Ukuswelakala kwamanzi eNtshona Melika kuye kwasuka ekuncipheni kwezikhathi ezithile kwaba yinkinga ehlala njalo. Izimpi ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene namalungelo amanzi manje zimelela enye yezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu neziphakeme kakhulu zempahla nomthetho wendawo ezungezile, izifunda, izizwe, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nabasebenzisi ngabanye ekuncintisaneni okunganqamukiyo kwemali enciphileyo. Izimfundiso ezingokomthetho ezasungulwa phakathi nokwanda kwekhulu leshumi elineshumi nanye kuyavivinywa ngamaqiniso esimo sezulu esiphezulu, ukukhula kwenani labantu, nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile eziguquguqukayo. Ukuqonda izimpande kanye nokuncintisana kwamanje kwalempikiswano kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ohamba ngeminyango engokomthetho, ezomnotho, noma ngokwezombangazwe phakathi kwekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu leshumi elineshumi elinesishiyane.

Idwala Elingokomlando Lomthetho Wamanzi AseNtshonalanga

Amanzi angokomthetho abusayo eNtshonalanga awazange aphume emgodini. Awenziwa ngokufakwa kwegolide laseCalifornia iRush kanye nendawo eyalandela ezindaweni zaseGreat Plains nase Interfaunt. Ngokungafani nezindawo eziluhlaza kakhulu empumalanga ye-United States, lapho umthetho ovamile wesiNgisi nemfundiso yesiBriparian (okunika abanini-mhlaba amalungelo amanzi aseduze nomfula) kwakwanele, ukoma kwentshonalanga kwakufuna indlela ehluke kakhulu.

Imfundiso Yokuhlolwa Kwangaphambili

Imfundiso yokubekwa kwamalungelo esisekelo somthetho wamanzi wasentshonalanga. Isimiso sayo esiyinhloko, "sokuqala, ekuqaleni ngakwesokudla,"" kwakuyikhambi eliwusizo kuzisebenzi zasezimayini ezazidinga ukuchezukisa amanzi kude nomthombo wazo ongokwemvelo ukuze zisebenze izimfuno zazo. Lesi simiso sasungula isigaba samalungelo asekelwe onyakeni womuntu wokuqala osebenzisa amanzi emshinini osebenzayo. Ngezikhathi zokuntuleka, amalungelo amakhulu kakhulu (adala kakhulu) ayaneliswa kuqala, kanti amalungelo amancane (ashayd project) angathola amancane noma awawatholi amanzi.

Le mfundiso inezici eziningana eziyenza ihluke kwezinye izinjongo zokulahla indawo ezungezile. Okokuqala, ihlukanisa ukuhlobana phakathi komthamo othile wezwe namalungelo amanzi; amanzi angaphambukiswa futhi asetshenziswe endaweni engeyo-triparian. Okwesibili, idinga ukucwengwa okungokoqobo kwamanzi kuleyondlela yayo engokwemvelo, nakuba lemfuneko iye yakhululeka kwezinye izinjongo zemvelo. Okwesithathu, ilungelo lilinganiswa ngesilinganiso esithile somthamo othile noma izinga lokugeleza futhi lithatha usuku oluthile oluqondile. Isimiso sisetshenziswa ngokwezinga likahulumeni, ngokuvamile ngonjiniyela wezwe noma umnyango wengcebo wamanzi, ohamba ngezinsuku eziza kuqala nokuhambisa amanzi phakathi nokuntuthulula amanzi. Nakuba lesimiso siphumelela ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko, lesimiso siqala ukulwa nabaholi abaholi abahleli abaqalayo futhi singaba nezindawo ezisendalweni zanamuhla.

