkulu" iyiphuzu lokuphikisana phakathi kwezazimlando. Ubufakazi buyimpikiswano, kodwa isiko liqiniswe ngokuqinile. Amanye amaqembu enkolo, anjenge Quaker, aye aqinisekisa ngokwesiko kunokufunga − futhi uMthetho-sisekelo uvumela ukuqinisekisa ngokuqondile. UMongameli uFranklin Pierce wakhetha ukuqinisekisa kunokuba afunge ngo-18553, ukuba ngumongameli okuwukuphela kwakhe ozokwenza kanjalo. Impikiswano yenkolo nesifungo iyaqhubeka ibalulekile, abanye amongameli begcizelela ukholo lwabo futhi abanye beyilulaza.

Amaphutha okuphatha okungacaci

Amongameli abaningana baye babhekana namaphutha amancane phakathi nesifungo. UCalvin Coolidge (1923) wafunga isifungo kuyise, umphakathi okhulumayo, ngemva kokuzwa ngoMongameli uHansing wafa. Umthetho-sisekelo waleso sifungo waphikiswa kamuva. Njengoba kushiwo, u-Obama’s 2009 waholela ekuthatheni ikhefu. Futhi ngo-1963, uLyndon B. Johnson wafunga ngesifungo esiphathelene noMbutho Owethuthwali wamaKatolika (watholakala ekamelweni likaKennedy) ngoba alikho iBhayibheli elatholakalayo.

Isiphetho

I-famous icaphuna izifungo zikamongameli − kanye namakheli okuvula ahambisana nabo − aveza izindinganiso, izinselele, kanye nezinhloso zabaholi baseMelika. Bayaqhubeka bephehla izakhamuzi futhi besikhumbuza ngokubaluleka okuhlala njalo kobumongameli noMthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba amagama aqondile esifungo aye ahlala engashintshi emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, amazwi ashiwo eduze kwawo aye anikeza isizwe ikhampasi ehlobanisa nezimiso zokuziphatha. Njengoba umongameli ngamunye omusha ethatha isifungo ezinyathelweni zeCapitol, izwe lilalela leyomigqa edumile eyochaza ukubusa kwalo futhi namazwi ashiwo ngomlando.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda umbhalo oqondile wesifungo sikamongameli kanye nezinto ezihlobene, [[FLT: 0] Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza uMthetho-sisekelo ogcwele nemibhalo yemiboniso yangaphambili. U.S. iSigele[ silondoloza futhi umlando wesifungo nokuphathwa kwaso.