Amalungelo Agciniwe Nemfundiso Yasebusika

Ngapha nangapha kwe-sifundazwe, ulwelwesi oluhlukile nolukhulu lwamalungelo amanzi lukhona: lunezinkomba ezibekelwe amalungelo . Ingqokombululo 1908] Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme v. IUnited States isungulile ukuthi lapho uhulumeni ugcine izwe ngenjongo ethile ekhethekile, [njengendawo yamaNdiya eMelika, ihlathi, noma isisekelo sezempi, igcine isamba esanele samanzi sokugcwalisa leyonjongo. Lamalungelo ahlanganisa usuku lokuqala njengosuku lwesigaba sonyaka lwadalwa, ngokuvamile oluzenza zibe phakathi kwamalungelo amaningi aphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezinikezwayo. I-quantalthiotio kanye ne-'ikhud yezizwe, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemithombo ebanzi yalesizwe futhi ebanzi.

Izimfundiso Eziyinhloko Zezomthetho Ezibusa Ukuthutha Kwamanzi AseNtshonalanga

Nakuba ukuhlawuliswa ngaphambi kokuba kube umthetho oyinhloko, akuwona wodwa oyinhloko wezimfundiso nezinkolelo ezingokomthetho ezilawula indlela amanzi asetshenziswa ngayo ezifundazweni ezingu - 17 ezisentshonalanga.

Amalungelo esizwe saseAfrika aphikisanayo

Izifundazwe eziningi zasentshonalanga ziwathathe ngokuphelele amalungelo okukhuculula alinganayo namalungelo abanye abadalekayo nangaphezulu kokusekela i-appropriation yangaphambili. Nokho, iCalifornia isebenza njengesimiso esixubile, iqaphela kokubili amalungelo okukhucululwa nawawokungahloniphi. ECalifornia, umphathi wamalungelo okusombululwa owenziwe ngecala ophethe emfuleni ngokuvamile unelungelo elilingana namanye amacala akhucululwayo nangaphezulu kunawo wonke amalungelo empatho aphezulu kunawonyaka oza kuqala. Le simiso esisibili sidala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi nelulayo. Ngaphambi nje kokuba kube khona i-Coloradolado noma iWyoming, isimiso esiphambili sinomthetho ophelele, futhi amalungelo amanzi aphathwa njengempahla yomuntu siqu engathengwa, ithengiswe, futhi ishiciswe, ishiciswe, ihlelwe ngokusemthethweni ukuze kuvinjelwe abanye abantu abayisebenzisayo.

Imfundiso Yokwethenjwa Komphakathi

I- Imfundiso yamanzi ivuselelwe kakhulu. Imfundiso yeSikhathi saseCalifornia iwumthetho wasendulo ogomela ngokuthi isinqumo sezemvelo esithile [[FLT:] sihlanganisa amanzi avulekayo kanye namazwe angaphansi kwawo. Inkantolo ephakeme (iChibi) ephakeme) ithenjwa uhulumeni ukuze kuzuze abantu. yayiwumzuzu owehlaziywe amanzi. Inkantolo yayiphethe ukuthi isibopho esiqhubekayo sokuvikela ukuthemba umphakathi (njengendawo ezungezile nezokuzilibazisa) lapho wonke amalungelo enikezwa ngisho nalawo malungelo ngaphambili. Uma iNkantolo enkulu (iMachibini) inikezwa amalungelo aphakeme (i-Monvo). [FLT]) ayimele ukuvikela inzuzo engokomthetho yokuvula inselele, futhi inselele inselele inselele inselele.

Izibani Eziyinhloko: Amanxusa Ezimpi

Ukungavumelani ngamalungelo amanzi akuvamile ukuvela ngenxa eyodwa. Ziyizingxabano zezinhlobo eziningi ezibangelwa ukuncintisana kwezomnotho, ukuhluka kwenani labantu, nezindinganiso ezigxilile. Ukuqonda izisusa eziyinhloko zempi kuyisihluthulelo sokubikezela ukuthi impi elandelayo engokomthetho izovela kuphi.

Ukukhula kukaMasipala

Izolimo zisebenzisa amanzi amaningi athuthukisiwe eNtshona − ngokuvamile amaphesenti angu-70 kuya kwangu-80% okusetshenziswa kwawo ngokuphelele. Njengoba amadolobha kusukela e-Phoenix kuya e-Denver kuya eLos Angeles eqhubeka enyuka, ukucindezela kokuthutha amanzi emapulazini kuya emadolobheni kuye emadolobheni kuye ngokunamandla. Lokhu kuthutha kungaba okuvolontiya ngokuzithandela, kusebenzise izindleko zokuthengisa amanzi, kodwa ngokuvamile kugcwele izinselele ezingokomthetho zezinkinga ezingokomthetho. Izinhlangano zezentengo zezomthetho zesaba ukuthi ukuthengisa amalungelo azo amanzi kuzomisa izwe lazo, zibhubhise umnotho wazo, futhi zakhe "ukuthenga nezenzakalo zomthetho". Ingxabano evame igxile emalini yokuthunyelwa, nokulimala kwabanye abasebenzisi basemanzini, njengalabo abathembele ekubuyeni ngemva kokuni kwemfuleni.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Nendlela Izilwane Ezisengozini Yokuqothulwa

I-Estengered Species Act (ESA) iye yaba elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu angokomthetho ezimpini zamanzi zasentshonalanga. Uma kutholakala uhlobo oludwetshiwe emfuleni, izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi imisebenzi yamanzi neziphazamiso azifaki engozini ukuba ibe khona. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuqondiseni izimpi eziphethe zamalungelo aphezulu amalungelo amanzi eziphethe iphepha eliqinile kodwa ezicelwa ukuba zinciphise iziphazamiso zazo. Inkinga ewumthetho e-Klahmath Basin e-Oregon nase California, lapho ithelela i-ampompompo yaviswa khona ngo-200 ukuze ivikele i-coholmone, futhi izimpi ezinde ezilwiwa phezu kwe-Deltaltamssss eSacrameo-Squin Deltaltaltaltaltaltal iyisibonelo esiyinhloko. Lezi zimo ezimo ziphakamisa umbuzo omthetho: Ingavimbela uhulumeni esimweni esingokomthetho esinekwayo (iwokunene) ukuze sinxephelo sesihle sesihle??

Ukungqubuzana Okudluliswayo Nezigaba Ze - Interstate

Imifula ayihloniphi imigqa yombuso, futhi uma umfula uhlanganyelwa, izingxabano azinakugwenywa. Umthetho olawula lezingxabano uyingxubevange yomthetho kahulumeni ovamile, oxoxiwe we-compactss[, kanye neNkantolo Ephakeme ilawula kuqala. INkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokuqala ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwezizwe, okusho ukuthi isebenza njengenkantolo yokuqulwa kulezi zimpikiswano ezinkulu, ezibizayo, nezibizayo.

  • UMfula iColorado: ISihlanganiso soMfula iColorado sahlukanisa ukugeleza komfula phakathi kweSibasini esiphezulu (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming) neTheas Basin (Arizona, Nevada). Yawudlula kakhulu umfula, iphutha eliye laba sobala kakhulu ngemva kweminyaka engu-24 yesomiso. I-Litigation ayiguquguquki, njengoba kuboniswa endabeni enkulu [[FLT:] Arizobanuba v. [193], eyanquma ukuhlelwa kwezindawo eziphansi nezikhungo zezwe nesizwe ezihlangeneyokuqinisekiswayo.
  • UMfula iRepublican: Impikiswano phakathi kweKansas ne-Nebraska eRiphablikin River Compact yaholela ecaleni leNkantolo Ephakeme nendawo yokuhlala eyaziwa ngokuthi iRepublican River Commotionmentment . INebraska yatholakala iphula umthamo ngokuvumela amanzi aphansi agelezayo agelezayo. Lendaba yaqokomisa umdlalo oyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi nangaphezulu kwemithetho yamanzi emongweni wezwe.
  • iRio Grande: iTexas, iNew Mexico, neColorado ziye zavalelwa empikiswaneni ende enzima ngeRio Grande. Texas yasheshisa iNew Mexico, isho ukuthi i-New Mexico yayivumela ukumpompa kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi okwakuthiwa agelezela eTexas ngaphansi konyaka ka-1938 eRio Grande Convention. Icala laya eNkantolo Ephakeme, liqinisekisa ubunzima bokuvimbela izivumelwano zamanzi ezindaweni eziqinile ezibhekene ne-hyrologic.

Amanzi Angaphansi Komhlaba: Umngcele Ongokomthetho

Imithetho yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba eNtshonalanga ngokomlando ibiyi-"engasentshonalanga" yomthetho wamanzi. Ezizweni eziningi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ayebuswa ngemithetho ehlukile, futhi ngokuvamile ebuthakathaka, kunemithetho kunamanzi angaphezulu. Lokhu kuhlukana okungokomthetho akunakanga ukuthi amanzi angaphansi kwamanzi ahamba phansi nangaphezulu avame ukuhlanganiswa.

Ukushintsha Kokuphatha Amanzi Angaphansi Komhlaba Okungavikelwa

Intuthuko engokomthetho ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondiseni amanzi angaphansi emashumini eminyaka i- i-Groundwater Management Act [SGMA] ekwaziwayo , emisiwe ngo-2014. Okokuqala, iCalifornia yayidinga izinhlangano zendawo ukuze zenze i-Groustaimendity Activementation (GSA) futhi ithuthukise amasu okuletha izitsha ezithende ezidalweyo zingene phakathi neminyaka engu-20. Lokhu kuye kwabangela igagasi lokweba lomphakathi ozompompa, ukuthi ungakanani, futhi okhokhayo ukuze kushiswe. I-SGMA ibhekwe ngokuseduze ezinye izigodi zasentshonalanga njengesibonelo sokulawula umcebo owawungadilishwa njengendlela evulekile.

Ukulwa Ne - ogallala Aquifer

I-Ogallala Aquifer, esekela izifundazwe eziyisishiyagalombili ukusuka e-South Dakota kuya eTexas, iyigazi lokulima amaThafa Aphezulu. Amashumi eminyaka okumpompa okukhulu kuye kwabangela ukuncipha okukhulu. Izimpi ezingokomthetho lapha azinciphisi kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kumpontshelwe i-appropria futhi zibekwe izifundazwe. IKansas ne-Nebraska ibikhona futhi iphume enkantolo phezu koMfula iRepublican, okuhlangene ngqo ne-acquifer. Ingxabano eyisisekelo iphakathi kwelungelo le-pulazini ukumpompa amanzi angaphansi kwamanzi okumpompa izitshalo kanye nomthwalo kazwelo kahulumeni wokuvikela inzuzo ende namalungelo emali ephakeme.

Icala Elingokomthetho Eliphawulekayo Elathonya Umthetho

Amacala amaningana asebenza njengendawo engokomthetho yokubeka izimpi zanamuhla zamanzi.

Arizona v. California (1963)

Inkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa uNobhala wendlela yokuhlukanisa iPriority ukuba anikeze amanzi ngezikhathi zokuswelakala, inikeza uhulumeni wezwe indima enamandla ekuqondiseni imifula eqhubeka iwumthombo wengxabano engokomthetho namuhla.

Idaho v. United States[ (2001]

Lelicala laxazulula impikiswano ende elwisana ngamalungelo amanzi eCoeur d’Alene River. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi i-United States yayinesiqu emibhedeni yamanzi avulekayo ngaphakathi eCoeur d’Alene Reservation, nokuthi amalungelo amanzi ayegcinelwe i-Fribe. Lokhu kwakuwukunqoba okukhulu kobukhosi besizwe namalungelo amanzi, okucacisa ukuthi amalungelo asemthethweni abekelwe izifunda ezimele awangeni nje kuphela amanzi kodwa futhi alingana nobuhle nobuni begumbi lokuhlala emanzini.

[[UMTL:0]Montana v. Wyoming (2010-2015)

Lolu chungechunge lwezilinganiso olugxile "kukusetshenziswa komsuka woMfula iYellowstone". Whoming waphikisa ngokuthi ukushintsha kwezindlela zokunisela ngenkasa (umz., ukuyeka ukunisela ngenkasa kuya ezinhlalweni eziphumelela kakhulu) akuwuphulanga umshini, ngisho noma baphuza amanzi amaningi. UMntana waveza ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwawaphuca amanzi. Icala lahlola imingcele yamaqoqo ahlukene alawula ukuphumelela kokusebenzisa amanzi futhi laqokomisa imiphumela efihlekile yokulondoloza imvelo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Isimiso somthetho esilawula amanzi asentshonalanga siphoqeleka ukuba sizivumelanise nezinselele abaklami baso abangakaze bazicabange.

Isimo Sezulu Sishintsha Ngokushesha Ngokomthetho

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyancipha, ukuhwamuka okukhulayo, kanye nesomiso. Lokhu kwenza isimiso sangaphambili sokusebenza kwe-hydrology, esisekelwe emlandweni, singasebenzi. "sokuqala, ekuqaleni ngakwesokudla" sinikeza ukuqonda okuncane kokulawula umfula owehlayo. Amapulani amasha angokomthetho, njengaye- izivumelwano zesikhashana ezingokwesikhashana] kanye nezinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwezimiso zokuwulawula imvelo [ (lapho uhulumeni ukhokhela abasebenzisi bamanzi aphambili ngokuzithandela), avela njengokunye ukuthatha indawo engaphezulu. Ngokunokwenzeka impela uzobona ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezihambelanayo ezihambela phambili, nokushintsha iziqondiso zenkantolo.

Izinto Ezingcolisayo Ezixutshwayo Nezinga Lamanzi

Ukudlala okungokomthetho phakathi kwezinga lamanzi namanzi kuyakhula. Ukutholakala kwe-PFAS (per-per-polyfluoralkyl) ezindaweni zamanzi kudala amaphutha amasha nezingxabano. Nakuba i-PFAS ligigation njengamanje ibhekiswe kubenzi nakwabangcolisi, iyolokhu ihlangana namalungelo amanzi. Abasebenzisi bamanzi bangathola ukuthi ilungelo labo lokuya emthonjeni othile wamanzi alilutho uma izinga liwohloka. I-PPAS Trust Doctrine ingasetshenziswa ukuze ifune ukulawulwa kwezindawo ezifuna ukulawulwa nje kuphela kodwa futhi nezingalo zokulondoloza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Abathengi Bamanzi Nokuthuthwa Kwamalungelo

Njengoba kufunwa izindawo zokuthengela nokuthengisa amalungelo amanzi, ukuthengwa nokuthengwa kwamalungelo amanzi kuya ngokuya kudlanga. Izimpi ezingokomthetho ziyavela ngenxa yokuvunyelwa kokuthutha, isivikelo sezithakazelo zesithathu (njengemiphakathi ethembele ezomnotho zezolimo), kanye nokuncishiswa kwamanzi alondoloziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umlimi ethengisa amanzi alondolozwe ngokucwenga amanzi, ubani ngempela owawo? Umlimi owakhokhela isamba, noma abasebenzisi bemi basesiteshi abathola i-Orical imibuzo?

Isiphetho: Impikiswano Ekhuthazelayo Ngenxa Yengcebo Engalawuleki

Izingxabano ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene namalungelo amanzi entshonalanga ye-United States aziyona inkinga yesikhashana engaxazululwa ngecala elilodwa noma umthetho. Ziyisici esihlala njalo sokuphila endaweni eyomile. Umthetho unikeza uhlelo lwempi, kodwa awunakuveza amanzi emoyeni owomile. Amashumi eminyaka azayo adinga ukumiswa okunzima kwezombangazwe kanye nokusemthethweni njengezwe, izizwe, nohulumeni kumelwe baphinde bathathe izintambo zemifula ehlanganyelwe kanye nezimpoqo. Umphumela walempi engokomthetho ngeke unqume impilo yemifula nezimiso zemvelo kuphela kodwa ukusekela kwayo yonke indawo. Izimpi zamanzi zekhulu lama-20 zazizokwabiwa; izimpi ezingokomthetho zekhulu lama-21 ziyokwamukelwa, ziyokwanelwa, futhi ziyovusene.